Фразовые глаголы (Phrasal Verbs)

Фразовые глаголы состоят из: глагол + наречие. По внешнему виду, да и по значению, это те же самые предлоги. Но поскольку за предлогом обязательно должно следовать существительное или местоимение, а фразовые глаголы часто употребляются без каких-либо дополнений, то их называют наречиями. Эти значения есть и во всех нормальных словарях.

Фразовые глаголы могут быть: непереходными (без прямого дополнения) и переходными (иметь прямое дополнение).

Непереходные(intransitive):

break down – сломаться (перестать функционировать). He was late because his car broke down. Он опоздал, потому что его машина сломалась.

Переходные (transitive):

put off – откладывать (что?) We will have to put off the meeting. Мы должны будем отложить собрание.

turn down – отвергать, отклонять (что?) They turned down my offer. Они отвергли мое предложение.

Общую картину осложняет то обстоятельство, что одни и те же глаголы могут быть в одних своих значениях непереходными, а в других – переходными. Поэтому образованные от них фразовые глаголы в одних своих значениях могут требовать дополнений и даже быть разделяемыми, а в других своих значениях могут употребляться без дополнений. Например: get up – 1) подниматься, вставать (to get up early in the morning – вставать рано утром), 2)(встреч. реже) поднимать (кого? что?), (get the children up- поднимите детей). Все это есть в больших, хороших словарях.

Фразовые глаголы могут быть разделяемыми и неразделяемыми. К неразделяемым фразовым глаголам (Inseparable Phrasal Verbs) относятся все непереходные (не имеющие прямого дополнения) фразовые глаголы и некоторые переходные. Например: run into – налететь на, столкнуться с, врезаться в (переходный, требует дополнения, но неразделимый). He ran into the tree.- Он врезался в дерево. He ran the tree into.(неверно)

Разделяемые фразовые глаголы (Separable Phrasal Verbs). Многие переходные глаголы являются разделяемыми. Но не существует способа просто, по внешнему виду, узнать, разделяемый глагол или нет, надо смотреть в словаре. Если глагол разделяемый, то дополнение может стоять либо после него, либо между. Например: turn down my offer или turn my offer down - отвергнуть мое предложение (переводится одинаково).

А если дополнение представлено местоимением, то фразовый глагол всегда разделяется, и местоимение помещается между двух его частей. Например: I took off my shoes. или I took my shoes off. (Я снял свои ботинки.) или I took them off.(Я снял их.), но I took off them.-не верно.

Фразово - предложные глаголы (Phrasal-prepositional Verbs)

Фразово - предложные глаголы состоят из: глагол + наречие + предлог. Так как эти глаголы заканчиваются предлогом, за ними всегда следует прямое дополнение. Как и предложные глаголы, они не могут разделяться. Например: put up with - терпеть, мириться/примириться с. I won’t put up with your attitude. Я не примирюсь с твоей позицией/отношением.

Compare (сравните):

Break down: stop working, usually a machine or vehicle - If my car breaks down again, I’m going to sell it.

Break (smth) down: destroy something such as a door or wall – The firemen broke the door down and ran inside to look for the children.

Bring (someone)up: look after and educate a child – Do you think it is difficult to bring children up as a single parent?

Carry on: continue doing something - He carried on watching TV though his mother had told him to go to bed.

Catch on (to smth): understand - The teacher explained it at least three times, but Helen still didn’t catch on.

Close (smth)down: - end an activity – I read in the paper last night that they are closing my old school down.

Come down: fall to the ground - Did you see that the apple tree next door came down in the night?

Come out in(smth): often when your body develops spots or rashes - He came out in red marks all over his face and neck.

Cut (smth) down: bring to the ground -If we don’t cut that tree down soon, it will fall down.

Cut down on (smth): reduce the amount - You must cut down on all the cakes and chocolates you eat. It’s not good for you.

