2.2.1. Notes

burqa – Moslem female kerchief

2.2.2. Comprehension Questions

1. How has the situation with immigration changed in Holland recently?

2. Do immigrants in Europe adapt to the local culture?

3. What kind of immigration is being introduced in Europe?

4. Why are Europeans much concerned about the idea of integration?

5. What measures are taken by some European governments to build a “Euro Islam”?

6. Does the governmental support of Christian churches and mosques differ?

7. Are Europeans willing to accept immigrants as Europeans?

2.2.3. Key Vocabulary

ENTRY	TRANSLATION	EXAMPLES AND NOTES
tiny adj	очень маленький, крошечный	часто tiny little tiny little child – карапуз, малыш tiny fact – незначительный факт She settled in two tiny rooms. – Она поселилась в двух крохотных комнатушках.
seagoing adj	морской, мореходный	seagoing trade – морская торговля seagoing ship – мореходное судно
pride oneself v (on, upon) sth/ doing sth	гордиться чем-л.	he prides himself on his skill – он гордится своим мастерством she prided herself on being punctual - она гордилась своей пунктуальностью He prides himself on always remaining calm in an emergency.
trickle n	cтруйка	The waterfall was reduced to a miserable trickle. – Водопад превратился в тонюсенькую струйку.
code of conduct	кодекс поведения	Code of conduct requires Dutch be spoken in public – кодекс поведения требует, чтобы в общественных местах говорили на голландском языке
ban n	запрет, запрещение	to be under a ban – находиться под запретом to lift the ban – снять запрет
tolerant adj	терпимый, относящийся терпимо	tolerant attitude – терпимое отношение to be tolerant to/towards all religious beliefs – быть терпимым к различным вероисповеданиям
besiege - v	осаждать; блокировать; окружать, толпиться; осаждать, забрасывать (просьбами, вопросами, приглашениями)	besieged multiculturalism – заблокированная многонациональная культура
by/in fits and starts	неравномерно, рывками	Because of other commitments I can only write my book in fits and starts.
secularism n	атеизм; антиклерикализм; борьба за светское образование, доктрина отделения школы от церкви	Secularism could erase differences and make newcomers “French” – светское образование могло бы стереть различия и превратить иммигрантов во «французов»
compatible adj	совместимый, сочетаемый	cats and dogs are seldom compatible – кошки и собаки редко уживаются compatible drugs – медикаменты, которые можно принимать вместе
mosque n	мечеть	The imams in Europe’s mosques are educated in Europe – имамы в европейских мечетях обучаются в Европе
neglect n	пренебрежение, игнорирование; заброшенность, запущенность	complete/total neglect – полное пренебрежение parental neglect – отсутствие заботы родителей о детях
subsidy n	субсидия, денежное ассигнование, дотация	to grant a subsidy to – предоставить субсидию government/state subsidy – правительственная/государственная субсидия
burden n	ноша, груз, тяжесть; бремя	burden of taxation – налоговое бремя to bear a burden – нести груз to impose a burden on smb – переложить ношу на чьи-л плечи to lighten a burden – сбросить груз to share a burden – разделять трудности

FOCUS 3

3.1. Scan the text and find information proving that inward-oriented policies are detrimental to global economic integration. Skim the text and find the facts that integration is leading to reduction of poverty in developing countries.

The Three Waves of Globalization

Examining the process of global integration from a long term perspective we can distinguish three waves of globalization from 1870 to the present day. Analyzing the economic characteristics of these distinct processes the present wave of globalization can be contrasted with two previous ones with a view to showing how it is affecting poverty and equality.

The first wave of globalization (1870-1914), was led by advances in transportation and reductions of trade barriers, which generated a dramatic increase in the flow of goods and capital, and an unprecedented rise in global per capita income. The flows of labour were even more dramatic, as nearly 10 percent of the world’s population migrated from the less developed and densely populated areas to North America and other parts of the world. Among the globalizing countries there was convergence in income per capita, primarily a result of migration; however, world inequality increased as the gap between the globalizers and the countries left behind widened.

The inward-looking economic policies, driven by nationalism, that prevailed during the periods of the First World War, the Great Depression, and the Second World War, resulted in a giant step backward in global economic integration. During this period the growth of per capita income fell substantially, the number of poor people continued to rise and world inequality continued to increase, despite the great advances in life expectancy due to the global spread of improvements in public health.

The second wave of globalization (1950 to 1980), was marked by the multilateral trade liberalization under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Integration occurred mainly among rich countries, (Western Europe, North America, and Japan). As the relatively poor industrial countries grew faster than the richer ones, there was a modest trend toward greater equality (aided by social welfare policies and programs). The developing countries also experienced some growth recovery during this period; however, most of them were unable to advance beyond primary commodity exporting and were largely isolated from capital flows. So the gap between rich and poor countries widened. The number of poor people continued to increase.

The present wave of globalization, starting around 1980, has been spurred by technological advance in transport and communications technologies and by the decision of large developing countries to open up to foreign trade and investment. The rise of the new globalizers is the most spectacular feature of this process. For the first time poor countries have broken into the global market for manufacturing and services.

Countries that dramatically increased their participation in global trade and investment include Brazil, China, Hungary, India, and some 24 developing countries with 3 billion people. Their growth rates now substantially exceed those of the rich countries, allowing them to catch up, just as during earlier waves of globalization there was convergence among OECD countries.

The crucial question is whether growing integration is leading to greater inequality within countries. This is not generally the case. Most of the globalizing developing countries have seen only small changes in household inequality, and inequality has declined in such countries as the Philippines and Malaysia. However, there are some important examples of an opposite trend: in Latin America, due to previous extreme inequalities in educational attainment, and in China, due to the initial extreme equality. Nevertheless, this increase in inequality in China has been accompanied by a massive reduction in poverty (from 250 million in 1978 to just 34 million in 1999). The reduction of poverty can be illustrated by the examples of Chinese provinces, Indian states, and the countries of Bangladesh and Vietnam and Uganda. While some aspects of the data are controversial, the evidence for substantial poverty reduction is strong.

Source: Collier P., Dollar D.

Globalization, Growth and Poverty

Building and Inclusive World Economy/

World Bank Policy Research Report, 2002

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