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- •Warning and Disclaimer
- •Feedback Information
- •Trademark Acknowledgments
- •About the Author
- •About the Technical Reviewers
- •Dedication
- •Acknowledgments
- •Contents at a Glance
- •Contents
- •Icons Used in This Book
- •Command Syntax Conventions
- •Cisco’s Motivation: Certifying Partners
- •Format of the CCNA Exams
- •What’s on the CCNA Exams
- •ICND Exam Topics
- •Cross-Reference Between Exam Topics and Book Parts
- •CCNA Exam Topics
- •INTRO and ICND Course Outlines
- •Objectives and Methods
- •Book Features
- •How This Book Is Organized
- •Part I: LAN Switching
- •Part II: TCP/IP
- •Part III: Wide-Area Networks
- •Part IV: Network Security
- •Part V: Final Preparation
- •Part VI: Appendixes
- •How to Use These Books to Prepare for the CCNA Exam
- •For More Information
- •Part I: LAN Switching
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Brief Review of LAN Switching
- •The Forward-Versus-Filter Decision
- •How Switches Learn MAC Addresses
- •Forwarding Unknown Unicasts and Broadcasts
- •LAN Switch Logic Summary
- •Basic Switch Operation
- •Foundation Summary
- •Spanning Tree Protocol
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Spanning Tree Protocol
- •What IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Does
- •How Spanning Tree Works
- •Electing the Root and Discovering Root Ports and Designated Ports
- •Reacting to Changes in the Network
- •Spanning Tree Protocol Summary
- •Optional STP Features
- •EtherChannel
- •PortFast
- •Rapid Spanning Tree (IEEE 802.1w)
- •RSTP Link and Edge Types
- •RSTP Port States
- •RSTP Port Roles
- •RSTP Convergence
- •Edge-Type Behavior and PortFast
- •Link-Type Shared
- •Link-Type Point-to-Point
- •An Example of Speedy RSTP Convergence
- •Basic STP show Commands
- •Changing STP Port Costs and Bridge Priority
- •Foundation Summary
- •Foundation Summary
- •Virtual LANs and Trunking
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Review of Virtual LAN Concepts
- •Trunking with ISL and 802.1Q
- •ISL and 802.1Q Compared
- •VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
- •How VTP Works
- •VTP Pruning
- •Foundation Summary
- •Part II: TCP/IP
- •IP Addressing and Subnetting
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •IP Addressing Review
- •IP Subnetting
- •Analyzing and Interpreting IP Addresses and Subnets
- •Math Operations Used to Answer Subnetting Questions
- •Converting IP Addresses from Decimal to Binary and Back Again
- •The Boolean AND Operation
- •How Many Hosts and How Many Subnets?
- •What Is the Subnet Number, and What Are the IP Addresses in the Subnet?
- •Finding the Subnet Number
- •Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address
- •Finding the Range of Valid IP Addresses in a Subnet
- •Finding the Answers Without Using Binary
- •Easier Math with Easy Masks
- •Which Subnet Masks Meet the Stated Design Requirements?
- •What Are the Other Subnet Numbers?
- •Foundation Summary
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Extended ping Command
- •Distance Vector Concepts
- •Distance Vector Loop-Avoidance Features
- •Route Poisoning
- •Split Horizon
- •Split Horizon with Poison Reverse
- •Hold-Down Timer
- •Triggered (Flash) Updates
- •RIP and IGRP
- •IGRP Metrics
- •Examination of RIP and IGRP debug and show Commands
- •Issues When Multiple Routes to the Same Subnet Exist
- •Administrative Distance
- •Foundation Summary
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Link-State Routing Protocol and OSPF Concepts
- •Steady-State Operation
- •Loop Avoidance
- •Scaling OSPF Through Hierarchical Design
- •OSPF Areas
- •Stub Areas
- •Summary: Comparing Link-State and OSPF to Distance Vector Protocols
- •Balanced Hybrid Routing Protocol and EIGRP Concepts
- •EIGRP Loop Avoidance
- •EIGRP Summary
- •Foundation Summary
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Route Summarization and Variable-Length Subnet Masks
- •Route Summarization Concepts
- •VLSM
- •Route Summarization Strategies
- •Sample “Best” Summary on Seville
- •Sample “Best” Summary on Yosemite
- •Classless Routing Protocols and Classless Routing
- •Classless and Classful Routing Protocols
- •Autosummarization
- •Classful and Classless Routing
- •Default Routes
- •Classless Routing
- •Foundation Summary
- •Advanced TCP/IP Topics
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Scaling the IP Address Space for the Internet
- •CIDR
- •Private Addressing
- •Network Address Translation
- •Static NAT
- •Dynamic NAT
- •Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation (PAT)
- •Translating Overlapping Addresses
- •Miscellaneous TCP/IP Topics
- •Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
- •ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply
- •Destination Unreachable ICMP Message
- •Time Exceeded ICMP Message
- •Redirect ICMP Message
- •Secondary IP Addressing
- •FTP and TFTP
- •TFTP
- •MTU and Fragmentation
- •Foundation Summary