Cut (smth)out: remove - If you cut some of these late nights out, you won’t feel so tired in the mornings.

Die down: come to an end – She waited until the laughter died down before she continued her speech.

Eat out: eat in a restaurant instead of at home - I’d like to eat out tonight. How about going to that little Italian restaurant in the high street?

Get (smth) across: communicate an idea - He had an interesting plan for reducing the level of pollution in the city, but it took him a long time to get his ideas across.

Get away with (smth):avoid being caught and punished - He is always late for work. How does he get away with it?

Get by: survive - It was hard to get by on one salary when Tom lost his job, but things are OK now.

Get (smth) down: make a written record - Simon, could you make sure you get his telephone number down?

Get down to (smth): start doing seriously - I really must get down to writing my Christmas cards otherwise it will soon be too late.

Get on (with smth): have a good relationship - My brother and I are different kinds of people. I’ve never really got on with him.

Get out: have time outside the home - You should get out more. It’s not good being inside with the children like this.

Get over (smth): recover from - Her grandmother died a couple of months ago and it’s taking her a long time to get over it.

Get round (someone): persuade someone to let you do smth - My father doesn’t want to lend me his car, but I know how to get round him.

Get through (to someone): make contact, often by telephone - I’ve been trying to get through to you all day, but your phone has been constantly engaged.

Get up (to smth):do smth, often naughty and bad -OK, kids, what did you get up to while we were away?

Give (smth) out:distribute - The teacher gave files and books out to all the students.

Give (smth)up: stop - All my friends have given smoking up this year. It’s incredible.

Give off (smth): produce - Plastic gives off a horrible smell when it is burnt.

Go down: fall - The price of houses has gone down by five per cent in the last year.

Go on: continue doing smth - She went on talking while he made lunch.

Keep on: continue doing smth - It kept on raining for the rest of the day.

Keep up (with someone): maintain the same level - It’s very difficult to keep up with her because she walks so fast.

Look after (smth/someone): take care of - Would you mind looking after our cats while we are away on holiday?

Look out: pay attention, be careful - Look out! There’s a car coming.

Make for (smth, someone): go towards - They made for the nearest café when it started to rain.

Make up (a room, bed): prepare - We need to make the spare room up if Jim is going to stay here tonight.

Put (money )by: save - I try and put a little by each month. We’d like to go on holiday to Greek islands next year.

Put (smth) down: write, make a record of - A lot of people seem interested. Why don’t you put all their names down and then we’ll send them a copy.

Put (the price) up: increase - If we put up our prices again, we’re going to lose some of our best customers.

Run out (of smth): finish, have no more left - Could you buy some more milk when you go to the shops? We have nearly run out.

Slow down: reduce speed - Please slow down. You’re driving so fast, it’s making me frightened.

Stay out: remain away from home - Your mother doesn’t like you staying out all night. Please be home by midnight.

Take off: suddenly increase, do well - Interest in the environment has taken off in the last couple of years and I don’t really understand why.

Take (someone) off: imitate someone to make other people laugh - You should hear Simon taking off the Prime Minister. He’s very funny.

Take (smth) up: start a new hobby - I’ve taken up yoga recently. It’s changing my life.

Work (smth) out: calculate - You’ve been trying to do that puzzle for ages. Haven’t you worked it out yet?

EXERCISES

Choose the right answer:

1. He called me at five o’clock, but I was very busy, so I asked him to call me…later.

a) on b) back

2. The bus stopped and the old fat lady got…with some difficulties.

a) off b) of

3. Peter picked… a sheet of paper and looked at me inquiringly.

a) up b) in

4. The case was too heavy so Claude put it…for a minute and then continued walking.

a) down b) in

5. Do you need these newspapers? I’m asking it because I’m going to throw them…

a) down b) out

6. It’s getting colder, you’d better put…your overcoat!

a) on b) off

7. Don’t you hear the phone? Pick it…!

a) off b) up

8. Please, write…my address.

a) up b) down

9. I don’t believe you. I’m sure you have just made …this story.

a) up b) off

10.When she got asleep Carlos came in and turned…the light.

