1. The Objective Participial Construction (сложное дополнение).

Не looked round and saw a girl racing after him.. — Он оглянулся и увидел бегущую за ним девушку.

I want it done by 5 o'clock. - Я хочу, чтобы это было сделано к 5 часам.

Обратите внимание на перевод такой конструкции с глаголами have and get. В этом случае действие выполняется не подлежащим, а по просьбе лица, обозначенного подлежащим в предложении:

/ had my coat altered. - Я поручила переделать пальто.

You can get your clothes made in Europe. — Вы можете заказать себе одежду в Европе.

2. The Subjective Participial Construction (сложное подлежащее). The horse was seen descending the hill. - Видно было, как лошадь спускалась с холма.

3. The Absolute Participle Construction (Независимый причастный оборот).

Независимый причастный оборот отделяется запятой и не связан ни с одним словом в другой части предложения. Он переводится в начале предложения — обстоятельственным придаточным предложением с союзами так как, когда, если; в конце предложения - простым предложением, вводящимся союзами причем, а, и или бессоюзно.

The driver having repaired the motor, we could go further. ~ После того, как водитель отремонтировал мотор, _мы смогли двигаться дальше.

Chemistry and Physics are interconnected sciences, any chemical change results in physical change. — Химия и физика -взаимосвязанные науки, и любые химические изменения приводят к физическим изменениям.

Независимый причастный оборот может вводиться предлогом with.

With experiments having been carried out, we started new investigation. - После того, как опыты были произведены, мы начали новые исследования.

4. Absolute Construction without a participle (Абсолютная конструкция без причастия).

Такая конструкция употребляется в функции обстоятельства времени или образа действия и переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением:

Breakfast over, he went to his office. - Когда завтрак закончился, он пошел в свою контору

Упражнение 1.

Определите функции причастий в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering. 2. Speaking about the new methods of work the engineer told us many interesting details. 3. Having performed the flight around the Moon Zond VI automatic station returned to Earth. 4. Being heated a magnet loses some or all of its magnetism. 5. Having been carefully tested the device was put into operation. 6. A neutron is a particle having the same mass as a proton, but carrying no electrical charge. 7. Hydrogen is the lightest substance known. 8. If heated molecules of the material move faster. 9. Probably, the first metals used by man were gold, silver and copper, these metals being found in nature in the native or metallic state. 10. Oxygen combining with another substance, an oxide is formed.

Упражнение 2.

Выберите предложения с причастием I, II из данных ниже и переведите их на русский язык .

1. The falling water has kinetic energy. 2. While testing the motor he put down the results. 3. Look at the readings of the device. 4. Robots are helping scientists to answer many difficult questions. 5. By the beginning of the 20^lh century man had learned something about the structure of the atom. 6. A person beginning some experiment should be very careful and attentive. 7. If frozen, water becomes ice.

We call the element discovered by Pierre and Marrie Cury radium. 8. The importance of the scientific researches and discoveries is growing with every year. 9. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering.

Упражнение 3.

Определите функции причастия I в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык :

I. The scientist working at this design is well known. 2. Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new instruments. 3. These new devices are replacing their older equivalents. 4. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details. 5. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering. 6. Being cooled water turns into ice. 7. The electric current passing through a wire will heat it. 8. Transistors contain no moving parts. 9. The scientist is carrying on an important research. 10.Developing the new method they achieved good results.

Упражнение 4.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1. Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes. 2. When making the experiment he made notes.. 3. The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone cause vibrations in an electric current. 4. This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver. 5. Electronics in our country has developed into hundreds of research institutes and laboratories employing tens of thousands of people. 6. Having been discovered many years ago this metal found a wide application in industry only last year. 7. While being checked the motor showed good performance. 8. Rostov region today is building high-capacity atomic power stations. 9. The man introducing this famous scientist is the dean of our faculty. 10. Cybernetics is gaining a growing importance.

Упражнение 5.

