vi
Contents at a Glance
Introduction |
xvi |
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Part I |
LAN Switching 3 |
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Chapter 1 |
LAN Switching Review and Configuring Cisco 2950 LAN Switches 5 |
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Chapter 2 |
Spanning Tree Protocol |
31 |
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Chapter 3 |
Virtual LANs and Trunking 67 |
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Part II |
TCP/IP 95 |
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Chapter 4 |
IP Addressing and Subnetting |
97 |
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Chapter 5 |
RIP, IGRP, and Static Route Concepts and Configuration |
141 |
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Chapter 6 |
OSPF and EIGRP Concepts and Configuration 185 |
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Chapter 7 |
Advanced Routing Protocol Topics |
219 |
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Chapter 8 |
Advanced TCP/IP Topics |
251 |
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Part III |
Wide-Area Networks 299 |
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Chapter 9 |
Point-to-Point Leased Line Implementation |
301 |
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Chapter 10 |
ISDN and Dial-on-Demand Routing |
321 |
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Chapter 11 |
Frame Relay |
371 |
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Part IV |
Network Security |
421 |
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Chapter 12 |
IP Access Control List Security |
423 |
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Part V |
Final Preparation |
457 |
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Chapter 13 |
Final Preparation |
459 |
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Part VI |
Appendixes |
493 |
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Appendix A |
Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes and Q&A Questions 495 |
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Appendix B |
Decimal to Binary Conversion Chart |
555 |
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Appendix C |
Using the Simulation Software for Hands-on Exercises |
561 |
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Appendix D |
Comparisons of Dynamic Routing Protocols |
567 |
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Appendix E |
Configuring Cisco 1900 Switches 577 |
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Glossary 599
Index 610
vii
Contents
Introduction |
xvi |
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Part I |
LAN Switching |
3 |
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Chapter 1 |
LAN Switching Review and Configuring Cisco 2950 LAN Switches |
5 |
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“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz |
5 |
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Foundation Topics |
10 |
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Brief Review of LAN Switching |
10 |
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The Forward-Versus-Filter Decision |
11 |
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How Switches Learn MAC Addresses |
12 |
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Forwarding Unknown Unicasts and Broadcasts 13 |
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LAN Switch Logic Summary |
14 |
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Basic Configuration and Operation Commands for the Cisco 2950 Switch |
14 |
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Basic Switch Operation |
16 |
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Typical Basic Administrative Configuration |
20 |
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Port Security Configuration |
25 |
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Foundation Summary 28 |
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Q&A 29 |
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Chapter 2 |
Spanning Tree Protocol |
31 |
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“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz |
31 |
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Foundation Topics |
36 |
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Spanning Tree Protocol |
36 |
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What IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Does |
36 |
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How Spanning Tree Works 38 |
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Electing the Root and Discovering Root Ports and Designated Ports |
39 |
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Reacting to Changes in the Network |
42 |
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Spanning Tree Protocol Summary |
45 |
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Optional STP Features |
46 |
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EtherChannel |
47 |
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PortFast |
48 |
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Rapid Spanning Tree (IEEE 802.1w) |
48 |
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RSTP Link and Edge Types |
49 |
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RSTP Port States |
50 |
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RSTP Port Roles |
50 |
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RSTP Convergence |
52 |
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Edge-Type Behavior and PortFast |
52 |
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Link-Type Shared |
52 |
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Link-Type Point-to-Point |
52 |
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An Example of Speedy RSTP Convergence |
53 |
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Spanning Tree Protocol Configuration |
56 |
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Basic STP show Commands |
57 |
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Changing STP Port Costs and Bridge Priority |
58 |
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EtherChannel Configuration |
60 |
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viii |
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Foundation Summary |
62 |
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Foundation Summary |
64 |
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Q&A |
65 |
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Chapter 3 |
Virtual LANs and Trunking 67 |
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“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 67 |
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Foundation Topics |
71 |
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Review of Virtual LAN Concepts |
71 |
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Trunking with ISL and 802.1Q |
72 |
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ISL |
73 |
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802.1Q |
73 |
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ISL and 802.1Q Compared |
74 |
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VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) |
76 |
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How VTP Works |
76 |
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VTP Pruning |
78 |
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VLAN and Trunking Configuration |
79 |
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VLAN Configuration for a Single Switch |
80 |
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VLAN Trunking Configuration |
84 |
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Foundation Summary |
89 |
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Q&A |
91 |
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Part II |
TCP/IP |
95 |
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Chapter 4 |
IP Addressing and Subnetting |
97 |
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“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz |
97 |
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Foundation Topics |
102 |
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IP Addressing Review |
102 |
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IP Subnetting |
104 |
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Analyzing and Interpreting IP Addresses and Subnets 106 |
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Math Operations Used to Answer Subnetting Questions |
107 |
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Converting IP Addresses from Decimal to Binary and Back Again 107 |
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The Boolean AND Operation |
109 |
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Prefix Notation |
111 |
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How Many Hosts and How Many Subnets? 111 |
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What Is the Subnet Number, and What Are the IP Addresses in the Subnet? 116 |
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Finding the Subnet Number |
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116 |
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Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address |
