15.11 Displaying Images

15.12 Case Study: The ImageViewer Class 523

LISTING 15.12 SixFlags.java

1 import javax.swing.*;

2 import java.awt.*;

3

4 public class SixFlags extends JFrame {

5public SixFlags() {

7Image image2 = new ImageIcon("image/ca.gif").getImage();

8 Image image3 = new ImageIcon("image/india.gif").getImage();

9 Image image4 = new ImageIcon("image/uk.gif").getImage();

10Image image5 = new ImageIcon("image/china.gif").getImage();

11Image image6 = new ImageIcon("image/norway.gif").getImage();

13setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 0, 5, 5));

15add(new ImageViewer(image2));

16add(new ImageViewer(image3));

17add(new ImageViewer(image4));

18add(new ImageViewer(image5));

19add(new ImageViewer(image6));

20}

LISTING 15.13 ImageViewer.java

1 import java.awt.*;

2 import javax.swing.*;

3

4 public class ImageViewer extends JPanel {

5/** Hold value of property image. */

10

11/** Hold value of property xCoordinate. */

12private int xCoordinate;

13

14/** Hold value of property yCoordinate. */

15private int yCoordinate;

16

Review Questions 525

76public void setYCoordinate(int yCoordinate) {

77this.yCoordinate = yCoordinate;

78repaint();

79}

80}

CHAPTER SUMMARY

1.Each component has its own coordinate system with the origin (0, 0) at the upper-left corner of the window. The x-coordinate increases to the right, and the y-coordinate increases downward.

2.The Graphics class is an abstract class for displaying figures and images on the screen on different platforms. The Graphics class is implemented on the native platform in the JVM. When you use the paintComponent(g) method to paint on a GUI component, this g is an instance of a concrete subclass of the abstract Graphics class for the specific platform. The Graphics class encapsulates the platform details and enables you to draw things uniformly without concern for the specific platform.

3.Invoking super.paintComponent(g) is necessary to ensure that the viewing area is cleared before a new drawing is displayed. The user can request the component to be redisplayed by invoking the repaint() method defined in the Component class. Invoking repaint() causes paintComponent to be invoked by the JVM. The user should never invoke paintComponent directly. For this reason, the protected visibility is sufficient for paintComponent.

4.Normally you use JPanel as a canvas. To draw on a JPanel, you create a new class that extends JPanel and overrides the paintComponent method to tell the panel how to draw things.

5.You can set fonts for the components or subjects you draw, and use font metrics to measure font size. Fonts and font metrics are encapsulated in the classes Font and FontMetrics. FontMetrics can be used to compute the exact length and width of a string, which is helpful for measuring the size of a string in order to display it in the right position.

6.The Component class has the setBackground, setForeground, and setFont methods. These methods are used to set colors and fonts for the entire component. Suppose you want to draw several messages in a panel with different colors and fonts; you have to use the setColor and setFont methods in the Graphics class to set the color and font for the current drawing.

7.To display an image, first create an image icon. You can then use ImageIcon’s getImage() method to get an Image object for the image and draw the image using the drawImage method in the java.awt.Graphics class.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Sections 15.2–15.3

15.1Suppose that you want to draw a new message below an existing message. Should the x-coordinate, y-coordinate, or both increase or decrease?

15.2Why is the Graphics class abstract? How is a Graphics object created?

15.3Describe the paintComponent method. Where is it defined? How is it invoked? Can it be directly invoked? How can a program cause this method to be invoked?

Programming Exercises 527

15.14How do you create an ImageIcon object from an Image object?

15.15Describe the drawImage method in the Graphics class.

15.16Explain the differences between displaying images in a JLabel and in a JPanel.

15.17Which package contains ImageIcon, and which contains Image?

PROGRAMMING EXERCISES

Sections 15.2–15.7

15.1* (Displaying a 3 * 3 grid) Write a program that displays a 3 * 3 grid, as shown in Figure 15.27(a). Use red color for vertical lines and blue for horizontals.

FIGURE 15.27 (a) Exercise 15.1 displays a grid. (b) Exercise 15.2 displays two objects of

OvalButton. (c) Exercise 15.3 displays a checkerboard.

15.2** (Creating a custom button class) Develop a custom button class named OvalButton that extends JButton and displays the button text inside an oval. Figure 15.27(b) shows two buttons created using the OvalButton class.

15.3* (Displaying a checkerboard) Exercise 12.10 displays a checkerboard in which each white and black cell is a JButton. Rewrite a program that draws a checkerboard on a JPanel using the drawing methods in the Graphics class, as shown in Figure 15.27(c).

15.4* (Displaying a multiplication table) Write a program that displays a multiplication table in a panel using the drawing methods, as shown in Figure 15.28(a).

FIGURE 15.28 (a) Exercise 15.4 displays a multiplication table. (b) Exercise 15.5 displays numbers in a triangle formation.

