- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text try to discuss the following questions.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Geography
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Origin and development of geography. Early history
- •Geographic methods. Map location and measurement
- •The Round Earth on Flat Paper
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Geography”
- •Revision
- •What is science?
- •Становление географии как науки
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Geography and people: Ptolemy
- •Components of maps
- •Maps and graphs Maps
- •Isoline maps
- •Choropleth
- •Topological maps
- •Proportional flow maps
- •Dot maps
- •Line graphs
- •Scattergraphs
- •Pie charts
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The History of Exploration
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Captain Cook
- •Text c The Mystery of the Franklin Expedition
- •Text d
- •The History of Maps
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Christopher Columbus”
- •Revision
- •Questions:
- •II. Первое русское кругосветное путешествие
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Famous Russian navigators
- •Navigation Tools
- •Unit III
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before we start reading let’s recollect the composition of the solar system.
- •What does the solar system consist of?
- •What heavenly object is the most beautiful (mysterious, important)?
- •The Universe and the Solar System
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Our local star
- •Text c The Evolution of the Universe
- •Text d Galaxies
- •Dialogue
- •Is the Sun Good or Bad for Us?
- •Is the sun good or bad for us?
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Stars”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the temperature of:
- •Note down the colours of :
- •Revision
- •The Lunar Surface
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading The Planets
- •Mercury
- •Jupiter
- •Uranus and Neptune
- •Stellar Evolution
- •Unit IV
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Is the earth a perfect sphere?
- •This Earth of Ours
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Text c The Earth. Size. Shape.
- •Text d The Earth
- •Dialogue Discussing the age of the earth
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Earth’s shape”
- •1. What is the “equatorial bulge”?
- •2. Are all three models only approximations?
- •Revision
- •History of the Earth
- •Latitude and Longitude
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Yellowstone National Park
- •The geological setting
- •Hydrothermal features
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The Atmosphere: Properties and composition
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- •The Ozone Layer
- •The Ionosphere
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Atmosphere”
- •Part b. Listening activities
- •Revision
- •Air pollution
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Texts Greenhouse gases
- •The air we breathe
- •Unit VI
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text discuss these points with a partner.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Climate
- •Word study
- •Climate
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The climate of the uk
- •The World’s Inconstant Climate
- •Methods of weather modification
- •Weather
- •Days of Abnormal Weather
- •Vocabulary
- •Days of Abnormal Weather Text 1
- •Interpretation
- •Weather Forecast
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Climate”
- •Revision
- •Climate
- •Weather maps
- •Project Writing
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Climatic Change
- •Origin of Climatic Change
- •Ocean Currents
- •Unit VII
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Into how many parts is the earth’s surface divided?
- •How are land and sea distributed?
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Land Forms of the Earth
- •Word Study
- •The Alps
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The Surface of the Ground
- •Continental Drift
- •Wegener’s Theory
- •Text d The Soil Beneath our Feet
- •Dialogue Discussing the process of erosion
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Continental drift”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the terms used by the lecturer.
- •Note down the thickness of the asthenosphere.
- •Revision
- •Relief form of the earth
- •Earthquake waves
- •Earthquakes
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Erosion
- •Weathering
- •1999 A bad year for earthquakes
- •Limestone in Europe
- •Vulcanism
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Glaciers
- •Minerals
- •What Minerals Are
- •Mineral Properties
- •The Earth’s Interior
- •Interior Structure
- •Rock Classification
- •Igneous Rocks
- •Sedimentary Rocks
- •Grammar focus the system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
- •Passive voice
- •The Greenhouse Effect
- •Participle
- •The gerund
- •Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Infinitive
- •I. Образование
- •II. Функции инфинитива в предложении.
- •Complex Object
- •Complex Subject
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Subjunctive Mood Conditional Sentences
- •Modal verbs
- •(Выражение «вероятности», «предположения»)
- •The system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
Dialogue Discussing the age of the earth
Ex 1. Read the dialogue and reproduce it: a) abridged; b) in the form of a monologue.
