- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text try to discuss the following questions.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Geography
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Origin and development of geography. Early history
- •Geographic methods. Map location and measurement
- •The Round Earth on Flat Paper
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Geography”
- •Revision
- •What is science?
- •Становление географии как науки
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Geography and people: Ptolemy
- •Components of maps
- •Maps and graphs Maps
- •Isoline maps
- •Choropleth
- •Topological maps
- •Proportional flow maps
- •Dot maps
- •Line graphs
- •Scattergraphs
- •Pie charts
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The History of Exploration
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Captain Cook
- •Text c The Mystery of the Franklin Expedition
- •Text d
- •The History of Maps
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Christopher Columbus”
- •Revision
- •Questions:
- •II. Первое русское кругосветное путешествие
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Famous Russian navigators
- •Navigation Tools
- •Unit III
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before we start reading let’s recollect the composition of the solar system.
- •What does the solar system consist of?
- •What heavenly object is the most beautiful (mysterious, important)?
- •The Universe and the Solar System
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Our local star
- •Text c The Evolution of the Universe
- •Text d Galaxies
- •Dialogue
- •Is the Sun Good or Bad for Us?
- •Is the sun good or bad for us?
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Stars”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the temperature of:
- •Note down the colours of :
- •Revision
- •The Lunar Surface
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading The Planets
- •Mercury
- •Jupiter
- •Uranus and Neptune
- •Stellar Evolution
- •Unit IV
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Is the earth a perfect sphere?
- •This Earth of Ours
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Text c The Earth. Size. Shape.
- •Text d The Earth
- •Dialogue Discussing the age of the earth
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Earth’s shape”
- •1. What is the “equatorial bulge”?
- •2. Are all three models only approximations?
- •Revision
- •History of the Earth
- •Latitude and Longitude
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Yellowstone National Park
- •The geological setting
- •Hydrothermal features
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The Atmosphere: Properties and composition
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- •The Ozone Layer
- •The Ionosphere
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Atmosphere”
- •Part b. Listening activities
- •Revision
- •Air pollution
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Texts Greenhouse gases
- •The air we breathe
- •Unit VI
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text discuss these points with a partner.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Climate
- •Word study
- •Climate
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The climate of the uk
- •The World’s Inconstant Climate
- •Methods of weather modification
- •Weather
- •Days of Abnormal Weather
- •Vocabulary
- •Days of Abnormal Weather Text 1
- •Interpretation
- •Weather Forecast
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Climate”
- •Revision
- •Climate
- •Weather maps
- •Project Writing
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Climatic Change
- •Origin of Climatic Change
- •Ocean Currents
- •Unit VII
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Into how many parts is the earth’s surface divided?
- •How are land and sea distributed?
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Land Forms of the Earth
- •Word Study
- •The Alps
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The Surface of the Ground
- •Continental Drift
- •Wegener’s Theory
- •Text d The Soil Beneath our Feet
- •Dialogue Discussing the process of erosion
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Continental drift”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the terms used by the lecturer.
- •Note down the thickness of the asthenosphere.
- •Revision
- •Relief form of the earth
- •Earthquake waves
- •Earthquakes
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Erosion
- •Weathering
- •1999 A bad year for earthquakes
- •Limestone in Europe
- •Vulcanism
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Glaciers
- •Minerals
- •What Minerals Are
- •Mineral Properties
- •The Earth’s Interior
- •Interior Structure
- •Rock Classification
- •Igneous Rocks
- •Sedimentary Rocks
- •Grammar focus the system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
- •Passive voice
- •The Greenhouse Effect
- •Participle
- •The gerund
- •Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Infinitive
- •I. Образование
- •II. Функции инфинитива в предложении.
- •Complex Object
- •Complex Subject
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Subjunctive Mood Conditional Sentences
- •Modal verbs
- •(Выражение «вероятности», «предположения»)
- •The system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
The Greenhouse Effect
Another environmental problem is the greenhouse effect. Some gases (1) _______ shortwave radiation but not longwave radiation. The sun’s energy (2)_____ as shortwave radiation; some of this (3) _____ away in the clouds and upper atmosphere and some (4) ______ into the ground. About 5 percent of the energy (5) _______ off the earth’s surface as longwave radiation. Certain gases in the upper troposphere-especially carbon dioxide, methane and CFCs-(6) _____ this longwave radiation back to the earth. The glass in a greenhouse (7) _____ heat by the same principle, so these gases (8) _____ as “greenhouse gases”. The greenhouse effect (9) _____ very important; if it did not (10) _____ at all, the temperature of the planet (11) _____ 40 degrees lower and the oceans (12) _____ .
Task 10. Comment on the passive form of the verbs in bold and translate it into Russian.
30-MILE OIL SLICKS THREATEN RIVER WILDLIFE
Wildlife in the River Mersey is being threatened by oil slicks stretching for thirty miles after 150 tonnes of crude oil escaped from a UK pipeline under the river on Saturday.
