2.1.1. Comprehension Questions

1. Do all countries integrate into the global economy evenly?

2. What effect did inward-oriented policies make on the economies of many Latin and African countries?

3. What does the term “globalization” mean?

4. Does the widening income gap between rich and poor countries indicate the increasing poverty?

5. What risks can integrating countries be exposed to?

6. What is one of the key goals of the work on the international financial structure?

7. Who reaps the benefits of globalization?

2.1.2. Key Vocabulary

ENTRY	TRANSLATION	EXAMPLES AND NOTES
evenly adv	равномерно; гладко, ровно	The paste should be spread evenly to an exact depth. - Тесто должно быть гладко раскатано на одну толщину
outward-oriented adj	ориентированный на внешний мир	outward-oriented policy – политика / курс, направленный на развитие внешних связей
inward-oriented adj	направленный внутрь	inward-oriented policy – политика, ориентированная на использование внутренних потенциалов
living standards	жизненный уровень, материальное благосостояние	Living standards greatly depend on the economic situation in the country.
contrast n	различие; сопоставление	By / in contrast to / with smb/smth – в отличие от, по сравнению с, в противоположность In contrast to his predecessor, Bush had little appetite for foreign travel.
development n mainly pl	событие	current developments – текущие события adverse external developments – неблагоприятные внешние события
volatile adj	непостоянный, изменчивый, переменный	volatile market – неустойчивый рынок volatile temper – переменчивое настроение
reverse v	изменять, менять; изменять на прямо противоположное	to reverse a policy – круто изменить политику to reverse the order – поставить в обратном порядке
embrace v	принимать; избирать, выбирать	This suggestion will not be embraced by all. – Это предложение не будет принято всеми. He embraced a soldier’s life. – Он избрал военную карьеру.
flow n	поток	trade flow – торговый поток financial flow – финансовый поток capital flow – движение капитала
average adj	средний	average output – средний выпуск (продукции) average rate of profit – средняя норма прибыли average per capita income – среднедушевой доход
per capita Latin	на человека, на душу населения	per capita consumption – потребление на душу населения production of milk per capita – производство молока на душу населения The per capita consumption of alcohol has dropped over the past two years. – Потребление алкогольных напитков на душу населения за последние два года снизилось.
decade n	десятилетие	The gap in incomes has been widening for many decades. – Разница в доходах увеличивается в течение многих десятков лет. Note. Не следует давать перевод словом «декада» во избежание путаницы, т.к. в русском языке «декада» означает десять дней
life expectance, life expectancy	средняя продолжитель-ность жизни	Life expectancy may have increased but the quality of life for any has not improved. – Средняя продолжительность жизни, возможно, увеличилась, однако, качество жизни для многих не улучшилось.
inference n	вывод, заключение	to draw, make and inference from – сделать вывод из (in)valid inference – (не)правильный вывод We made the inference that she had been wrongly accused. – Мы сделали заключение, что ее обвинили ошибочно.
inflation-adjusted adj	с поправкой на инфляцию	the inflation-adjusted income levels – уровни доходов с поправкой на инфляцию
markup n	наценка, надбавка	low markup – небольшая наценка high markup – высокая наценка
perception n	понимание, осознание, осмысление	сlear perception – ясное понимание
withdrawal n	отзыв, отозвание; изъятие; взятие назад; увод, удаление	withdrawal of money – снятие денег со счета withdrawal of capital – вывоз капитала withdrawal of troops – вывод войск
incentive n	побуждение, стимул	a powerful / strong incentive – сильный стимул to have no incentive to work harder – не иметь стимула для более упорной работы
abolition n	отмена, аннулирование (договора, закона и т.п.)	abolition of capital punishment – отмена смертной казни abolition of taxes – отмена / упразднение налогов

2.2. Scan the text and find definition of “a European melting pot”. Skim the text and explain why developed globalized countries do not want to tolerate “a melting pot for minorities and immigrants” any longer.

The End of Tolerance

The world has long looked upon the Dutch as the very model of modern, multicultural society. Open and liberal, the tiny seagoing nation that invented the globalized economy in the 1600s prided itself on a history of taking in all comers, be they Indonesians or Turkish, African or Chinese.

How different things look today. Dutch borders have been virtually shut. New immigration is down to a trickle. The great cosmopolitan port city of Rotterdam just published a code of conduct requiring Dutch be spoken in public. Parliament recently legislated a countrywide ban on wearing the burqa in public.

What’s going on here? Weren’t the Dutch supposed to be the nicest people on earth, the most tolerant nation in Europe, a melting pot for minorities and immigrants since the Renaissance? No longer, and in this the Dutch are once again at the forefront of changes in Europe. This time, the Dutch model for Europe is one of multiculturalism besieged, if not plain defunct.

Denmark’s Minister of Cultural Affairs said, “We have gone to war against the multicultural ideology that says that everything is equally valid”. These days he speaks for most Europeans. Danes, and Dutch, and a few other countries might be well on their way to creating multiethnic societies. But make no mistake: they are no longer willing to tolerate a European melting pot – a broadly multicultural society – where different cultures live by widely different norms.

What that portends for Europe is emerging in fits and starts. The common ground is a realization that past models of integration have failed. French Interior Minister said, “The French way of integration no longer works”, meaning France’s long-held pretense that its strict public secularism could erase differences and make newcomers “French”. Thus the Minister unveiled a new immigration law, a virtual copy of Dutch regulations. He plans to introduce highly selective immigration, testing for the “assimilability” of those it admits. A new “contract of welcome and integration” stipulates learning French and looking for a job in return for 10-year residence permits and discrimination protections. Immigrants failing to respect basic Western values face deportation.

In particular, Europeans are concerned about Islamist hostile to Western values and the very idea of integration itself. Dutch Integration Minister, one of several top politicians under death threats from Islamists, plans courses for imams to train in citizenship and Western values.

Will such measures advance the ultimate goal of building a “Euro Islam” more compatible with Europe’s values? Unlikely, perhaps, as long as only 5% of the imams in Europe’s 6,000 mosques are educated in Europe. After decades of neglect, Germany and France have finally set up a small number of Islamic departments at public universities to turn out locally acculturated preachers.

But if Europeans aim to build multiethnic societies that play by their rules, they’ll also have to get their head around the fact that this new world will be multireligious, too – a fact that poses awkward challenges. Over much of Europe, for example, established Christian churches enjoy special state privileges and subsidies. Most mosques, by contrast, are hidden in converted shops or tenement apartments.

Until such double standards can be abolished and a new equality established, Europe’s new toughness will feel like forced integration. “It’s a form of creating a second-class citizenship”, says Director of the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship in Bristol. “All the burden of change is placed on the immigrant.”

It’s also clear that if Europeans want their immigrants to behave like Europeans, then they must be willing to accept them as Europeans, too. That’s where many societies that long thought of themselves as culturally homogenous have problems. But given the immigrant and demographic trajectories of Europe’s future, there is little choice but to try.

Source: Newsweek, March 2006

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