- •Part III: Wide-Area Networks
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Review of WAN Basics
- •Physical Components of Point-to-Point Leased Lines
- •Data-Link Protocols for Point-to-Point Leased Lines
- •HDLC and PPP Compared
- •Looped Link Detection
- •Enhanced Error Detection
- •Authentication Over WAN Links
- •PAP and CHAP Authentication
- •Foundation Summary
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •ISDN Protocols and Design
- •Typical Uses of ISDN
- •ISDN Channels
- •ISDN Protocols
- •ISDN BRI Function Groups and Reference Points
- •ISDN PRI Function Groups and Reference Points
- •BRI and PRI Encoding and Framing
- •PRI Encoding
- •PRI Framing
- •BRI Framing and Encoding
- •DDR Step 1: Routing Packets Out the Interface to Be Dialed
- •DDR Step 2: Determining the Subset of the Packets That Trigger the Dialing Process
- •DDR Step 3: Dialing (Signaling)
- •DDR Step 4: Determining When the Connection Is Terminated
- •ISDN and DDR show and debug Commands
- •Multilink PPP
- •Foundation Summary
- •Frame Relay
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Frame Relay Protocols
- •Frame Relay Standards
- •Virtual Circuits
- •LMI and Encapsulation Types
- •DLCI Addressing Details
- •Network Layer Concerns with Frame Relay
- •Layer 3 Addressing with Frame Relay
- •Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay DTEs
- •Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC
- •Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach
- •Broadcast Handling
- •Frame Relay Service Interworking
- •A Fully-Meshed Network with One IP Subnet
- •Frame Relay Address Mapping
- •A Partially-Meshed Network with One IP Subnet Per VC
- •A Partially-Meshed Network with Some Fully-Meshed Parts
- •Foundation Summary
- •Part IV: Network Security
- •IP Access Control List Security
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Foundation Topics
- •Standard IP Access Control Lists
- •IP Standard ACL Concepts
- •Wildcard Masks
- •Standard IP ACL: Example 2
- •Extended IP Access Control Lists
- •Extended IP ACL Concepts
- •Extended IP Access Lists: Example 1
- •Extended IP Access Lists: Example 2
- •Miscellaneous ACL Topics
- •Named IP Access Lists
- •Controlling Telnet Access with ACLs
- •ACL Implementation Considerations
- •Foundation Summary
- •Part V: Final Preparation
- •Final Preparation
- •Suggestions for Final Preparation
- •Preparing for the Exam Experience
- •Final Lab Scenarios
- •Scenario 1
- •Scenario 1, Part A: Planning
- •Solutions to Scenario 1, Part A: Planning
- •Scenario 2
- •Scenario 2, Part A: Planning
- •Solutions to Scenario 2, Part A: Planning
- •Part VI: Appendixes
- •Glossary
- •Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes and Q&A Questions
- •Chapter 1
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 2
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 3
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 4
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 5
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 6
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 7
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 8
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 9
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 10
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 11
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Chapter 12
- •“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
- •Using the Simulation Software for the Hands-on Exercises
- •Accessing NetSim from the CD
- •Hands-on Exercises Available with NetSim
- •Scenarios
- •Labs
- •Listing of the Hands-on Exercises
- •How You Should Proceed with NetSim
- •Considerations When Using NetSim
- •Routing Protocol Overview
- •Comparing and Contrasting IP Routing Protocols
- •Routing Through the Internet with the Border Gateway Protocol
- •RIP Version 2
- •The Integrated IS-IS Link State Routing Protocol
- •Summary of Interior Routing Protocols
- •Numbering Ports (Interfaces)
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■CD-based lab exercises—The companion CD contains a CD-only appendix C (which is a totally different appendix as compared with the printed appendix C in the book) which has several lab exercises. These lab exercises guide you through the steps used to perform the most popular configuration tasks. Like the scenarios, CD-only appendix C includes the answers to the labs, making it useful to just read the materials for extra reinforcement of the commands. You can also perform these labs using the Boson NetSim LE network simulator, or using your own lab gear.
■CD-based subnetting practice—The companion CD contains an appendix that has 25 additional subnetting practice problems. Each problem shows the solutions for the subnet number, broadcast address, and valid IP addresses in each subnet. With this extra practice, you can be ready to answer subnetting questions quickly and accurately on the INTRO, ICND, and CCNA exams.