The spill has been declared a major disaster and emergency services have been called in to help clean up the beaches. It is feared that thousands of migrating birds could find their normal food supplies devastated by the pollution, but the full impact of the leak will not be known until later in the year.
The clean-up has been hampered because the texture of the oil cannot easily be broken down by detergents. Instead, the emergency services had to wait until the oil was washed ashore at low tide and then dig up the contaminated sand.
Task 11. Spend a few minutes thinking about how you would translate the following sentences into English.
Географию изучали, изучают и будут изучать.
Гелий был обнаружен на Солнце до того, как его обнаружили на Земле.
До 4столетия н.э. большая часть Великобритании была заселена кельтами.
Первые глобусы были созданы греками.
Воду добывают из артезианских скважин.
Несколько методов используется для определения возраста Земли.
Растения саванны хорошо приспособлены к жизни в засушливый сезон.
Во многих африканских странах вырублено много леса и в настоящее время продолжается его вырубка.
На севере Аляски обнаружены крупные месторождения нефти и природного газа.
Число солнечных пятен изменяется из года в год.
Наши ученые достигли больших успехов в развитии наук о Земле.
За последние 25 лет материковые льды Северного и Южного Полюса тают вследствие глобального потепления.
Деятельность человека изменяет климат Земли.
Озоновый слой действует как фильтр и защищает нас от солнечной радиации.
Participle
Translate into Russian paying attention to different forms of the Participle.
The earth’s surface and its interior are constantly changing.
Mexico City is built on the naturally deposited sand.
Mountain ranges are worn down to plains through slow, but dramatic, processes.
The earth can be visualized as a giant machine driven by two engines, one internal and the other external.
Water, especially in the oceans, is evaporated by solar heating.
Solid rock will break down when exposed to the atmosphere.
Geography is pursued not only to satisfy curiosity.
Most of the deaths were caused by loose debris falling off buildings or by structures collapsing.
Knowledge should be applied to improve the design of buildings built on different kinds of material.
The environment is threatened because these are nonrenewable resources.
You would want the house designed and built to absorb the kind of vibrations given off by earthquakes.
The hot rocks blasted out of the volcano caused part of the ice and snow capping the peak to melt.
The mud flow overwhelmed the town, killing most of its inhabitants.
Geologists published maps showing the location and extent of expected mudflows.
The upper mantle underlying the lithosphere, called the asthenosphere, is soft.
The forces generated inside the earth, called tectonic forces, cause deformation of rock.
The mechanical energy may be stored or converted to heat energy.
The plate tectonic theory, currently accepted by most geologists, is a unifying theory.
Earthquakes were presumably caused by continuing movement of the continents.
Some tests did not work out exactly as predicted.
The original concept was, and continues to be, modified.
Streams running toward oceans remove and transport some of the land over which they run.
Erosion requires a transporting agent such as running water.
In time a layer of sediment deposited on the sea floor becomes buried under another layer.
These events occur when stored energy, sometimes stored for centuries, is suddenly released.
Many rocks exposed at the earth’s surface are only partially weathered.
Nuclear power plants produce steam using the heat given off during nuclear reactions.
A snowfall can be compared to sediment setting out of water.
Air sinking down through the atmosphere is compressed by the weight of the air above it.
Caves (or caverns) are naturally formed underground chambers.
Rift valleys have been explained by extension caused by an expanding earth.
Comment on the forms of the Participle.
The elements making up climate are temperature, precipitation, and humidity of the air, cloudiness, air pressure and wind.
Blowing from the ocean the prevailing winds are mild in winter and cool in summer, but approaching the mountainous areas near the west coasts they are forced to rise with a consequent lowering of temperatures.
The single tempering influence in this field of extreme climatic conditions is that of the Atlantic Ocean.
Especially characteristic for Eastern Siberia are the extremely low winter temperatures coupled with a relatively warm summer.
The climate of Central Asia is characterized by very high summer temperatures; winters are unusually cold for the latitude concerned, and very low precipitation.
The trend for protecting coastal communities benefits both the developed and developing world.
These measures, combined with the new pollution controls, led to greatly reduced levels of air pollution.
Low-lying coastal areas are more likely to be flooded than high cliffs or inland areas.
Sewage treatment plants may be flooded, resulting in pollutants being spread over a wide area.
Having learned the characteristics of moving air currents we can predict daily weather with great accuracy.
When freezing water expands by about one-tenth of its volume.
The combination of decreased temperature and increasing moisture with increased elevation tends to produce a microcosm of climates and vegetation patterns in a very small area.
Large cities have temperatures several degrees higher than the surrounding country side.
If warming persists resulting in substantial reduction of ice caps, the rising seas will change the patterns of the world’s coastlines.
