- •Warning and Disclaimer
- •Feedback Information
- •Trademark Acknowledgments
- •About the Author
- •About the Technical Reviewers
- •Dedication
- •Acknowledgments
- •Contents at a Glance
- •Contents
- •Icons Used in This Book
- •Command Syntax Conventions
- •Cisco’s Motivation: Certifying Partners
- •Format of the CCNA Exams
- •What’s on the CCNA Exams
- •ICND Exam Topics
- •Cross-Reference Between Exam Topics and Book Parts
- •CCNA Exam Topics
- •INTRO and ICND Course Outlines
- •Objectives and Methods
- •Book Features
- •How This Book Is Organized
- •Part I: LAN Switching
- •Part II: TCP/IP
- •Part III: Wide-Area Networks
- •Part IV: Network Security
- •Part V: Final Preparation
- •Part VI: Appendixes
- •How to Use These Books to Prepare for the CCNA Exam
- •For More Information
- •Part I: LAN Switching
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Brief Review of LAN Switching
- •The Forward-Versus-Filter Decision
- •How Switches Learn MAC Addresses
- •Forwarding Unknown Unicasts and Broadcasts
- •LAN Switch Logic Summary
- •Basic Switch Operation
- •Foundation Summary
- •Spanning Tree Protocol
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Spanning Tree Protocol
- •What IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Does
- •How Spanning Tree Works
- •Electing the Root and Discovering Root Ports and Designated Ports
- •Reacting to Changes in the Network
- •Spanning Tree Protocol Summary
- •Optional STP Features
- •EtherChannel
- •PortFast
- •Rapid Spanning Tree (IEEE 802.1w)
- •RSTP Link and Edge Types
- •RSTP Port States
- •RSTP Port Roles
- •RSTP Convergence
- •Edge-Type Behavior and PortFast
- •Link-Type Shared
- •Link-Type Point-to-Point
- •An Example of Speedy RSTP Convergence
- •Basic STP show Commands
- •Changing STP Port Costs and Bridge Priority
- •Foundation Summary
- •Foundation Summary
- •Virtual LANs and Trunking
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Review of Virtual LAN Concepts
- •Trunking with ISL and 802.1Q
- •ISL and 802.1Q Compared
- •VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
- •How VTP Works
- •VTP Pruning
- •Foundation Summary
- •Part II: TCP/IP
- •IP Addressing and Subnetting
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •IP Addressing Review
- •IP Subnetting
- •Analyzing and Interpreting IP Addresses and Subnets
- •Math Operations Used to Answer Subnetting Questions
- •Converting IP Addresses from Decimal to Binary and Back Again
- •The Boolean AND Operation
- •How Many Hosts and How Many Subnets?
- •What Is the Subnet Number, and What Are the IP Addresses in the Subnet?
- •Finding the Subnet Number
- •Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address
- •Finding the Range of Valid IP Addresses in a Subnet
- •Finding the Answers Without Using Binary
- •Easier Math with Easy Masks
- •Which Subnet Masks Meet the Stated Design Requirements?
- •What Are the Other Subnet Numbers?