How This Book Is Organized
This book contains 12 core chapters—Chapters 1 through 12. Chapter 13 includes some summary materials and suggestions on how to approach the exams. Each core chapter covers a subset of the topics on the ICND exam. The core chapters are organized into four parts. The chapters cover the following topics:
Part I: LAN Switching
■Chapter 1, “LAN Switching Review and Configuring Cisco 2950 LAN Switches”—If you’ve taken the INTRO exam, you might have forgotten some of the details. This chapter reviews the basics of LAN switching. It also covers some basic administrative configuration on the 2950 series switches.
■Chapter 2, “Spanning Tree Protocol”—The CCNA INTRO Exam Certification Guide covers Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) briefly; this chapter takes a deeper look, including an explanation of the newer Rapid STP (RSTP).
■Chapter 3, “Virtual LANs and Trunking”—This chapter reviews the concepts of VLANs and VLAN trunking and explains the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP). It also covers
VTP configuration.
Part II: TCP/IP
■Chapter 4, “IP Addressing and Subnetting”—This chapter gets into the depths of IP addressing and subnetting. The Boolean math operations required for analyzing IP addresses are explained, and several examples are used to detail how IP subnets are created, what IP addresses are in the same subnet, and the math required to answer exam questions about subnetting. This chapter is actually a subset of Chapter 12 in CCNA
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INTRO Exam Certification Guide, with only some differences in the questions at the beginning and end of the chapter. See the later section “How to Use These Books to Prepare for the CCNA Exam” for suggestions on how to use this chapter.
■Chapter 5, “RIP, IGRP, and Static Route Concepts and Configuration”—Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) are two longstanding IP routing protocols. This chapter explains their underlying logic, called distance vector, and shows you how to configure the protocols in a Cisco router.
■Chapter 6, “OSPF and EIGRP Concepts and Configuration”—Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) are two more advanced and more powerful IP routing protocols. This chapter explains their underlying logic and shows you how to configure them in a Cisco router.
■Chapter 7, “Advanced Routing Protocol Topics”—Many IP routing protocols have similar features. This chapter covers some of the more complicated similar features of these routing protocols, including variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) support and route summarization.
■Chapter 8, “Advanced TCP/IP Topics”—In this final chapter on topics related specifically to TCP/IP, several small but important topics are covered, including Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) and Network Address Translation (NAT).
Part III: Wide-Area Networks
■Chapter 9, “Point-to-Point Leased Line Implementation”—This chapter covers the two popular data-link protocols used on point-to-point links—HDLC and PPP.
■Chapter 10, “ISDN and Dial-on-Demand Routing”—This chapter covers ISDN concepts and configuration, with a fair number of samples covering dial-on-demand routing (DDR), which is one way of causing a dialed ISDN connection to be established between routers.
■Chapter 11, “Frame Relay”—Engineers deploy Frame Relay more than any other WAN protocol today. This chapter reviews the details of how Frame Relay accomplishes its goal of delivering frames to multiple WAN-connected sites. This chapter also describes
Frame Relay configuration, with its many options.
Part IV: Network Security
■Chapter 12, “IP Access Control List Security”—IP Access Control Lists (ACLs) filter IP packets as they pass through a router. This chapter explains the concepts and the configuration.
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Part V: Final Preparation
■Chapter 13, “Final Preparation”—This chapter includes a variety of suggestions for taking the exam. It also provides several exercises that help you review some of the material in the book.
When you are finished with the core chapters, you have several options as to how to finish your exam preparation. Additional questions and exercises in Chapter 13 provide a method of final preparation. You can review the questions at the end of each chapter, and you can use the CD’s testing software to practice the exam.
Part VI: Appendixes
■Appendix A, “Answers to the “Do I Know This Already” Quizes and Q&A Sections”—
Includes the answers to all the questions from chapters 1 through 12.How to Use This Book to Prepare for the ICND Exam
To study for the ICND exam, you can simply take this book and start reading. This study plan is simple. However, if you have some experience in or knowledge of Cisco products and networking protocols, you might be able to save some study time while taking small risks. Figure I-1 shows the progression you should take through the books as you prepare for the INTRO exam.
Figure I-1 How to Approach Each Chapter of This Book
Take the “Do I Know This Already Quiz”
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Medium Score: |
Want More Study |
Read “Foundation Topics” Section |
Read Foundation Summary |
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To Next Chapter |
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Answer Chapter Ending Questions |
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In each chapter, an assessment quiz called the “Do I Know This Already?” (DIKTA) quiz helps you decide if you already know a lot of the material in the chapter. The DIKTA quiz does not quiz you on every topic in the chapter. It focuses on a representative sample from that chapter. Doing well on the DIKTA quiz indicates how much you already know about the topic.