a) on b) in

11.Tom looked…the telephone directly but didn’t find her name there.

a) on b)up c) of

12.We had been arguing for a long time but at last Mr. Bright came…to my way of solving that problem.

a) round b) into c) on

13.All this story makes me sick. I had enough of it and I want this stupid secret to come… .

a) round b) out c) down

14.Tom used to talk about his uncle Ben who was a millionaire. Last year he died and Tom came… a fortune.

a) in b) into c) through

15.It’s five past seven! We must hurry a bit because if not we can be…

a) about b) behind c) out

16.They said to me in the office that the general director was…on business.

a) out b) behind c) away

17.For the first time after his long illness Mr. Sombrely was… .

a) out and away b) up and out c) out and about

18.That horrible year she broke …all her friends and colleagues.

a) out b) to c) with

19.The windows of this large room broke…their conversation.

a) up b) off c) with

20.My translation of this book is not getting…as fast as I would wish.

a)on b)out c)up

21.He rushed beyond the barrier and called…her to follow.

a) for b) on c) to d) off

22.This incessant rain is getting me… .

a) down b) out c) away d) through

23.He had to go…the first few paragraphs several times to get an idea.

a) down b) over c) through d) away

24.Don’t eat that pork, it’s going…

a)down b) off c) away d) on

25.I must look… this a little more carefully before reaching a decision.

a)up b) on c) in d) into

26. Some flowers give… their richest fragrance at night.

a) on b) off c) up d) down

27.A heavy snowfall held… the trains from the North.

a) on b) into c) off d) up

28.Why do you think these two decided to set… on their own?

a) on b) up c) into d) down

29.After a few months the project fell …owing to the lack of support.

a) down b) out c) across d) through

30. He let… a shout of joy.

a) away b) out c) down d) through

Теst 1.

Choose the right answer:

1. When he saw his wife with another man in a restaurant he broke … his umbrella.

a) off b) out c) down

2. She told him to look … her at the Central post-office, she would have a newspaper in her hands.

a) out for b) on for c) with of

3. Listen! I’m near your house. I’ll call … for a minute to return you the book. OK?

a) to b) into c) in

4. She said she was going to clear … that pile of dust in the studio.

a) out b) away c) down

5. If you are the last to leave the room, please put… the lights.

a) out b) away c) down

6. Alice has bought a new fridge and some modern furniture. I think her husband’s business is looking pretty…

a) on b) out c) up

7. I want you to cut… smoking! You are killing yourself!

a) off b) out c) down

8. Can you do … a five-dollar banknote?

a) with b) out c) up

9. Two armed bandits held… Mr. Brown’s car and asked him to get…

a) on, out b) up, off c) off, down

10.I’m sure that you will get…this work on Monday.

a) down b) away c) through

11.I have been listening to you for an hour but I don’t understand what you are getting…!

a) on b) in c) at

12.Because of his wedding all her plans were fallen…

a) through b) away c) down

13.Has your brother already broken… prison?

a) down from b) out of c) up off

14.Tommy, your room needs doing… badly! Look, there is garbage everywhere!

a) up b) on c) off

15.I can’t give you my dictionary. I can’t do … it.

a) with b) out c) without

16.Our gardener recommended to cut… the tree in front of our house.

a) up b) down c) away

17.I came … from New York to my native town for a week.

a) in b) down c) on

18.The summer is… and I haven’t got any rest.

a) down b) away c) over

19.How often does this newspaper come…?

a) out b) up c) away

20.Next week I’m going to bring… my new article.

a) out b) on c) down

Теst 2.