Измените сложные предложения , данные ниже, по образцу и переведите их на русский язык :

Example A: While she was preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.

While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.

1. When he was translating the article he used a dictionary. 2. While the student was working at the problem he made many experiments. 3. When the scientist was carrying out research in the field of nuclear physics he came to Dubna to work there. 4. When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better results. 5. While he was experimenting with this substance he was very careful. 6. When the en­gineer was improving the design he made many calculations. 7. While the man was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with numerous examples. 8. When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained good results.

Example B: The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems. The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.

1. The scientist who is working at the method is well known. 2. The students who are listening to the taped lesson study at the evening fa­culty. 3. These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in our laboratory. 4. The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled. 5. The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known inventor. 6. The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various faculties. 7. The workers who are building this house will soon finish their work.

Упражнение 6.

Выберите предложения с причастием I и переведите их на русский язык :

1. The falling water has kinetic energy. 2. While testing the motor we put down the results. 3. There is no simple explanation of the functioning of transistors. 4. Obtaining new data engineers can improve their knowledge. 5. Look at the reading of the device. 6. Robots are helping research scientists to answer many difficult questions. 7. By the beginn­ing of the 20th century man had learned something of the structure of the atom. 8. When applying these automatic devices we shall be able to control automatic lines. 9. The applying of lasers enables us to amplify electromagnetic waves. 10. A person beginning some experiment should be very careful and attentive.

Упражнение 7.

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.

1. Weather permitting, we will go for a walk. 2. Electric current is capable of carrying power over a great distance, the conversion of power being effected with almost 100 per cent efficiently. 3. Young Dickens noticed everything, his power of observation being phenominal. 4. The manuscript being written in pencil, I cannot read it without spectacles. 5. Japan's population has grown to 115 million with women outnumbering men by 1.7 million. 6. The text did not seem difficult, many words having been learned before. 7. Chemistry and physics are interrelated sciences, any chemical change involving a physical change. 8. Of seven Ranger spacecraft aimed at the moon, five reached the lunar surface, with the last three providing 17,000 photographs. 9. Objects reflect only a certain part of the light, the remainder being absorbed. 10. Almost three-quarters of the earth is covered with water, the most extensive areas of water being the great oceans.

Упражнение 8.

Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский, обращая особое внимание на причастия.

1. Открыв дверь, я увидел друга. 2. Студент, отвечающий (который отвечает) этот урок, из нашей группы. 3. Перевод, который делается студентами, очень трудный. 4. Она смотрела на играющих детей во дворе. 5. Будучи хорошим специалистом, он писал превосходные статьи. 6. Работая в читальном зале, она закончила свою статью. 7. Когда Попову предложили работу за границей, он отказался покинуть свою страну. 8. После того, как он окончил академию, его отправили за границу. 9. Проводя эксперимент, мы наблюдали новое явление. 10. Атомы, объединенные (которые объединены) в группы, называются молекулами.

Сравнение неличных форм глагола (The Comparison Between the Non-Finite Forms)

Формы герундия совпадают с формами причастия, но герундий имеет ряд отличительных признаков.

1. Наличие перед формой с окончанием -ing какого-либо предлога (of, after, before, by, for, from, in, on, without).

There are two ways of measuring engine power. — Существует 2 способа измерения мощности двигателя.

2. Наличие перед ing-формой притяжательного местоимения (ту, her, etc).

The professor approved of my solving problem. - Профессор одобрил мое решение задачи.

3. Наличие существительных в притяжательном или общем падежах. We know of Newton \s having developed the principles of mechanics. -

Нам известно, что Ньютон разработал основные принципы механики.

4. Герундий и причастие могут выполнять функцию левого определения. Различать их в этой функции можно только на основе смыслового содержания, учитывая, что причастие выражает действие определяемого существительного, например: a writing man — пишущий человек, тогда как герундий указывает на назначение предмета и на русский язык передается существительным, например: a writing table — письменный стол, т.е. стол для письма. Сравнение: a smoking man — курящий человек (причастие); a smoking room - комната для курения (герундий). Отглагольное существительное тоже имеет окончание -ing (verbal noun).

