- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text try to discuss the following questions.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Geography
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Origin and development of geography. Early history
- •Geographic methods. Map location and measurement
- •The Round Earth on Flat Paper
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Geography”
- •Revision
- •What is science?
- •Становление географии как науки
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Geography and people: Ptolemy
- •Components of maps
- •Maps and graphs Maps
- •Isoline maps
- •Choropleth
- •Topological maps
- •Proportional flow maps
- •Dot maps
- •Line graphs
- •Scattergraphs
- •Pie charts
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The History of Exploration
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Captain Cook
- •Text c The Mystery of the Franklin Expedition
- •Text d
- •The History of Maps
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Christopher Columbus”
- •Revision
- •Questions:
- •II. Первое русское кругосветное путешествие
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Famous Russian navigators
- •Navigation Tools
- •Unit III
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before we start reading let’s recollect the composition of the solar system.
- •What does the solar system consist of?
- •What heavenly object is the most beautiful (mysterious, important)?
- •The Universe and the Solar System
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Our local star
- •Text c The Evolution of the Universe
- •Text d Galaxies
- •Dialogue
- •Is the Sun Good or Bad for Us?
- •Is the sun good or bad for us?
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Stars”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the temperature of:
- •Note down the colours of :
- •Revision
- •The Lunar Surface
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading The Planets
- •Mercury
- •Jupiter
- •Uranus and Neptune
- •Stellar Evolution
- •Unit IV
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Is the earth a perfect sphere?
- •This Earth of Ours
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Text c The Earth. Size. Shape.
- •Text d The Earth
- •Dialogue Discussing the age of the earth
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Earth’s shape”
- •1. What is the “equatorial bulge”?
- •2. Are all three models only approximations?
- •Revision
- •History of the Earth
- •Latitude and Longitude
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Yellowstone National Park
- •The geological setting
- •Hydrothermal features
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The Atmosphere: Properties and composition
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- •The Ozone Layer
- •The Ionosphere
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Atmosphere”
- •Part b. Listening activities
- •Revision
- •Air pollution
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Texts Greenhouse gases
- •The air we breathe
- •Unit VI
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text discuss these points with a partner.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Climate
- •Word study
- •Climate
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The climate of the uk
- •The World’s Inconstant Climate
- •Methods of weather modification
- •Weather
- •Days of Abnormal Weather
- •Vocabulary
- •Days of Abnormal Weather Text 1
- •Interpretation
- •Weather Forecast
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Climate”
- •Revision
- •Climate
- •Weather maps
- •Project Writing
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Climatic Change
- •Origin of Climatic Change
- •Ocean Currents
- •Unit VII
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Into how many parts is the earth’s surface divided?
- •How are land and sea distributed?
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Land Forms of the Earth
- •Word Study
- •The Alps
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The Surface of the Ground
- •Continental Drift
- •Wegener’s Theory
- •Text d The Soil Beneath our Feet
- •Dialogue Discussing the process of erosion
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Continental drift”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the terms used by the lecturer.
- •Note down the thickness of the asthenosphere.
- •Revision
- •Relief form of the earth
- •Earthquake waves
- •Earthquakes
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Erosion
- •Weathering
- •1999 A bad year for earthquakes
- •Limestone in Europe
- •Vulcanism
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Glaciers
- •Minerals
- •What Minerals Are
- •Mineral Properties
- •The Earth’s Interior
- •Interior Structure
- •Rock Classification
- •Igneous Rocks
- •Sedimentary Rocks
- •Grammar focus the system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
- •Passive voice
- •The Greenhouse Effect
- •Participle
- •The gerund
- •Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Infinitive
- •I. Образование
- •II. Функции инфинитива в предложении.
- •Complex Object
- •Complex Subject
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Subjunctive Mood Conditional Sentences
- •Modal verbs
- •(Выражение «вероятности», «предположения»)
- •The system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
Word Study
Ex. 1.a) Read the following international words correctly. Mind the stress.
a) climate colour carbon distance helium mixture millibar molecule methane natural normally nitrogen nitrous oxygen oxide ozone stable |
b) absorb barometer bacteria dioxide electrically extremely equator effect Italian percent protect reflect unique |
c) atmospheric composition radiation ultraviolet vegetation
d) atmosphere troposphere stratosphere ionosphere |
b) Read the following correctly paying attention to the rules of reading the vowels:
[a:] argon carbon charge farther harmful part particle path plant calm |
[ L] absorb enormous form normally North portion spore stormy call cause small water |
[i:] breathe feature extremely helium methane sea speak unique |
[ W] burn earth exert inert person surface |
Ex. 2. Form the derivatives according to the models. Translate them into Russian.