- •Foundation Summary
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Extended ping Command
- •Distance Vector Concepts
- •Distance Vector Loop-Avoidance Features
- •Route Poisoning
- •Split Horizon
- •Split Horizon with Poison Reverse
- •Hold-Down Timer
- •Triggered (Flash) Updates
- •RIP and IGRP
- •IGRP Metrics
- •Examination of RIP and IGRP debug and show Commands
- •Issues When Multiple Routes to the Same Subnet Exist
- •Administrative Distance
- •Foundation Summary
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Link-State Routing Protocol and OSPF Concepts
- •Steady-State Operation
- •Loop Avoidance
- •Scaling OSPF Through Hierarchical Design
- •OSPF Areas
- •Stub Areas
- •Summary: Comparing Link-State and OSPF to Distance Vector Protocols
- •Balanced Hybrid Routing Protocol and EIGRP Concepts
- •EIGRP Loop Avoidance
- •EIGRP Summary
- •Foundation Summary
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Route Summarization and Variable-Length Subnet Masks
- •Route Summarization Concepts
- •VLSM
- •Route Summarization Strategies
- •Sample “Best” Summary on Seville
- •Sample “Best” Summary on Yosemite
- •Classless Routing Protocols and Classless Routing
- •Classless and Classful Routing Protocols
- •Autosummarization
- •Classful and Classless Routing
- •Default Routes
- •Classless Routing
- •Foundation Summary
- •Advanced TCP/IP Topics
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Scaling the IP Address Space for the Internet
- •CIDR
- •Private Addressing
- •Network Address Translation
- •Static NAT
- •Dynamic NAT
- •Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation (PAT)
- •Translating Overlapping Addresses
- •Miscellaneous TCP/IP Topics
- •Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
- •ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply
- •Destination Unreachable ICMP Message
- •Time Exceeded ICMP Message
- •Redirect ICMP Message
- •Secondary IP Addressing
- •FTP and TFTP
- •TFTP
- •MTU and Fragmentation
- •Foundation Summary
- •Part III: Wide-Area Networks
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Review of WAN Basics
- •Physical Components of Point-to-Point Leased Lines
- •Data-Link Protocols for Point-to-Point Leased Lines
- •HDLC and PPP Compared
- •Looped Link Detection
- •Enhanced Error Detection
- •Authentication Over WAN Links
- •PAP and CHAP Authentication
- •Foundation Summary
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •ISDN Protocols and Design
- •Typical Uses of ISDN
- •ISDN Channels
- •ISDN Protocols
- •ISDN BRI Function Groups and Reference Points
- •ISDN PRI Function Groups and Reference Points
- •BRI and PRI Encoding and Framing
- •PRI Encoding
- •PRI Framing
- •BRI Framing and Encoding
- •DDR Step 1: Routing Packets Out the Interface to Be Dialed
- •DDR Step 2: Determining the Subset of the Packets That Trigger the Dialing Process
- •DDR Step 3: Dialing (Signaling)
- •DDR Step 4: Determining When the Connection Is Terminated
- •ISDN and DDR show and debug Commands
- •Multilink PPP
- •Foundation Summary
- •Frame Relay
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Frame Relay Protocols
- •Frame Relay Standards
- •Virtual Circuits
- •LMI and Encapsulation Types
- •DLCI Addressing Details
- •Network Layer Concerns with Frame Relay
- •Layer 3 Addressing with Frame Relay
- •Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay DTEs
- •Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC
- •Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach
- •Broadcast Handling
- •Frame Relay Service Interworking
- •A Fully-Meshed Network with One IP Subnet
- •Frame Relay Address Mapping
- •A Partially-Meshed Network with One IP Subnet Per VC
- •A Partially-Meshed Network with Some Fully-Meshed Parts
- •Foundation Summary
- •Part IV: Network Security
- •IP Access Control List Security
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Standard IP Access Control Lists
- •IP Standard ACL Concepts
- •Wildcard Masks
- •Standard IP ACL: Example 2
- •Extended IP Access Control Lists
- •Extended IP ACL Concepts
- •Extended IP Access Lists: Example 1
- •Extended IP Access Lists: Example 2
- •Miscellaneous ACL Topics
- •Named IP Access Lists
- •Controlling Telnet Access with ACLs
- •ACL Implementation Considerations
- •Foundation Summary
- •Part V: Final Preparation
- •Final Preparation
- •Suggestions for Final Preparation
- •Preparing for the Exam Experience
- •Final Lab Scenarios
- •Scenario 1
- •Scenario 1, Part A: Planning
- •Solutions to Scenario 1, Part A: Planning
- •Scenario 2
- •Scenario 2, Part A: Planning
- •Solutions to Scenario 2, Part A: Planning
- •Part VI: Appendixes
- •Glossary
- •Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes and Q&A Questions
- •Chapter 1
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 2
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 3
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 4
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 5
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 6
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 7
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 8
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 9
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 10
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 11
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 12
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Using the Simulation Software for the Hands-on Exercises
- •Accessing NetSim from the CD
- •Hands-on Exercises Available with NetSim
- •Scenarios
- •Labs
- •Listing of the Hands-on Exercises
- •How You Should Proceed with NetSim
- •Considerations When Using NetSim
- •Routing Protocol Overview
- •Comparing and Contrasting IP Routing Protocols
- •Routing Through the Internet with the Border Gateway Protocol
- •RIP Version 2
- •The Integrated IS-IS Link State Routing Protocol
- •Summary of Interior Routing Protocols
- •Numbering Ports (Interfaces)
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Based on your DIKTA score and your confidence level, you can decide whether to skip the “Foundation Topics” section. Regardless, everyone should at least read the “Foundation Summary” section and answer all the questions at the end of the chapter. If you get a good score on the DIKTA quiz and then miss a lot of the open-ended questions at the end of the chapter, you might still consider reading the “Foundations Topics” section of that chapter.