Choose the right answer:

1. I ran …my nephew, when I was at the seaside with my fiancée.

a) on b) in c) to d) across

2. Listen, I am … time. Please, be waiting for me.

a) on b) behind c) below d) before

3. You can’t keep the whole people … against their will.

a) off b) away c) down d) out

4. You’ll get … with him all right, he is a fine old man.

a) across b) through c) on d) off

5. Why don’t you go down with him and have a drink in the pub to see him…?

a) off b) out c) on d) up

6. She was so off-hand with him that he was afraid the whole project might be…

a) through b) out c) down d) off

7. I got up and looked … the ugliest girl in the row and sat down next to her.

a) for b) on c) off d) of

8. They were willing to take advantage of an accomplishment fact but wanted to shift on to someone else the responsibility of bringing it…

a) across b) about c) away d) through

9. “ Come …,” the constable said. Phil was interested, he was glad to be going.

a) across b) away c) down d) along

10.He tried to pass … her remark as a joke.

a) off b) through c) along d) out

11.The long and tedious journey, coupled with the hot weather, did us …

a) off b) up c) away d) on

12.In his own mind he had completely cut himself … from research.

a) away b) off c) down d) out

13.And if I’m wrong then I’ll never bring … the damned subject again.

a) on b) up c) down d) out

14.ABC stands … American Broadcasting Corporation.

a) on b) for c) with d) at

15.Fox’s expression said, “ You can’t hold … for ever, Tony. You were always weak in the long pull”.

a) on b) down c) out d) away

16.Some children were cutting … small pictures with scissors.

a) away b) out c) up d) over

17.Her lips moved. They made … the name of the street, but we couldn’t get any number.

a) on b) out c) down d) away

18.At first they were all … that, but thinking it over they had to agree that there wasn’t much sense in it.

a) for b) with c) on d) up

19.The draught from the window caught the flame of the candle. It flickered and went…

a) away b) through c) off d) out

20.”I shall leave you to yourself unless indeed I can assist you in any way – by clearing … any point on which you are not informed, for instance”.

a) up b) away c) on d) out

МОДУЛЬ XV. Контроль знаний: лексико-грамматический тест

Choose the right answer:

1. John … speak three foreign languages.

a) can b) may c) must d) has to

2. You … work hard at your English if you want to know it.

a) may b) must to c) should d) are to

3. Mary … be in this room. It is her voice.

a) must b) should c) have to d) need

4. Everyone … obey the law.

a) should b) may c) must d) can

5. Mary … have gone to bed earlier last night. She is very tired today.

a) should b) could c) have to d) must

6. You … worry about the party any more. I’ll take care of it.

a) don’t need to b) do need to c) needn’t to d) need to

7. You .. see a doctor.

a) need b) should c) have d) may to

8. She has passed the exam. She … all last night.

a) can study b) may have studied c) must have studied

d) could have studied.

9. The boss said that I … be at work at nine o’clock.

a) had to b) ought c) can d) will be able to

10. Mary … close the window; it is getting cold.

a) had better to b) would better c) had better d) should to

11. At the police station he … a lot of questions.

a) asked b) had been asked c) had been asking

d) was asked.

12. The rent for the house … regularly.

a) was paid b) was paying c) paid d) pays

13. This question … at the meeting now.

a) has been discussed b) is discussing c) was discussed

d) is being discussed

14. This article … recently.

a) has been translated b) was translated

c) translated d) had been translated

15.The Russian hockey team … to win the next Olympic Games.

a) was supposed b) is supposed c) will suppose

d) supposes

16. Luke does not like … on trifles.

a) examines b) to be examine c) being examined

d) examined

17. They … to get married very soon.

a) are expected b) is expected c) expects

d) will expect

18. I … a big sum of money to buy the furniture for the office.

a) is given b) gave c) am given d) was given

19. I remember my train … during the journey.

a) to delay b) being delayed c) delayed

d) was delay

20. Shilov’s paintings … at a gallery in Minsk.

a) are shown b) showed c) showing d) shows

21. She said that her friend’s name … Ann.

a) is b) has been c) was d) were

22. I saw what he … .

a) means b) meant c) is meaning d) has meant

23. She thought it … curious.

a) ‘ll be b) was c) is d) has been

24. He said he … hungry.

a) was b) is c) ‘ll be d) has been

25.I heard she … good English.