118 |
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Finding the Range of Valid IP Addresses in a Subnet |
119 |
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Finding the Answers Without Using Binary 121 |
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Which Subnet Masks Meet the Stated Design Requirements? 127 |
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What Are the Other Subnet Numbers? 130 |
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Foundation Summary |
135 |
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Q&A |
137 |
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ix
Chapter 5 |
RIP, IGRP, and Static Route Concepts and Configuration |
141 |
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“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz |
142 |
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Foundation Topics |
145 |
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Configuring and Testing Static Routes 145 |
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Configuring Static Routes |
147 |
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Extended ping Command |
147 |
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Distance Vector Concepts |
150 |
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Distance Vector Loop-Avoidance Features 153 |
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Route Poisoning |
154 |
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Split Horizon |
155 |
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Split Horizon with Poison Reverse |
157 |
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Hold-Down Timer |
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158 |
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Triggered (Flash) Updates |
160 |
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RIP and IGRP |
160 |
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Configuring RIP and IGRP |
161 |
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Basic RIP and IGRP Configuration |
162 |
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IGRP Configuration |
164 |
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IGRP Metrics |
166 |
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Examination of RIP and IGRP debug and show Commands |
167 |
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Issues When Multiple Routes to the Same Subnet Exist 173 |
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Administrative Distance |
176 |
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Foundation Summary 178 |
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Q&A 181 |
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Chapter 6 |
OSPF and EIGRP Concepts and Configuration 185 |
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“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 185 |
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Foundation Topics |
190 |
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Link-State Routing Protocol and OSPF Concepts |
190 |
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Steady-State Operation |
193 |
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Loop Avoidance |
194 |
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Scaling OSPF Through Hierarchical Design |
194 |
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OSPF Areas |
195 |
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Stub Areas |
197 |
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Summary: Comparing Link-State and OSPF to Distance Vector Protocols 197 |
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Balanced Hybrid Routing Protocol and EIGRP Concepts 198 |
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EIGRP Loop Avoidance |
199 |
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EIGRP Summary |
201 |
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OSPF Configuration |
201 |
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OSPF Single-Area Configuration 202 |
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OSPF Configuration with Multiple Areas 204 |
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EIGRP Configuration |
209 |
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Foundation Summary |
212 |
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Q&A 216 |
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x |
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Chapter 7 |
Advanced Routing Protocol Topics 219 |
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“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz |
219 |
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Foundation Topics 223 |
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Route Summarization and Variable-Length Subnet Masks 223 |
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Route Summarization Concepts |
224 |
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VLSM 228 |
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Route Summarization Strategies |
230 |
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Sample “Best” Summary on Seville 231 |
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Sample “Best” Summary on Yosemite |
232 |
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Classless Routing Protocols and Classless Routing 232 |
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Classless and Classful Routing Protocols |
233 |
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Autosummarization 233 |
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Classful and Classless Routing |
238 |
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Default Routes |
238 |
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Classless Routing 242 |
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Foundation Summary |
245 |
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Q&A 247 |
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Chapter 8 |
Advanced TCP/IP Topics 251 |
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“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz |
251 |
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Foundation Topics |
257 |
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Scaling the IP Address Space for the Internet |
257 |
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CIDR 258 |
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Private Addressing |
259 |
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Network Address Translation |
260 |
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Static NAT |
261 |
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Dynamic NAT |
264 |
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Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation (PAT) 265 |
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Translating Overlapping Addresses 267 |
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NAT Configuration |
269 |
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Static NAT Configuration |
270 |
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Dynamic NAT Configuration |
272 |
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NAT Overload Configuration (PAT Configuration) 275 |
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Miscellaneous TCP/IP Topics |
277 |
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Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) |
277 |
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ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply |
278 |
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Destination Unreachable ICMP Message |
278 |
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Time Exceeded ICMP Message |
280 |
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Redirect ICMP Message |
283 |
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Secondary IP Addressing |
283 |
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FTP and TFTP |
285 |
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FTP |
286 |
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TFTP |
287 |
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MTU and Fragmentation |
288 |
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ISL and 802.1Q Configuration on Routers |
289 |
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Foundation Summary |
292 |
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Q&A 296 |
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xi
Part III |
Wide-Area Networks |
299 |
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Chapter 9 |
Point-to-Point Leased Line Implementation 301 |
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“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz |
301 |
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Foundation Topics 305 |
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Review of WAN Basics |
305 |
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Physical Components of Point-to-Point Leased Lines 306 |
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Data-Link Protocols for Point-to-Point Leased Lines 307 |
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HDLC and PPP Compared |
308 |
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HDLC and PPP Configuration |
310 |
