- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text try to discuss the following questions.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Geography
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Origin and development of geography. Early history
- •Geographic methods. Map location and measurement
- •The Round Earth on Flat Paper
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Geography”
- •Revision
- •What is science?
- •Становление географии как науки
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Geography and people: Ptolemy
- •Components of maps
- •Maps and graphs Maps
- •Isoline maps
- •Choropleth
- •Topological maps
- •Proportional flow maps
- •Dot maps
- •Line graphs
- •Scattergraphs
- •Pie charts
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The History of Exploration
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Captain Cook
- •Text c The Mystery of the Franklin Expedition
- •Text d
- •The History of Maps
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Christopher Columbus”
- •Revision
- •Questions:
- •II. Первое русское кругосветное путешествие
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Famous Russian navigators
- •Navigation Tools
- •Unit III
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before we start reading let’s recollect the composition of the solar system.
- •What does the solar system consist of?
- •What heavenly object is the most beautiful (mysterious, important)?
- •The Universe and the Solar System
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Our local star
- •Text c The Evolution of the Universe
- •Text d Galaxies
- •Dialogue
- •Is the Sun Good or Bad for Us?
- •Is the sun good or bad for us?
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Stars”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the temperature of:
- •Note down the colours of :
- •Revision
- •The Lunar Surface
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading The Planets
- •Mercury
- •Jupiter
- •Uranus and Neptune
- •Stellar Evolution
- •Unit IV
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Is the earth a perfect sphere?
- •This Earth of Ours
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Text c The Earth. Size. Shape.
- •Text d The Earth
- •Dialogue Discussing the age of the earth
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Earth’s shape”
- •1. What is the “equatorial bulge”?
- •2. Are all three models only approximations?
- •Revision
- •History of the Earth
- •Latitude and Longitude
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Yellowstone National Park
- •The geological setting
- •Hydrothermal features
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The Atmosphere: Properties and composition
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- •The Ozone Layer
- •The Ionosphere
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Atmosphere”
- •Part b. Listening activities
- •Revision
- •Air pollution
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Texts Greenhouse gases
- •The air we breathe
- •Unit VI
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text discuss these points with a partner.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Climate
- •Word study
- •Climate
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The climate of the uk
- •The World’s Inconstant Climate
- •Methods of weather modification
- •Weather
- •Days of Abnormal Weather
- •Vocabulary
- •Days of Abnormal Weather Text 1
- •Interpretation
- •Weather Forecast
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Climate”
- •Revision
- •Climate
- •Weather maps
- •Project Writing
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Climatic Change
- •Origin of Climatic Change
- •Ocean Currents
- •Unit VII
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Into how many parts is the earth’s surface divided?
- •How are land and sea distributed?
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Land Forms of the Earth
- •Word Study
- •The Alps
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The Surface of the Ground
- •Continental Drift
- •Wegener’s Theory
- •Text d The Soil Beneath our Feet
- •Dialogue Discussing the process of erosion
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Continental drift”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the terms used by the lecturer.
- •Note down the thickness of the asthenosphere.
- •Revision
- •Relief form of the earth
- •Earthquake waves
- •Earthquakes
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Erosion
- •Weathering
- •1999 A bad year for earthquakes
- •Limestone in Europe
- •Vulcanism
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Glaciers
- •Minerals
- •What Minerals Are
- •Mineral Properties
- •The Earth’s Interior
- •Interior Structure
- •Rock Classification
- •Igneous Rocks
- •Sedimentary Rocks
- •Grammar focus the system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
- •Passive voice
- •The Greenhouse Effect
- •Participle
- •The gerund
- •Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Infinitive
- •I. Образование
- •II. Функции инфинитива в предложении.
- •Complex Object
- •Complex Subject
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Subjunctive Mood Conditional Sentences
- •Modal verbs
- •(Выражение «вероятности», «предположения»)
- •The system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
Climate
New Zealand has an oceanic climate, without (1)_____ of heat and cold. The yearly (2)_____ of temperatures is quite small, with about 100C (3)_____ between winter and summer. New Zealand enjoys long hours of (4)_____ throughout the year. In winter the South Island mountains and central North Island have heavy (5)_____. Seasons are the reverse of the (6)___ ___. Most parts of the country (7)_____ ample sunshine and (8)_____, although the weather is (9)_____.
Rainfall is generally (10)_____ to abundant. The (11)_____ rainfall (5600mm) (12)_____ around Milford Sound on the southwestern coast of South Island. The (13)_____ temperature at Wellington (14)_____ between 200C in January and 60C in July; the average rainfall is 1230 mm. In Auckland, the (15)_____ in January and July are 230C and 80C, respectively; the (16)___ rainfall is 1850.