Increased human activity, especially in the burning of the hydrocarbon fuels, has added to pollution and diminished the clarity of the atmosphere.
Living with nature, the human species can occupy this good blue-green earth for millennia.
A storm is a disturbance of the atmosphere characterized by strong winds and frequently accompanied by rain, snow, hail, thunder and lightning.
The North and South poles have six months of continuous daylight followed by six months of darkness each year.
The conference produced agreement among 33 countries that greenhouse effect should be reduced, individual countries being responsible for how reduction targets should be distributed between industrial, energy and transport sector.
A number of world’s driest deserts are found along coastal margins dominated by high pressure cells and bordered by cold ocean currents.
Перенести в абс. Конструкцию:
Britain being entirely bounded by water, the climate is mild, humid and changeable.
The observations having been averaged over long periods, not less than ten years and often more, the resulting data describe climate.
Research centers having been established, improved methods of weather analysis have been worked out.
4.The humid subtropical climate has mild winters and hot summers, summer characteristics being similar to humid tropical climates.
Task. Translate from Russian into English.
Встречающийся – встречая – встретив – встречаемый – встреченный;
Смягчающий – смягчая – смягчив – смягчаемый – смягченный;
Влияющий – влияя – повлияв;
Увеличивающийся – увеличивая – увеличив – увеличиваемый – увеличенный;
Испытывающий – испытывая – испытав – испытываемый;
Получающий – получая – получив – получаемый – полученный.
Task Use the information from this Unit to complete the following sentences with the best form of the verbs in brackets.
The general distribution of temperature is based mainly on the amount of solar energy (to receive).
The mountains cause the westerly winds to rise across the land, (to produce) abundant rainfall. This is heaviest on mountain slopes (to expose) to the prevailing winds.
(To situate) in the mid-latitude westerly wind belt and (to surround) by the open ocean, New Zealand has a temperate, moist, and maritime climate.
Broad climatological regions obviously – do not adequately explain the variety of microclimates (to encounter) in a mountainous region.
Desiccating winds (to bear) enormous quantities of dust and sand, and high temperatures (to blow) out of desert regions into more humid adjacent lands may bear local names like scirocco or harmattan.
(To blow) from low latitudes, the wind warmed the area over which it traveled.
Task. Here are some sentences about climate, its elements and controls. Discuss with a partner the best way to translate the words in brackets.
The equatorial climate is found as a belt (простирающийся приблизительно на 50) on each side of the Equator. The Amason and the Congo basins are typical areas (имеющие) this climate.
All geographic controls (взаимодействующие в) various combinations on the climatic elements, produce both climate and weather.
The great disturbance (вызываемые торнадо) is due to the strong winds.
A storm is a disturbance of the atmosphere (которое характеризуется сильными ветрами и часто сопровождается дождем, снегом, градом, громом и молнией).
Taken collectively, (различные составляющие) of the environment, (включая) weather and climate, provide the framework within which people live.
Very large droplets of water (падающие из) thunderstorms may represent hailstones that melted before they reached the surface.
Currents are driven not only by wind and pressure belts, but by differences in density (вызванные испарением), surface heating, and variations in salinity.
(Сжигая ископаемое топливо) man is creating irreversible climatic changes.
Task Translate into English.
Методы, используемые в этом эксперименте, очень интересные.
Большое влияние на формирование климата Южной Америки оказывают Анды, которые преграждают (to bar) путь воздушным массам с тихого океана на востоке.
При движении ледники выпахивают (образуют) котловины.
Достигнув цели, ученые прекратили работу.
Земли, открытые Колумбом, европейцы назвали Новым Светом.
Собрав данные за длительный период, ученые сообщили о климатических изменениях в этом регионе.
Первыми исследователями неизвестных земель были путешественники и мореплаватели.
Основу систем постоянного наблюдения за объектами на Земле (GPS) составляют 24 искусственных спутника Земли, непрерывно вращающиеся вокруг нашей планеты и излучающие радиосигналы, которые принимаются на Земле.
При составлении планов местности кривизну шарообразной поверхности Земли не учитывают.
Лед, будучи веществом пластичным, течет вниз в виде ледникового языка.
Периодические колебания уровня океанов и морей, вызываемые силами притяжения Луны и Солнца, называются приливом и отливом.
При сильном охлаждении морская вода, как и пресная, замерзает.
Прибрежные участки морей и океанов отравляются загрязненными водами из городов и рек, впадающих в моря.
Половодье – высокий и продолжительный подъем уровня воды в реке, который обычно сопровождается затоплением поймы.
Северная часть Южной Америки находится в жарком поясе; а южная часть материка лежит в умеренном поясе.
Так как южное побережье Крыма защищено горами от холодных ветров степей, его климат подходит (be good for) для выращивания различных сортов винограда.
Когда шторм заканчивается (pass over), дуют западные или северо-восточные ветры.