15.5** (Displaying numbers in a triangular pattern) Write a program that displays numbers in a triangular pattern, as shown in Figure 15.28(b). The number of lines in the display changes to fit the window as the window resizes.

15.6** (Improving FigurePanel) The FigurePanel class in Listing 15.3 can display lines, rectangles, round-cornered rectangles, and ovals. Add appropriate new code

528 Chapter 15 Graphics

in the class to display arcs and polygons. Write a test program to display the shapes as shown in Figure 15.29(a) using the new FigurePanel class.

FIGURE 15.29 (a) Four panels of geometric figures are displayed in a frame of GridLayout. (b) TicTacToe cells randomly display X, O, or nothing. (c) Exercise 15.8 draws an octagon.

15.7** (Displaying a TicTacToe board) Create a custom panel that displays X, O, or nothing. What to display is randomly decided whenever a panel is repainted. Use the Math.random() method to generate an integer 0, 1, or 2, which corresponds to displaying X, O, or nothing. Create a frame that contains nine custom panels, as shown in Figure 15.29(b).

15.8** (Drawing an octagon) Write a program that draws an octagon, as shown in Figure 15.29(c).

15.9* (Creating four fans) Write a program that places four fans in a frame of GridLayout with two rows and two columns, as shown in Figure 15.30(a).

FIGURE 15.30 (a) Exercise 15.9 draws four fans. (b) Exercise 15.10 draws a cylinder. (c)

Exercise 15.11 draws a diagram for function f1x2 = x2.

15.10* (Displaying a cylinder) Write a program that draws a cylinder, as shown in Figure 15.30(b).

15.11** (Plotting the square function) Write a program that draws a diagram for the function f1x2 = x2 (see Figure 15.30(c)).

Hint: Add points to a polygon p using the following loop:

double scaleFactor = 0.1;

for (int x = -100; x <= 100; x++) {

p.addPoint(x + 200, 200 - (int)(scaleFactor * x * x));

}

Programming Exercises 529

Connect the points using g.drawPolyline(p.xpoints, p.ypoints, p.npoints) for a Graphics object g. p.xpoints returns an array of x-coordinates, p.ypoints an array of y-coordinates, and p.npoints the number of points in Polygon object p.

15.12** (Plotting the sine function) Write a program that draws a diagram for the sine function, as shown in Figure 15.31(a).

Video Note

Plot a sine function

FIGURE 15.31 (a) Exercise 15.12 draws a diagram for function f (x)= sin(x). (b) Exercise 15.13 draws the sine and cosine functions.

Hint: The Unicode for p is \u03c0. To display - 2p, use g.drawString ("-2\u03c0", x, y). For a trigonometric function like sin(x), x is in radians. Use the following loop to add the points to a polygon p:

for (int x = -100; x <= 100; x++) { p.addPoint(x + 200,

100 - (int)(50 * Math.sin((x / 100.0) * 2 * Math.PI)));

}

- 2p is at (100, 100), the center of the axis is at (200, 100), and 2p is at (300, 100). Use the drawPolyline method in the Graphics class to connect the points.

15.13** (Plotting functions using abstract methods) Write an abstract class that draws the diagram for a function. The class is defined as follows:

public abstract class AbstractDrawFunction extends JPanel { /** Polygon to hold the points */

private Polygon p = new Polygon();

protected AbstractDrawFunction () { drawFunction();

}

/** Return the y-coordinate */ abstract double f(double x);

/** Obtain points for x-coordinates 100, 101, ..., 300 */ public void drawFunction() {

for (int x = -100; x <= 100; x++) { p.addPoint(x + 200, 200 - (int)f(x));

}

}

/** Implement paintComponent to draw axes, labels, and * connecting points

*/

protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) { // To be completed by you

}

}

530 Chapter 15 Graphics

Test the class with the following functions:

f(x) = x2; f(x) = sin(x); f(x) = cos(x); f(x) = tan(x);

f(x) = cos(x) + 5sin(x); f(x) = 5cos(x) + sin(x); f(x) = log(x) + x2;

For each function, create a class that extends the AbstractDrawFunction class and implements the f method. Figure 15.31(b) displays the drawings for the sine function and the cosine function.

15.14** (Displaying a bar chart) Write a program that uses a bar chart to display the percentages of the overall grade represented by projects, quizzes, midterm exams, and the final exam, as shown in Figure 15.1(a). Suppose that projects take 20 percent and are displayed in red, quizzes take 10 percent and are displayed in blue, midterm exams take 30 percent and are displayed in green, and the final exam takes 40 percent and is displayed in orange.

15.15** (Displaying a pie chart) Write a program that uses a pie chart to display the percentages of the overall grade represented by projects, quizzes, midterm exam, and the final exam, as shown in Figure 15.32(a). Suppose that projects take 20 percent and are displayed in red, quizzes take 10 percent and are displayed in blue, midterm exam takes 30 percent and are displayed in green, and the final exam takes 40 percent and is displayed in orange.