After you have completed Chapters 1 through 12, you can move on to your final preparation. Several activities help you with your final preparation:
■Read Chapter 13. It contains some exam-taking tips and exercises that reinforce materials from all parts of the book.
■Answer the chapter-ending questions again. These questions are generally harder than those on the CD because they are open-ended.
■Review the “Foundation Summary” sections of each chapter.
■Prepare for hands-on questions on the exam. You should definitely perform all simluated questions using the exam engine on the CD. Also, you may want to either read or perform the scenarios in chapter 13, the scenarios in CD-only appendix B, and the labs in CD-only appendix C. Appendix C in this book (not the CD-only appendix C), titled, “Using the Simulation Software for Hands-on Exercises”, both summarizes all the hands-on exercises included with the book that can be performed on the simulator.
■Practice subnetting. If needed, use the subnetting appendix on the CD. You get 25 more subnetting questions, with answers worked out, most using difficult subnet masks.
■Using the exam engine on the CD, select “Questions from the Book” instead of “Questions only on the CD.” By doing so, you are quizzed from the CD, but with questions that appear in the DIKTA quizzes. Use practice mode, and drill on these questions until you can answer them automatically.
■Finally, using the CD, deselect Book Questions, and select New Questions. Then use exam mode and take a couple of simulated exams. This should be the final step in preparation.
For any questions you miss, read the relavant sections of the book for a refresher.
At this point, you should be well-prepared for the ICND exam!
How to Use These Books to Prepare for the CCNA Exam
If you are using this book to study for the ICND exam, just follow the plan outlined in the last few pages. However, to use this book to study for the CCNA exam, you really should use both this book and the CCNA INTRO Exam Certification Guide. (By the way, if you haven’t bought this book yet, and you want both, you can generally get the pair cheaper by buying a set, called the CCNA Certification Library.) These two books were designed to be used together to help those who want to get their CCNA certification by taking a single exam.
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Notice that the names of four of the six parts in the CCNA INTRO Exam Certification Guide match the names of all five parts in the CCNA ICND Exam Certification Guide. Essentially, when you complete a part in the first book, if there is a like-named part in the second book, you read that part next. After finishing that part in the CCNA ICND Exam Certification Guide, you move back to the CCNA INTRO Exam Certification Guide. Figure I-2 outlines the process.
Figure I-2 Reading Plan When Studying for the CCNA Exam
INTRO |
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Network Fundamentals |
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ICND |
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Operating Cisco Devices |
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Exam Certification Guide |
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LAN Switching |
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LAN Switching |
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TCP/IP |
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TCP/IP |
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Wide Area Networking |
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Wide Area Networking |
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Network Security |
Final Preparation |
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Final Preparation |
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Moving back and forth between books helps you focus on one general topic at a time. Each time you transition to the ICND book, you read a lot of additional material about that topic, plus a few things that seem like review. (Those review items are included for those who are using the ICND book for their ICND exam preparation.) As a result, you complete the coverage of each major topic before moving on to the next.