Model A: N + -less → Adj.
taste – tasteless
air, breath, colour, cloud, feature, harm, life, odor, shape, use
Model B: N + -ful → Adj.
use → useful
harm, colour, tact, grace, hope, care, peace
Model C: Adj: + -ish → Adj.
red → reddish
blue, yellow, thin, thick, small, grey
Ex. 3. Group the following words. Explain the principles of this grouping.
Atmosphere; mixture; shape; gradually; stable; shapeless; evaporation; thin out; considerable; contains; scattered; enormous; presence; atmospheric; damage; measured; tasteless; electrically; charged; variable; press in; patterns; crushed; strongly; exerts; extremely; harmful; burning; registered; predominantly; composition.
Ex. 4. Match English and Russian equivalents.
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Ex. 5. Translate into Russian the following words, word combinations and sentences.
Average: average man, average height, average rate, to move at an average rate (speed), average size.
Body: body of a man, a strong body, heavenly body, a body of water, legislative body.
Burn: burn in the daytime, to burn one’s fingers, burning rays, burning question, burning shame, burnt gas.
Calm: calm air, calm day, calmly, calmness. Don’t worry, calm down!
Damage: to cause damage to, damaging effects, furniture damaged by fire; badly damaged.
Exert: to exert pressure, to exert influence, to exert all one’s energy, influence; to exert oneself to get a good mark in English.
Layer; surface layer, water layer, upper layers of the atmosphere, the atmosphere is divided into layers, layer-cake – Do you like a layer-cake “Napoleon”?
Level: sea level, at sea level, low level, level road, level life, to rise to higher levels.
Mix: to mix well, mixer – He is a good mixer; mixture, odorless mixture, oil is not mixed with water, the colours mix well. Do black and white mix? What colours do not mix?
Measure: to measure the pressure, to measure a person with one’s eye, measurement, to take measures. The house measures 60 feet long.
Push: to push a door, to push aside, pusher, to exert pressure by pushing.
Rise: to rise upward, sunrise. The sun rises in the east. The river rises in the mountains. An early riser – Are you an early riser?
Surround: to surround the earth. The trees surround the house. The surroundings of the city are beautiful.
Support: to support a family, to support life, to support air pressure, to give support to, to speak in support of, supporter.
Ex. 6. Say how the following phrases or statements are expressed in the text.
the envelope of air which surrounds the earth, consisting of a mixture of gases;
gas to which certain substances may be reduced by heat;
the pressure at a point due to the weight of the column of air above that point;
the lower layers of air, which are near the surface of the Earth;
the upper layer of the atmosphere, which is above the troposphere, extending from 15 to 80 kilometers above the earth;
the chief gas in the atmosphere;
to be ( to become) different;
to go in different directions;
set of layers of the earth’s atmosphere which reflect radio waves;
a band of warm gas in the lower part of the stratosphere.
Ex. 7. Pair the words in column A with a suitable word or phrase in column B.
A |
B |
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Ex. 8. Find the words opposite in meaning to the following ones. Write them down in pairs.
hot, heavy, calm, to press in, thick, enormous, sunrise, upward, reflect, lower, to protect, inert, to be present, inside, possible, harmful.
Ex. 9. Give the English equivalents for the following words or word combinations:
атмосфера Земли, слои атмосферы, давление воздуха, измерять давление, подниматься вверх, водяной пар, смесь газов, рассеянный свет, уровень моря, оказывать давление, инертные газы, двуокись углерода, квадратные километры (дюймы), огромный вес, поддерживать давление, окружать землю, кислород, водород, озоновый слой, вредные лучи, защищать, содержать, изменяться (варьировать), значительное количество, твердые частицы.
Ex. 10. Choose the best way to complete the following sentences:
One of the unique features of the Earth is …
the presence of oxygen
the presence of hydrogen
the presence of a stable atmosphere
2. The atmosphere is the layer of gas that surrounds …
the hydrosphere
the earth
the lithosphere
3. The composition of the atmosphere changes with …
the location from the sun
the distance from the earth’s surface
the movement of the Earth on its axis
4. Air in its natural state is a …
mixture of inert gases
mixture of nitrogen and oxygen
mixture of different gases
5. Without … there would be no weather changes
water
air
oxygen
6. The blue colour of the sky is due to …
the scattering of sunlight by gas and dust particles
electrically charged particles
the ozone layer
7. All our weather is formed in …
the stratosphere
the ionosphere
the troposphere
8. The ozone layer … ultraviolet radiation
protects
kills
absorbs