15.16(Obtaining font information) Write a program that displays the message “Java is fun” in a panel. Set the panel’s font to TimesRoman, bold, and 20 pixel. Display the font’s leading, ascent, descent, height, and the string width as a tool tip text for the panel, as shown in Figure 15.32(b).

FIGURE 15.32 (a) Exercise 15.15 uses a pie chart to show the percentages of projects, quizzes, midterm exam, and final exam in the overall grade. (b) Exercise 15.16 displays font properties in a tool tip text. (c) Exercise 15.17 draws a sketch for the hangman game.

15.17(Game: hangman) Write a program that displays a drawing for the popular hangman game, as shown in Figure 15.32(c).

15.18(Using the StillClock class) Write a program that displays two clocks. The hour, minute, and second values are 4, 20, 45 for the first clock and 22, 46, 15 for the second clock, as shown in Figure 15.33(a).

Programming Exercises 531

FIGURE 15.33 (a) Exercise 15.18 displays two clocks. (b) Exercise 15.19 displays a clock with random hour and minute values. (c) Exercise 15.23 displays a rectanguloid. (d) Exercise 15.24 simulates a bean machine.

15.19* (Random time) Modify the StillClock class with three new Boolean properties— hourHandVisible, minuteHandVisible, and secondHandVisible—and their associated accessor and mutator methods. You can use the set methods to make a hand visible or invisible. Write a test program that displays only the hour and minute hands. The hour and minute values are randomly generated. The hour is between 0 and 11, and the minute is either 0 or 30, as shown in Figure 15.33(b).

15.20** (Drawing a detailed clock) Modify the StillClock class in §15.12, “Case Study: The StillClock Class,” to draw the clock with more details on the hours and minutes, as shown in Figure 15.1(b).

15.21** (Displaying a TicTacToe board with images) Rewrite Exercise 12.7 to display an image in a JPanel instead of displaying an image icon in a JLabel.

15.22** (Displaying a STOP sign) Write a program that displays a STOP sign, as shown in Figure 15.1(c). The hexagon is in red and the sign is in white.

(Hint: See Listing 15.5, DrawPolygon.java, and Listing 15.6, TestCenterMessage.java.)

15.23(Displaying a rectanguloid) Write a program that displays a rectanguloid, as shown in Figure 15.33(c). The cube should grow and shrink as the frame grows or shrinks.

15.24** (Game: bean machine) Write a program that displays a bean machine introduced in Exercise 6.21. The bean machine should be centered in a resizable panel, as shown in Figure 15.33(d).

15.25**(Geometry: displaying an n-sided regular polygon) Create a subclass of

JPanel, named RegularPolygonPanel, to paint an n-sided regular polygon. The class contains a property named numberOfSides, which specifies the number of sides in the polygon. The polygon is centered at the center of the panel. The size of the polygon is proportional to the size of the panel. Create a pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, and octagon, nonagon, and decagon from RegularPolygonPanel and display them in a frame, as shown in Figure 15.34(a).

15.26(Using the MessagePanel class) Write a program that displays four messages, as shown in Figure 15.34(b).

15.27** (Displaying a graph) A graph consists of vertices and edges that connect vertices. Write a program that reads a graph from a file and displays it on a panel. The first line in the file contains a number that indicates the number of vertices (n). The vertices are labeled as 0, 1, Á , n-1. Each subsequent line, with the

532 Chapter 15 Graphics

FIGURE 15.34 (a) Exercise 15.25 displays several n-sided polygons. (b) Exercise 15.26 uses MessagePanel to display four strings.

format u x y v1, v2, ..., describes that the vertex u is located at position (x, y) with edges (u, v1), (u, v2), etc. Figure 15.35(a) gives an example of the file for a graph. Your program prompts the user to enter the name of the file, reads data from the file, and displays the graph on a panel, as shown in Figure 15.35(b).

FIGURE 15.35 (a)-(b) The program reads the information about the graph and displays it visually.

(c) The program displays an arrow line.

15.28** (Drawing an arrow line) Write a static method that draws an arrow line from a starting point to an ending point using the following method header:

public static void drawArrowLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, Graphics g)

Write a test program that randomly draws an arrow line when the Draw Random

Arrow Line button is clicked, as shown in Figure 15.35(c).

CHAPTER 16

EVENT-DRIVEN PROGRAMMING

Objectives

■To describe events, event sources, and event classes (§16.2).

■To define listener classes, register listener objects with the source object, and write the code to handle events (§16.3).

■To define listener classes using inner classes (§16.4).

■To define listener classes using anonymous inner classes (§16.5).

■To explore various coding styles for creating and registering listeners (§16.6).

■To get input from text field upon clicking a button (§16.7).

■To write programs to deal with WindowEvent (§16.8).

■To simplify coding for listener classes using listener interface adapters (§16.9).

■To write programs to deal with MouseEvent (§16.10).

■To write programs to deal with KeyEvent (§16.11).

■To use the javax.swing.Timer class to control animations (§16.12).