- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text try to discuss the following questions.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Geography
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Origin and development of geography. Early history
- •Geographic methods. Map location and measurement
- •The Round Earth on Flat Paper
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Geography”
- •Revision
- •What is science?
- •Становление географии как науки
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Geography and people: Ptolemy
- •Components of maps
- •Maps and graphs Maps
- •Isoline maps
- •Choropleth
- •Topological maps
- •Proportional flow maps
- •Dot maps
- •Line graphs
- •Scattergraphs
- •Pie charts
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The History of Exploration
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Captain Cook
- •Text c The Mystery of the Franklin Expedition
- •Text d
- •The History of Maps
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Christopher Columbus”
- •Revision
- •Questions:
- •II. Первое русское кругосветное путешествие
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Famous Russian navigators
- •Navigation Tools
- •Unit III
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before we start reading let’s recollect the composition of the solar system.
- •What does the solar system consist of?
- •What heavenly object is the most beautiful (mysterious, important)?
- •The Universe and the Solar System
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Our local star
- •Text c The Evolution of the Universe
- •Text d Galaxies
- •Dialogue
- •Is the Sun Good or Bad for Us?
- •Is the sun good or bad for us?
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Stars”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the temperature of:
- •Note down the colours of :
- •Revision
- •The Lunar Surface
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading The Planets
- •Mercury
- •Jupiter
- •Uranus and Neptune
- •Stellar Evolution
- •Unit IV
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Is the earth a perfect sphere?
- •This Earth of Ours
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Text c The Earth. Size. Shape.
- •Text d The Earth
- •Dialogue Discussing the age of the earth
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Earth’s shape”
- •1. What is the “equatorial bulge”?
- •2. Are all three models only approximations?
- •Revision
- •History of the Earth
- •Latitude and Longitude
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Yellowstone National Park
- •The geological setting
- •Hydrothermal features
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The Atmosphere: Properties and composition
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- •The Ozone Layer
- •The Ionosphere
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Atmosphere”
- •Part b. Listening activities
- •Revision
- •Air pollution
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Texts Greenhouse gases
- •The air we breathe
- •Unit VI
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text discuss these points with a partner.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Climate
- •Word study
- •Climate
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The climate of the uk
- •The World’s Inconstant Climate
- •Methods of weather modification
- •Weather
- •Days of Abnormal Weather
- •Vocabulary
- •Days of Abnormal Weather Text 1
- •Interpretation
- •Weather Forecast
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Climate”
- •Revision
- •Climate
- •Weather maps
- •Project Writing
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Climatic Change
- •Origin of Climatic Change
- •Ocean Currents
- •Unit VII
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Into how many parts is the earth’s surface divided?
- •How are land and sea distributed?
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Land Forms of the Earth
- •Word Study
- •The Alps
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The Surface of the Ground
- •Continental Drift
- •Wegener’s Theory
- •Text d The Soil Beneath our Feet
- •Dialogue Discussing the process of erosion
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Continental drift”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the terms used by the lecturer.
- •Note down the thickness of the asthenosphere.
- •Revision
- •Relief form of the earth
- •Earthquake waves
- •Earthquakes
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Erosion
- •Weathering
- •1999 A bad year for earthquakes
- •Limestone in Europe
- •Vulcanism
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Glaciers
- •Minerals
- •What Minerals Are
- •Mineral Properties
- •The Earth’s Interior
- •Interior Structure
- •Rock Classification
- •Igneous Rocks
- •Sedimentary Rocks
- •Grammar focus the system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
- •Passive voice
- •The Greenhouse Effect
- •Participle
- •The gerund
- •Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Infinitive
- •I. Образование
- •II. Функции инфинитива в предложении.
- •Complex Object
- •Complex Subject
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Subjunctive Mood Conditional Sentences
- •Modal verbs
- •(Выражение «вероятности», «предположения»)
- •The system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
1999 A bad year for earthquakes
At least 20,000 people died in six serious earthquakes in 1999, and many more were left injured and homeless. The worst of these earthquakes was in northwest Turkey in August, when more than 16,000 people died in the densely-populated area around Izmit. In October California was ‘lucky’ because a major earthquake occurred in the Mojave Desert rather than near Los Angles, 160 km away.
All this does not mean that earthquakes are becoming more frequent or more powerful than in the past. The difference is that more people are at risk as the world population grows. Rich countries have been able to cut the death toll from earthquakes by developing anti-quake technology and building ‘flexible’ buildings that sway during tremors. This has not happened in poorer countries, where poor-quality buildings and rapidly-growing populations have increased the danger.
The devastation caused by the Turkish earthquake was much worse than it need have been. Scientists had warned that the country’s industrial region, as well as thousands of homes, had been built in the area of highest seismic risk.
The number of potential earthquake victims has also been increased by the migration of people from rural areas to towns, where they tend to be much more crowded together. This is a particular problem in high-risk areas like the Pacific rim.
Limestone in Europe
Limestone landscapes are distinctive and widespread. The rock occurs in a number of different forms and, depending on the historical and present-day climate, it will give rise to a variety of landforms. Across Europe the various types of limestone produce spectacular scenery. The term karst, which comes from a region in Slovenia, is often used to describe such landscapes. They are found through Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzogovina, Montenegro and Albania.
Mountain limestones occur throughout the Alps, extending westward to France. Beyond the Alps limestone is found in the Grands-Causses region of the Massif Central, where the Tarn and Lot rivers have cut steep gorges.
Limestone also forms the underlying geology of many Mediterranean islands. Throughout southern Europe these rocks owe their origin to deposition in the ancient Tethys Sea, of which the Mediterranean is a small remnant. They have been lifted by tectonic forces and eroded by water and ice to produce the steep slopes,, gorges and caves associated with the rock.
Limestone also occurs in northern Europe, where it is the product of deposition in much more ancient seas. In the English Pennines limestone was formed some 350 million years ago in the Carboniferous period. Around Ingleton and Malham in Yorkshire we can see, on a micro scale, the karst features typical of those in eastern Europe.
Vulcanism
A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust through which molten rock, usually called magma while underground and lava aboveground, pours forth. Because the emerging material accumulates near the orifice, most volcanoes in the course of time build up mountains with a characteristic conical shape that steepens toward the top, with a small depression or crater at the summit. Lava escapes almost continuously from a few volcanoes, but the majority are active only at intervals.