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PPP-Specific Features 311 |
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Looped Link Detection 312 |
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Enhanced Error Detection |
313 |
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Authentication Over WAN Links |
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313 |
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PAP and CHAP Authentication |
314 |
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Foundation Summary |
316 |
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Q&A 318 |
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Chapter 10 ISDN and Dial-on-Demand Routing |
321 |
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“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz |
321 |
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Foundation Topics |
326 |
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ISDN Protocols and Design |
326 |
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Typical Uses of ISDN |
326 |
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ISDN Channels |
327 |
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ISDN Protocols |
328 |
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ISDN BRI Function Groups and Reference Points |
330 |
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ISDN PRI Function Groups and Reference Points |
334 |
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BRI and PRI Encoding and Framing |
335 |
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PRI Encoding |
335 |
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PRI Framing |
335 |
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BRI Framing and Encoding |
336 |
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ISDN Configuration and Dial-on-Demand Routing 336 |
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DDR Legacy Concepts and Configuration 338
DDR Step 1: Routing Packets Out the Interface to Be Dialed 339
DDR Step 2: Determining the Subset of the Packets That Trigger the Dialing
Process 340
DDR Step 3: |
Dialing (Signaling) 342 |
DDR Step 4: |
Determining When the Connection Is Terminated 345 |
ISDN BRI Configuration 345
Summary of Legacy DDR Configuration 347
ISDN and DDR show and debug Commands 348
ISDN PRI Configuration |
351 |
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Configuring a T1 or E1 Controller 352 |
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Full PRI Configuration |
353 |
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DDR Configuration with Dialer Profiles |
354 |
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Multilink PPP 359 |
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ISDN and DDR Configuration Summary |
361 |
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xii |
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Foundation Summary |
363 |
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Q&A |
367 |
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Chapter 11 |
Frame Relay 371 |
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“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz |
371 |
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Foundation Topics |
376 |
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Frame Relay Protocols |
376 |
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Frame Relay Standards |
378 |
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Virtual Circuits |
379 |
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LMI and Encapsulation Types |
381 |
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DLCI Addressing Details 383 |
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Network Layer Concerns with Frame Relay |
388 |
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Layer 3 Addressing with Frame Relay |
388 |
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Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay DTEs 388 |
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Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC |
389 |
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Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach 391 |
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Broadcast Handling |
392 |
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Frame Relay Service Interworking |
393 |
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Frame Relay Configuration |
395 |
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A Fully-Meshed Network with One IP Subnet |
397 |
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Frame Relay Address Mapping |
399 |
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A Partially-Meshed Network with One IP Subnet Per VC |
404 |
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A Partially-Meshed Network with Some Fully-Meshed Parts 409 |
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Foundation Summary |
414 |
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Q&A |
417 |
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Part IV |
Network Security |
421 |
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||
Chapter 12 IP Access Control List Security |
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423 |
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||||||
|
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz |
423 |
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||||||
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Foundation Topics |
427 |
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Standard IP Access Control Lists |
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427 |
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IP Standard ACL Concepts |
427 |
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Wildcard Masks |
430 |
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Standard IP Access List Configuration |
432 |
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Standard IP ACL: Example 2 |
434 |
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Extended IP Access Control Lists |
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437 |
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Extended IP ACL Concepts |
437 |
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|||||
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Extended IP ACL Configuration |
439 |
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||||||
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Extended IP Access Lists: Example 1 |
440 |
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Extended IP Access Lists: Example 2 |
442 |
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||||||
xiii
|
Miscellaneous ACL Topics |
443 |
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Named IP Access Lists |
443 |
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Controlling Telnet Access with ACLs |
446 |
||
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ACL Implementation Considerations |
446 |
||
|
Foundation Summary 449 |
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Q&A 453 |
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Part V |
Final Preparation |
457 |
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|
Chapter 13 |
Final Preparation |
459 |
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|
|
Suggestions for Final Preparation 459 |
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Preparing for the Exam Experience |
460 |
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Final Lab Scenarios |
462 |
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Scenario 1 462 |
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Scenario 1, Part A: Planning |
462 |
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Solutions to Scenario 1, Part A: Planning |
463 |
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Scenario 1, Part B: Configuration |
464 |
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Solutions to Scenario 1, Part B: Configuration |
464 |
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|||
Scenario 1, Part C: Verification and Questions |
466 |
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|||
Solutions to Scenario 1, Part C: Verification and Questions |
473 |
||||
Scenario 2 474 |
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Scenario 2, Part A: Planning |
474 |
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Solutions to Scenario 2, Part A: Planning |
477 |
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Scenario 2, Part B: Configuration |
479 |
|
|
|
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Solutions to Scenario 2, Part B: Configuration |
479 |
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Scenario 2, Part C: Verification and Questions |
481 |
|
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Solutions to Scenario 2, Part C: Verification and Questions |
489 |
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Part VI |
Appendixes 493 |
Appendix A |
Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes and Q&A Questions 495 |
Appendix B |
Decimal to Binary Conversion Table 555 |
Appendix C |
Using the Simulation Software for the Hands-on Exercises 561 |
Appendix D |
Comparisons of Dynamic Routing Protocols 567 |
Appendix E |
Configuring Cisco 1900 Switches 577 |
Glossary 599
Index 610