In parts of the Southern Alps, (17)_____ totals approximately 1200 mm. But east of the mountains, there is a marked (18)_____ . For the country as a whole, rainfall approaches 2030 mm, but most settled areas (19)_____ between 640 and 1520 mm. Snow is common only in the mountains. Temperatures are (20)_____, with no great (21)_____ except in limited areas of high (22)_____ . So, New Zealand has a (23)_____, (24)_____, and (25)_____ climate.
Ex. 4. Translate the text into Russian (in writing).
Weather maps
The earliest weather map was published by Edmund Halley as far back as in 1688, but it was not until the Great Exhibition of 1851 that a map was published showing the simultaneous readings of weather elements at various places. From these earliest maps there evolved very rapidly a standardized system of representation which is familiar to most newspaper readers. The weather map usually shows on an outline chart, or on a contoured chart of geographical features, a group of figures and letters, with one or two pictorial symbols, placed against each of the dots which indicate the positions of weather-reporting stations. These symbols tell – short-hand fashion – the weather at that particular place at the hour which is, as far as possible, the same for all the places concerned. The most important element recorded is the height of the barometer.
Probably the next most important element to be depicted is the wind. The direction is shown by an arrowshaft traveling with the wind into the observing station, the strength of the wind being denoted by the number of bards on the arrow. The other elements written in give the change of barometric pressure in the last three hours telling the forecaster whether “the glass” is steady, or rising, or falling, the temperature of the air and its dew-point, the range of visibility, type of cloud together with its amount and approximate height, and whether it is and has been in the recent past fine, or raining, or foggy, or thundery, etc.
The forecaster’s main business is to answer the following questions: What type of weather is associated with the prevailing pressure distribution? How will they develop as they move? What will the influence be of local geographical conditions on their general behaviour?
Like children, the weather does not always “behave” as expected; the solution of the forecasters’ problems cannot, therefore, be arrived at by applying a set of stereotyped formulae: experience based on keen observation must play a large part in any success which the professional achieves.
Ex. 5. Translate into English.
I
На берегах Средиземного моря, защищенного с севера горами, средние январские температуры составляют 5-100С тепла.
К восточному берегу материка подходит теплое течение, которое уменьшает ежегодные колебания температур.
Встречая на своем пути нагорье, влажные воздушные массы оставляют значительную часть влаги на их склонах.
На климат умеренного пояса Тихоокеанского побережья влияют западные ветры умеренных широт, приносящие с океана много влаги.
Морской климат является умеренным и не испытывает больших перепадов ни дневных, ни годовых температур.
В основе климатической классификации используемой в этом пособии лежит система, разработанная Владимиром Кеппеном. (to establish, Wladimir Kőppen)
Тропические циклоны имеют различные имена, в зависимости от части света, в которой они происходят.
Защищенное от холодных ветров Южное побережье характеризуется мягкой зимой и жарким летом.
Вдоль западного побережья с юга на север, почти до экватора, проходит мощное холодное Перуанское течение, сильно охлаждающее воздух прибрежных районов и не способствующее образованию осадков.
На севере Китая часть зимних осадков выпадает в виде снега, причем их количество увеличивается с широтой и высотой.
При классификации климатов может использоваться любая доступная (available) информация об атмосферных условиях, но температура и количество выпадаемых осадков применяются наиболее часто.
II
Климат Беларуси формируется под влиянием факторов, которые воздействуют на климат всей Восточно-европейской равнины. Главной среди них являются: географическое положение (широта) и рельеф. Особенности климата определяются положением страны в умеренных широтах, близость Атлантического океана, отсутствия природных барьеров на пути движения воздушных масс – морских с запада, континентальных – с востока и юго-востока.
В умеренных широтах преобладает западное движение воздушных масс, поэтому в Белоруссии чаще наблюдаются западные, северо-западные и юго-западные ветры, приносящие достаточное количество осадков. Осадки выпадают в виде дождя или снега. Их количество достигает 550-650мм в год, а в некоторых местах до 700мм!
Годовая амплитуда температур сравнительно небольшая: от 230 до 26,50. Температура воздуха в республике характеризуется значительной изменчивостью, поэтому среднегодовые температуры дают только общее представление о температурном режиме (temperature regime, temperature conditions).
Таким образом, климат Беларуси умеренно-континентальный, с мягкими зимами и частыми оттепелями, с дождливым и не горячим летом, а также с продолжительным вегетационным периодом.