Признаком такого существительного является наличие перед ing-формой артикля и предлога of перед идущим за ней существительным. Отглагольное существительное может употребляться в форме множественного числа.

The readings of the voltmeter were correct. - Показания вольтметра были правильны.

Упражнение1.

Определите - ing-формы и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Altering the motion of a body we increase or decrease its speed. 2. Tsiolkovsky's having lost his hearing as a result of scarlet fever (скарлатина) made him leave school after the third form. 3. The energy produced by splitting of the nucleus of an atom is called nuclear or atomic energy. 4. The melting point of aluminium is 657°C. 5. The melting snow fills the river.

Упражнение 2.

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на слова, которые помогут вам определить при помощи суффикса -ing причастие или герундий:

1. Our aim is solving this complex problem. 2. They succeeded in obtaining good results working with this metal. 3. The building of the house will be finished next month. 4. In testing the devices they found some serious faults. 5. The growing importance of automatic equipment in industry attracts world-wide attention. 6. Russian scientists played a great role in the spreading of the metric system in Russia. 7. After graduating from Petersburg University A.S.Popov remained there as a post-graduate at the Physics Department. 8. After Hertz had published his experiments proving the existence of electromagnetic waves, A.S.Popov thought of a possibility of using Hertz waves for transmitting signals over a distance. 9. On March 24, 1896 he demonstrated the transmission and reception of a radiogram consisting of two words: Heinrich Hertz. 10. Using the new method it is possible to increase accuracy and speed of spectral analysis. 11. Thousands of scientists, using the most modern equipment, are studying the atmosphere.

Упражнение 3.

Изучите следующие глаголы: succeed in, consider, deny, look forward to, avoid, risk; manage, pretend, offer, promise, hope, plan и используйте их в правильной форме , завершая предложения .

1. She finally to escape by stealing a key. 2. He to carry the old man's suitcase. 3. I've never been to France before. I'm going there next year. 4. They reaching the frontier the following day. 5. She realized that she breaking a leg if she jumped from the window, but she knew there was no other choice. 6. Her mother made her to write home every week. 7. It was nice to see you. I to see you again soon. 8. When he gets out of prison, he to travel. 9.1 would like you to working for me. 10. He stealing the car, although a witness saw him. Give up smoking if you want to getting a cough. He To be asleep, but in fact he heard everything they said.

Упражнение 4.

Откройте скобки , используя нужную форму инфинитива или причастия :

1. I heard him (to speak) to his friend about his voyage to far-away countries. 2. They wanted us (to do) this work as soon as possible. 3. For a long time they watched the girls (to play) tennis. 4. We didn't expect him (to be) so rude with his parents. 5. The revolution made lots of people (to leave) their native country. 6. I can't let you (quarrel) on trifles. 7. He was known (to be) an ethnologist and a linguist. 8. All of sudden she felt her limbs (to tremble). 9. The teacher was closely watching the students (to write) the dictation. There was no way to peep into a scribble.

Keys

Unit 1 Ex.1 1) is, is 2) is, is 3) is, is 4)are, am 5) am 6) is, is 7) is, is 8) are, are, are 9) is, is 10) are, am 11) is, is 12) is, is 13) is , is not 14) is 15) is, is 16) is 17) is 18) is 19) is 20) is, are

Ex.3 was, was, was, was, was, was, were, were, were, was, were, were

Ex.5 1) are, 2) were, was 3) will be , will be 4) is 5) was 6) shall be 7) will not be 8) will be 9) will you be 10) was 11) was 12)is 13) were 14) is, is 15)were 16) will be 17) is, is 18) will be, shall be 19) was, was, is

Ex.6 is, is, was, will be, was, will be, is, will be, was, is, is, are, is

Ex.8 1.am, 2.is, 3.are, 4.are, 5.is, 6.is, 7.am, 8.are, 9.are, 10.am, 11.is, 12.is, 13.is, 14.are, 15.is

Ex.9.

