- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text try to discuss the following questions.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Geography
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Origin and development of geography. Early history
- •Geographic methods. Map location and measurement
- •The Round Earth on Flat Paper
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Geography”
- •Revision
- •What is science?
- •Становление географии как науки
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Geography and people: Ptolemy
- •Components of maps
- •Maps and graphs Maps
- •Isoline maps
- •Choropleth
- •Topological maps
- •Proportional flow maps
- •Dot maps
- •Line graphs
- •Scattergraphs
- •Pie charts
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The History of Exploration
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Captain Cook
- •Text c The Mystery of the Franklin Expedition
- •Text d
- •The History of Maps
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Christopher Columbus”
- •Revision
- •Questions:
- •II. Первое русское кругосветное путешествие
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Famous Russian navigators
- •Navigation Tools
- •Unit III
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before we start reading let’s recollect the composition of the solar system.
- •What does the solar system consist of?
- •What heavenly object is the most beautiful (mysterious, important)?
- •The Universe and the Solar System
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Our local star
- •Text c The Evolution of the Universe
- •Text d Galaxies
- •Dialogue
- •Is the Sun Good or Bad for Us?
- •Is the sun good or bad for us?
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Stars”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the temperature of:
- •Note down the colours of :
- •Revision
- •The Lunar Surface
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading The Planets
- •Mercury
- •Jupiter
- •Uranus and Neptune
- •Stellar Evolution
- •Unit IV
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Is the earth a perfect sphere?
- •This Earth of Ours
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Text c The Earth. Size. Shape.
- •Text d The Earth
- •Dialogue Discussing the age of the earth
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Earth’s shape”
- •1. What is the “equatorial bulge”?
- •2. Are all three models only approximations?
- •Revision
- •History of the Earth
- •Latitude and Longitude
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Yellowstone National Park
- •The geological setting
- •Hydrothermal features
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The Atmosphere: Properties and composition
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- •The Ozone Layer
- •The Ionosphere
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Atmosphere”
- •Part b. Listening activities
- •Revision
- •Air pollution
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Texts Greenhouse gases
- •The air we breathe
- •Unit VI
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text discuss these points with a partner.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Climate
- •Word study
- •Climate
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The climate of the uk
- •The World’s Inconstant Climate
- •Methods of weather modification
- •Weather
- •Days of Abnormal Weather
- •Vocabulary
- •Days of Abnormal Weather Text 1
- •Interpretation
- •Weather Forecast
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Climate”
- •Revision
- •Climate
- •Weather maps
- •Project Writing
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Climatic Change
- •Origin of Climatic Change
- •Ocean Currents
- •Unit VII
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Into how many parts is the earth’s surface divided?
- •How are land and sea distributed?
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Land Forms of the Earth
- •Word Study
- •The Alps
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The Surface of the Ground
- •Continental Drift
- •Wegener’s Theory
- •Text d The Soil Beneath our Feet
- •Dialogue Discussing the process of erosion
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Continental drift”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the terms used by the lecturer.
- •Note down the thickness of the asthenosphere.
- •Revision
- •Relief form of the earth
- •Earthquake waves
- •Earthquakes
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Erosion
- •Weathering
- •1999 A bad year for earthquakes
- •Limestone in Europe
- •Vulcanism
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Glaciers
- •Minerals
- •What Minerals Are
- •Mineral Properties
- •The Earth’s Interior
- •Interior Structure
- •Rock Classification
- •Igneous Rocks
- •Sedimentary Rocks
- •Grammar focus the system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
- •Passive voice
- •The Greenhouse Effect
- •Participle
- •The gerund
- •Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Infinitive
- •I. Образование
- •II. Функции инфинитива в предложении.
- •Complex Object
- •Complex Subject
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Subjunctive Mood Conditional Sentences
- •Modal verbs
- •(Выражение «вероятности», «предположения»)
- •The system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
The geological setting
It is only since the 1960s that Yellowstone's geology and volcanic history have been fully appreciated. In addition to mapping various solidified lava flows, geologists from the USGS (United States Geological Survey) have identified three distinct welded tuff deposits that extend over thousands of square kilometres both within and outside the park. This discovery is significant because tuff is formed only from highly explosive volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, the enormous volume of tuff that has been deposited provides evidence for past eruptions on a truly colossal scale.
The discovery of these deposits (collectively known as the Yellowstone group of tuffs) created a new question. How could such a huge amount of ash and lava bave been produced when there was no obvious volcano to be seen in the park? The answer eluded (ускользал, не приходил на ум) geologists until it was realised that the central area of Yellowstone National Park actually sits inside an enormous caldera, 72 km long by 48 km wide. From the ground there isn't a volcano or caldera in sight, but this is because it is so big that you are inside it! The full scale and outline of this caldera can only be appreciated from the air. Calderas are formed by the eruption of large bodies of magma through the crust.
Measurement of seismic waves travelling beneath the caldera has shown that they slow down significantly around 3 km beneath the ground. This indicates that there is a lot of molten magma, rather than just solid rock, at relatively shallow depths within the crust. Detailed seismic surveys have made it possible to estimate the dimensions of this body of magma. It is approximately 48 km long, 19 km wide and 10 km thick. The relatively low density of this molten material compared with solid rock also accounts for the lower than normal gravity values that are measured across the Yellowstone Plateau.
Like Hawaii, Yellowstone is far from any plate margin and therefore its volcanism must be explained by a hot spot. As at Hawaii (perhaps the best known hot spot), geologists believe that a plume of mantle is rising upwards from the asthenosphere, continually injecting magma into the lithosphere beneath Yellowstone.
No one knows exactly why mantle plumes occur where they do, but their existence in some places rather than others must relate to irregularities in the output of heat from around the Earth's core. Although both Hawaii and Yellowstone are located over hot spots, Hawaii is on oceanic crust while Yellowstone is on continental crust. This is the reason why the type of volcanism experienced in the two areas is so different.
Those who have studied volcanoes in Hawaii, such as Mauna Loa and Kilauea, will know that these are classic examples of shield volcanoes that frequently emit hot, runny basaltic lava in predominantly nonviolent eruptions. Yellowstone eruptions, on the other hand, are extremely rare but incredibly explosive. Yellowstone provides an excellent example of a hot spot under continental crust.