a) speaks b) is speaking c) spoken d) spoke

26. John confessed he … like football.

a) doesn’t b) didn’t c) will not d) do not

27. He asked me how many lessons I … last week.

a) had b) was having c) had had d) have

28. He wondered what Dick … at the moment.

a) did b) does c) is doing d) was doing

29. He told me Jack … back in a few minutes.

a) would be b) was c) is d) will be

30. He promised he … there in half an hour.

a) is b) would be c) will be d) was

31.You should always aim … doing your job well.

a) to b) up c) at d) on

32. The police examined the cars and then allowed them to go … .

a) up b) on c) off d) to

33. The factory must drive … increased production this year.

a) for b) away c) at d) back

34. Every year the children look … to having the holidays.

a) ahead b) away c) to d) forward

35. Our representatives in the U.N. must be called … .

a) back b) at c) by d) down

36. Why did he give … his college course?

a) up b) away c) in d) to

37. Look… your examination paper before you hand it in.

a) at b) into c) through d) up

38. I agree … your father; it’s a foolish risk!

a) to b) upon c) on d) with

39. I don’t care … what you think.

a) for b) about c) in d) of

40. I can’t get … to London, the lines are all busy.

a) through b) round c) on d) about

Read the text and translate it into Russian.

The Bodies of Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Great Britain is a monarchy, but it is not absolute but constitutional. The Queen’s powers are limited by Parliament. The Queen’s power is hereditary, not elective.

In practice the Monarch has no actual power. The Prime Minister is the virtual ruler of the country. The Prime Minister who is usually the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons forms the government. He takes policy decisions with the agreement of his Cabinet. The Cabinet of Ministers whose members are appointed by the Prime Minister exercises the executive power.

The supreme legislative authority in Britain is Parliament, which consists of the Sovereign, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons has most power within Parliament, its members are elected unlike those of the House of Lords.

Effective power belongs to the Government, which is part of parliament and responsible to it. Members of the Government are not elected by the House of Commons, but nominated by the Prime Minister.

The judicial power in the UK consists of a system of courts spread throughout the country. The highest judicial body in the English judicial system is the House of Lords of Appeals consisting of five law lords.

Answer the questions.

1. What is the official name of Great Britain? 2. How many branches of power are there in Great Britain? 3. What Houses does the British Parliament consist of? Which of them has most power? 4. Who is the virtual ruler of the country? 5. What body exercises the executive power? 6. What is the highest judicial body of the United Kingdom?

Match the halves of sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. The powers of the queen A. is the Parliament, which

consists of the Queen, the

House of Commons and the

House of Lords

2. The Prime Minister B. are hereditary, not elective

3. The supreme legislative C. usually takes policy decisions

authority in Britain with the agreement of his

Cabinet

4. Local authorities D. is the House of Lords

5. The highest judicial E. control many services at the

body local level

Find sentences which were not in the text.

1. Prosecution in the UK is initiated and conducted by the police.

2. The UK has an unusual constitution which is partly unwritten and consists of:

- the laws passed in Parliament which are called Acts of Parliament,

- Common Law decisions made by judges in the past,

- various unwritten conventions.

3. The members of the House of Commons are elected unlike those of the House of Lords.

4. British lawyers rely mostly on customs, traditions and precedents.

5. Effective power belongs to the Government.

5. Match English and Russian equivalents.

I. judicial body 1. выбирать, избирать

II. constitutional monarchy 2. наследственная власть

III. hereditary power 3. в отличие (от)

IV. to elect 4. реальный руководитель

V. unlike 5. юридический орган

VI. virtual ruler 6.конституционная монархия

VII. policy decision 7. политические решения