Nick Kirilov, a geography student, and Prof. Smirnov, an experienced paleontologist are discussing some methods of determining the age of the earth.
Nick K.: |
– To discuss all the methods of determining the age of the earth is beyond the province of this seminar. What are, to your mind, the most significant ones? |
Prof. S.: |
– They are not very numerous. The most accurate and complete method is to study radioactive minerals. |
Nick K.: |
– What is this method based on? |
Prof. S.: |
– Such radioactive elements as uranium and radium disintegrate at a constant and determinable rate. That’s why it is possible to determine the age of rocks if we know the rate of disintegration. |
Nick K.: |
– And what ratios have been used to form estimates of the age of rock masses that contain these metals? |
Prof. S.: |
It is known that uranium changes to lead. And it is possible to make an estimate of the age of certain rocks containing lead and uranium. |
Nick K.: |
– As far as I know, scientists compare the rate of decomposition today with the total thickness of sedimentary rocks formed throughout all geologic time. |
Prof. S.: |
– You are right. The rates of erosion of the land surface also have been used to determine the age of the rocks. But the results obtained vary greatly. |
Nick K.: |
– To what conclusion did scientists come in estimating the age of the earth? |
Prof. S.: |
– The scientists find that the length of the last three geologic eras as indicated by the radioactive record can be harmonized with the sedimentary record. The sedimentary records of the Proterozoic and Archeozoic eras are not well enough known to be used. So, we have only the incomplete radioactive data to determine the time represented by these very ancient eras. |
Ex 2. Do the translation making further use of it in your retelling.
Возраст земной коры уже определен, хотя возраст земли как планеты еще не известен. Определить возраст земной коры стало возможным, когда был изучен радиоактивный распад.
На скорость распада не действуют ни раскаленное состояние, ни охлаждение, ни огромное давление. При всех условиях один грамм урана выделяет ежегодно одно и то же количество свинца. Заключающийся в некоторых минералах уран распадается, а вместо него накапливается свинец. Чем меньше остается урана, тем больше становится свинца.
Значит, определяя в горной породе относительное количество урана и выделившегося из него свинца, можно определить ее возраст.
Ученые пришли к выводу, что древнейшие горные породы образовались за 1600-1800 миллионов лет до наших дней.
Listening Comprehension Text “The Earth’s shape”
Part A. Pre-listening Activities
Task 1. Make sure that you know the following words and word phrases.
consider v – рассматривать
for scientific purposes – для научных целей
sufficient a – достаточный
accurate a – точный, правильный
adequate a – достаточный
oblate a – сплющенный или сжатый у полюсов
geoid n – геоид
bulge n – выпуклость
stick (out) v – выступать
arrow n – стрела, что-л., напоминающее по форме стрелу
transparency n – диапозитив
deviation n – отклонение
exaggerate v – преувеличивать
mirror v – отражать
dent n – выемка, вмятина
Task 2. Before listening answer the following questions.
Who was the first to declare that the earth was a sphere? (Parmenides)
When did he do that? (The fifth century B. C.)
How did Parmenides realize it? (Probably from listening to travellers).
Who used arguments showing that the earth is spherical? (Aristotle).
Is the earth a perfect sphere? (A spheroid flattened near the poles).
Part B. Listening Activities
Task 1. As you listen to the tape make brief notes to help you answer the following questions.
The lecturer says one word is not adequate to describe the earth shape. What is that word?
How many questions will be looked at in this lecture?
What term does the lecturer want you to note?
Who first computed the earth in terms of an oblate spheroid?
What terms does the lecture use to describe the “bits that stick out” and the “dents”?
Which, if any, of the three models is 100 % accurate?
Task 2. Listen to the tape once more and
a) fill in the gaps.
For most people the word “round” is … .
The sphere is not … for a great number of scientific purposes.
The … spheroid is actually the form the earth would have.
This oblate spheroid has become known as the … … .
It is called that after … .
b) note down the two main questions looked at in the lecture.
c) note down the three most widely used models to describe the earth’s shape.
Part C. After Listening Activities
Task 1. Discuss in pairs.