Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition expands on the highly successful first edition, with new updates on BGP4 and current perspectives on internetworking routing architectures. This book is intended for any organization needing to build an efficient, reliable, enterprise network accessing the Internet. Its purpose is to make you an expert on integrating your network into the global Internet. It is written to address real routing issues, using real scenarios, in a comprehensive and accessible manner. Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition uses a practical, example-oriented approach to provide solutions for ISP connectivity issues.

Table of Contents
About the Technical Reviewers ..........................................	1
Acknowledgments ...................................................	2
Introduction .......................................................	3
Objectives ........................................................	3
Audience ........................................................	3
Organization ......................................................	3
Approach ........................................................	4
Features and Text Conventions ..........................................	5
Command Syntax Conventions ..........................................	5
Icons Used in This Book ..............................................	6
I: The Contemporary Internet ..........................................	8
1. Evolution of the Internet .............................................	9
Origins and Recent History of the Internet ..................................	10
Network Access Points ..............................................	14
Routing Arbiter Project ..............................................	18
The Very High-Speed Backbone Network Service ............................	22
Transitioning the Regional Networks from the NSFNET ........................	24
NSF Solicits NIS Managers ...........................................	25
Other Internet Registries .............................................	28
Internet Routing Registries ............................................	29
The Once and Future Internet ..........................................	30
Looking Ahead ...................................................	33
Frequently Asked Questions ...........................................	34
References ......................................................	35
2. ISP Services and Characteristics ......................................	36
ISP Services .....................................................	36
ISP Service Pricing, Service-Level Agreements, and Technical Characteristics .........	40
Looking Ahead ...................................................	50
Frequently Asked Questions ...........................................	51
3. IP Addressing and Allocation Techniques ................................	53
History of Internet Addressing .........................................	53
IP Address Space Depletion ...........................................	60
Looking Ahead ...................................................	79
Frequently Asked Questions ...........................................	79
References ......................................................	81
II: Routing Protocol Basics ............................................	83
4. Interdomain Routing Basics .........................................	84
Overview of Routers and Routing .......................................	84
Routing Protocol Concepts ............................................	87
Segregating the World into Autonomous Systems .............................	91
Looking Ahead ...................................................	98
Frequently Asked Questions ...........................................	98
References ......................................................	99

5. Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 ...................................	101
How BGP Works .................................................	102
BGP Capabilities Negotiation .........................................	117
Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP ......................................	118
TCP MD5 Signature Option ..........................................	119
Looking Ahead ..................................................	120
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................	121
References .....................................................	122
III: Effective Internet Routing Designs ..................................	123
6. Tuning BGP Capabilities ..........................................	124
Building Peer Sessions .............................................	125
Sources of Routing Updates ..........................................	131
Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors ......................................	137
The Routing Process Simplified .......................................	139
Controlling BGP Routes ............................................	145
Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation ................................	165
BGP-4 Aggregation ...............................................	174
Looking Ahead ..................................................	179
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................	180
References .....................................................	183
7. Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing ............................	184
Redundancy ....................................................	185
Symmetry ......................................................	191
Load Balancing ..................................................	191
Specific Scenarios: Designing Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing ..........	192
Looking Ahead ..................................................	214
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................	214
References .....................................................	215
8. Controlling Routing Inside the Autonomous System ........................	216
Interaction of Non-BGP Routers with BGP Routers ..........................	216
BGP Policies Conflicting with Internal Defaults .............................	218
Policy Routing ...................................................	225
Looking Ahead ..................................................	229
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................	230
9. Controlling Large-Scale Autonomous Systems ...........................	232
Route Reflectors .................................................	232
Confederations ...................................................	242
Controlling IGP Expansion ..........................................	246
Looking Ahead ..................................................	252
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................	252
References .....................................................	254
10. Designing Stable Internets .........................................	255
Route Instabilities on the Internet ......................................	255
BGP Stability Features .............................................	258
Looking Ahead ..................................................	263
Frequently Asked Questions ..........................................	263

IV: Internet Routing Device Configuration ................................	265
11. Configuring Basic BGP Functions and Attributes ........................	266
Building Peering Sessions ...........................................	267
Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation ................................	271
Peer Groups ....................................................	280
Sources of Routing Updates ..........................................	282
Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors ......................................	289
BGP Attributes ..................................................	290
BGP-4 Aggregation ...............................................	302
Looking Ahead ..................................................	319
12. Configuring Effective Internet Routing Policies ..........................	320
Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing ..............................	321
Following Defaults Inside an AS .......................................	347
Policy Routing ...................................................	361
Route Reflectors .................................................	364
Confederations ...................................................	367
Controlling Route and Cache Invalidation .................................	372
BGP Outbound Request Filter Capability .................................	378
Route Dampening .................................................	379
Looking Ahead ..................................................	383
V: Appendixes ...................................................	384
A. BGP Command Reference .........................................	385
B. References for Further Study .......................................	390
Interesting Organizations ............................................	390
Research and Education .............................................	390
Miscellaneous ...................................................	390
Books ........................................................	391
Internet Request For Comments .......................................	391
C. BGP Outbound Route Filter (ORF) ...................................	394
When to Use BGP ORF .............................................	394
Configuration ...................................................	394
EXEC Commands ................................................	396
Closing Remarks .................................................	397
D. Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) ........................................	398
The Motivation Behind the New Command-Line Interface ......................	398
Organizing Command Groups in the New Configuration .......................	399
Peer Groups ....................................................	403
Route Maps .....................................................	404
Redistribution ...................................................	405
Route Reflector ..................................................	407
Aggregation ....................................................	407
List of BGP Commands .............................................	408
Upgrading to the AF Style ...........................................	409

Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition

About the Technical Reviewers

Alexei Roudnev is currently a Software System Engineer for Genesys Labs/Alcatel group in, San Francisco, California. He worked for 10 years as a Network Engineer at Relcom Network, one of the creators of the Russian Internet, in Moscow, Russia. Alexei was also a UNIX based systems Software Developer in Moscow for 9 years.

Abha Ahuja is currently a Senior Network Engineer at Internap Network Services. She works on network design, architecture and operational issues. Previous to Internap, she worked at Merit Network, a leading network research institution where she worked on the Route Server Next Generation project, a nationwide deployment of routing servers at exchange points, and the Internet Performance Measurement and Analysis (IPMA) project. She continues to play an active role in the Internet community and pursues research interests including inter-domain routing behavior and protocols, network operations and performance statistics, and network security. She is a skilled network engineer, certified troublemaker and a classic Scorpio.

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Table of Contents

About the Technical Reviewers