There is one point in this reading plan for the CCNA exam for which you should consider a couple of options. Cisco includes one major topic, IP addressing and subnetting, on both the INTRO and ICND exams. So that topic is covered in both books for those who are studying for the INTRO and ICND exams. Chapter 12 in the CCNA INTRO Exam Certification Guide covers subnetting, and Chapter 4 in the CCNA ICND Exam Certification Guide does as well. If you are studying for the CCNA exam, you should keep in mind that the “Foundation Topics” of the ICND book’s Chapter 4—the core part of the chapter—is a subset of the INTRO book’s Chapter 12. So there’s no need to read this material twice!
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When reading the books, you should take a few minutes to look at the ICND book’s Chapter 4. The DIKTA quiz has some new questions, and some new questions appear at the end of the chapter that are different from the INTRO book’s Chapter 12. You might also make some adjustments in the order in which you read the chapters. Figure I-3 outlines two suggested options for your IP subnetting study with these two books.
Figure I-3 Study Plan Options for Studying IP Addressing When Preparing for the CCNA Exam
Option 1 – Follow Normal CCNA Reading Plan
INTRO TCP/IP Section |
ICND TCP/IP Section |
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TCP/IP Section |
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• Review DIKTA Questions |
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• Finish All Chapters |
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• Do All Chapter-Ending Questions |
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• Use CD-only Subnetting Practice Appendix |
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• Study Chapters 5-8 When Confident About |
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Subnetting |
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Option 2 – Follow Alternative CCNA Reading Plan
INTRO TCP/IP Section
TCP/IP Section (Chapters 12 – 14)
•Study Chapter 12 Only
•Study Chapters 13, 14
ICND TCP/IP Section
TCP/IP Section, Chapter 4:
•Review DIKTA Questions
•Do All chapter-Ending Questions
•Use CD-Only Subnetting Practice Appendix
•Study Chapters 5-8
By choosing the first of the two options shown in the figure, you can review IP subnetting after you have finished all the TCP/IP topics from the first book. If you choose the second option, you can inundate yourself with IP addressing all at once, finish all the TCP/IP-specific coverage in the first book, and then move back to the second book for the rest of the TCP/
IP coverage. Either plan can work well; it’s just a matter of personal preference.
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For More Information
If you have any comments about this book, you can submit them via the www.ciscopress.com website. Just go to the website, select Contact Us, and enter your message.
Cisco occasionally might make changes that affect the CCNA certification. You should always check www.cisco.com for the latest details. Also, you can look to www.ciscopress.com/158720083x, where we will publish any information pertinent to how you might use this book differently in light of Cisco’s future changes. For instance, if Cisco decides to remove a major topic from the exam, this change might get posted on the website. Cisco Press would make an effort to list that information as well.
The CCNA certification is arguably the most important Cisco certification. It certainly is the most popular. It’s required for several other certifications, and it’s the first step in distinguishing yourself as someone who has proven knowledge of Cisco.
This book is designed to help you attain CCNA certification. It is the CCNA INTRO certification book from the only Cisco-authorized publisher. We at Cisco Press believe that this book can help you achieve CCNA certification, but the real work is up to you! I trust that your time will be well spent.
Cisco Published ICND Exam Topics*
Covered in This Part:
1 Design or modify a simple LAN using Cisco products
4 Design a simple internetwork using Cisco products
10Configure a switch with VLANS and inter-switch communication
11Implement a LAN
12Customize a switch configuration to meet specified network requirements
15Utilize the OSI model as a guide for systematic network troubleshooting
16Perform LAN and VLAN troubleshooting
19Troubleshoot a device as part of a working network
22Describe the Spanning Tree process
23Evaluate the characteristics of LAN environments
* Always re-check www.cisco.com for the latest posted exam topics