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- •Table of Contents
- •About the Technical Reviewers
- •Acknowledgments
- •Introduction
- •Objectives
- •Audience
- •Organization
- •Approach
- •Features and Text Conventions
- •Command Syntax Conventions
- •Icons Used in This Book
- •Origins and Recent History of the Internet
- •Network Access Points
- •Routing Arbiter Project
- •The Very High-Speed Backbone Network Service
- •Transitioning the Regional Networks from the NSFNET
- •NSF Solicits NIS Managers
- •Other Internet Registries
- •Internet Routing Registries
- •The Once and Future Internet
- •Looking Ahead
- •Frequently Asked Questions
- •References
- •ISP Services
- •Looking Ahead
- •Frequently Asked Questions
- •History of Internet Addressing
- •IP Address Space Depletion
- •Looking Ahead
- •Frequently Asked Questions
- •References
- •Overview of Routers and Routing
- •Routing Protocol Concepts
- •Segregating the World into Autonomous Systems
- •Looking Ahead
- •Frequently Asked Questions
- •References
- •How BGP Works
- •BGP Capabilities Negotiation
- •Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP
- •TCP MD5 Signature Option
- •Looking Ahead
- •Frequently Asked Questions
- •References
- •Building Peer Sessions
- •Sources of Routing Updates
- •Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors
- •The Routing Process Simplified
- •Controlling BGP Routes
- •Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation
- •BGP-4 Aggregation
- •Looking Ahead
- •Frequently Asked Questions
- •References
- •Redundancy
- •Symmetry
- •Load Balancing
- •Looking Ahead
- •Frequently Asked Questions
- •References
- •Interaction of Non-BGP Routers with BGP Routers
- •BGP Policies Conflicting with Internal Defaults
- •Policy Routing
- •Looking Ahead
- •Frequently Asked Questions
- •Route Reflectors
- •Confederations
- •Controlling IGP Expansion
- •Looking Ahead
- •Frequently Asked Questions
- •References
- •Route Instabilities on the Internet
- •BGP Stability Features
- •Looking Ahead
- •Frequently Asked Questions
- •Building Peering Sessions
- •Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation
- •Peer Groups
- •Sources of Routing Updates
- •Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors
- •BGP Attributes
- •BGP-4 Aggregation
- •Looking Ahead
- •Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing
- •Following Defaults Inside an AS
- •Policy Routing
- •Route Reflectors
- •Confederations
- •Controlling Route and Cache Invalidation
- •BGP Outbound Request Filter Capability
- •Route Dampening
- •Looking Ahead
- •Interesting Organizations
- •Research and Education
- •Miscellaneous
- •Books
- •Internet Request For Comments
- •When to Use BGP ORF
- •Configuration
- •EXEC Commands
- •Closing Remarks
- •The Motivation Behind the New Command-Line Interface
- •Organizing Command Groups in the New Configuration
- •Peer Groups
- •Route Maps
- •Redistribution
- •Route Reflector
- •Aggregation
- •List of BGP Commands
- •Upgrading to the AF Style
Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition
Acknowledgments
This book would not have been possible without the help of many people whose comments and suggestions significantly improved the end result. First, we would like to thank Abha Ahuja, Shane Amante, Johnson Liu, Alvaro Retana, and Alexander Rudenev for their exceptional technical review of this manuscript. We would also like to explicitly acknowledge Henk Smit, Bruce Cole, Enke Chen, Srihari Ramachandra, Rex Fernando, Satinder Singh, and Ravi Chandra, as well as the entire Cisco "BGP Coders" group, and everyone else who provided any amount of input for the second edition. Also, we would like to acknowledge the overwhelming support and patience of Danny McPherson's present employer, Amber Networks, and previous employer, Qwest Communications, both of which had a significant impact on the value of the content. Finally, we would like to thank Christopher Cleveland, Tracy Hughes, Marc Fowler, Gayle Johnson, and the rest of the Cisco Press folks for keeping us on track and getting the book published.
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