1. He is a good student, he’ll be a good specialist.

2. I know them they are journalists.

3. Who of them is our teacher?

4. The book is very interesting, read it.

5. I was glad to see them.

6. When will he be free? He is always free in the evenings.

7. You aren’t right, he is right.

8. February is the shortest month in the year.

9. Cigarettes are harmful for you health.

10. Birthday was my favourite holiday in my childhood.

11. Tiger and lion are wild animals.

12. I was in England a year ago.

13. Russian is my native language, English is the second one.

14. Our town is beautiful especially in summer and autumn.

15. Her husband was a doctor, now he is a pensioner.

Ex. 10

1 .is ,2. are ,3. is ,4. is ,5. are ,6. is,7. are, 8. are, 9. is, 10. is

ex 11 1. is, 2. are ,3. is, 4. wasn't ,5. were ,6. is ,7. are ,8. is ,9. are ,10. are

Unit 2

Ex.1 1. him ,2. her ,3. us, 4. she.5. he, 6. she ,7. your, mine ,8. my ,9. himself,10. we, 11. himself ,12. our,13. her,14. himself ,15. you,16. I, 17. his 18. me ,19. us, 20. her

Ex 2 1. our ,2. my, yours ,3. my, their, 4. her, 5. its ,6. mine,7. your 8. his,9. our ,10. your

Unit 3

Ex1.

1. a

2. an, a, the

3. –, the

4. the

5. a, –, –, –, the

6. the

7. The, a, the

8. the, the, –, –

9. The, –, –, –, the, –

10. the, the

Ex. 2.

1. The, the, the, the, the, a, the, the

2. The, the, the, the, the, –

3. –, –, –, –, –, –

4. the, the, the, the, the

5. the, the, a

6. the

7. The, the

8. the

9. The, –, the

10. a, –, –

Ex.3

1.the 2. the 3. a 4. the 5. - 6. the 7. - 8. - 9. the 10. the

11. Tennis … twice a week … a very good player

12. for dinner …after work … to the cinema

13. an accident …going home

14. the name of the hotel … The Imperial in Queen Street in the city centre …near the station

15. an economist … in the investment department … of Lloyds Bank …for an American bank in the United States

Ex. 4

1. right

2. the north

3. right

4. the United States

5. The south ... the north

6. right

7. the Channel

8. the Middle East

9. right10. right

Unit 4

ex1.

1. older

2. latest

3. taller

4. larger

5. shorter

6. highest

7 .most beautiful

8. better

9. more difficult

10. farthest, quietest

ex2.

1. Which is more interesting: to go to the cinema or watching a new film at home.

2. Who is the tallest in the group?

3. I get up earlier than my sister.

4. Her answer is the worst.

5. Today it’s as rainy as it was yesterday.

6. The Black Sea is larger than the Wight Sea.

7. Today is the happiest day in my life.

8. Which month is the shortest? February.

9. Physics is more difficult than Literature.

10. This town is much bigger than that one.

ex3.

1. stronger 2. smaller 3. more expensive 4. hotter 5.more interesting

6. more difficult 7. better 8. happier 9. longer

ex4.

1. more reliable 2. more serious 3. thinner 4. bigger 5. more interested

6. more important 7. simpler 8. more crowded 9. more peaceful 10. easier 11. higher than

Ex.5

1. larger 2. the longest 3. happier 4. the worst 5. the most popular

6. the highest …higher 7. most enjoyable 8. more comfortable 9. the quickest

ex 6.

1. as high as yours.

2. You don’t know as much about cars as me. or … as I do.

3. It isn’t as cold today as it was yesterday.

4. I don’t feel as tired as I felt yesterday.

5. They haven’t lived here as long as us. or …as we have.

ex7.

1. than him / than he does

2. as me / as I do

3. than us / than we were

4. than her / than she is

5. as them / as they have been