Index 1329

– selectivity 836

ozone gas management 828

ozone-lignin reactions 795

ozone placement, bleaching stage 843–849

ozone stage 948

ozone technology 806

ozone treatment 831–840

– chemistry 785–798

– high-consistency 827

– medium-consistency 826–827

– selectivity 820

– technology 826–829

ozonide hydrotrioxy radical 791

ozonolysis 793

p

P-factor

– alkali resistances 354

– beechwood water prehydrolysis 344–345

– concept 343–345

– different H-factor levels 359

– modified 345

– oxygen delignification efficiency 259

– TCF-bleached dissolving pulp 1051

– unbleached Visbatch® pulp 352–353, 355,

361

P-Y bleaching 1132

P(O) stage 866

packaging, categories 1192–1193

packaging papers, utilization rate 1168

packing, degree of 428

PAD see pulsed amperometric detection

paper

– average moisture content, birch 125

– chemical composition of wood 23

– collection 1178–1180

– dirty points 1076

– making 4–7, 1073, 1281–1290

– production 1147, 1153

– properties, unbleached spruce pulp 109

– recovered 1147–1210

– recovered, european list of standard

grades 1203–1210

– recycled 1199

– structure 59

– “tree-free” 14

paper chromatography, uronic acids

determination 1233

paper grade 1009, 1142, 1162, 1169

– EN643 1157

– Europe 1157, 1205

– graphic 1169

– Japan 1161, 1163

– North America 1161

– United States 1162

– utilization rate 1167–1169

paper-grade pulp 1010–1021

– chemical characterization 1013

– extended oxygen delignification 728

paper machine, invention 5

Paper Products Recovered Materials Advisory

Notice, US legislation 1196

paper pulp

– alkali resistances 1015

– fiber dimensions 1021

– molecular weight distribution 1019

paper raw material, recycled fibers

1153–1156

para-crystallinity, single-phase model 1258

para-quinone methide, lignin chemistry

Intermediate molecule 164–165

parenchymal cells

– connection 46

– hardwoods 54

– rattan 50

– wood cells 49

partial kappa numbers

– lignin fractions after washing 724

– resistant lignin fractions 724

partial pressure, ozone 779

particle size distribution, viscose samples

1032

passage ratio

– debris see debris passage ratio

– fibers see fiber passage ratio

passing velocity 565

PDI see polydispersity index

pectin 30

peeling

– anhydro-sugar unit removal 175–176

– oxidative 177

– secondary 188

peeling effect, fiber walls 1049

peeling reactions 937

– polysaccharides 661

– pulp purification 934

– starting from reducing end-groups

660–662

– starting from stablizing end-groups 662

– stopping at 4-O-methylglucuronic acid side

chains 179

penetrability, wood species 135

penetration, kraft cooking mass transfer 122,

129, 132–137

penetration factor 134

1330 Index

penetration rate, effect of steam pressure

during pre-steaming 130

pentosan

– as function of cooking temperature 463

– as function of H-factor 464

– determination 1233

pentoses

– degradation 420

– hemicelluloses 28

– spent liquor content as function of

Viscosity 456

peracetic acid

– demand 881

– equilibrium 881

– oxidation capacity 613

– oxidation equivalents (OXE) 264

– post-treatment 883

– pulp bleaching 880

perforation plates, patterns 53

permanganate demand, hot acid hydrolysis

883

permanganate number 1228–1229

permeability 513

– as function of fiber concentration 514

peroxide bleaching 1132, 1134–1135

– catalyzed 877

– ozonation 1038

– pressurized 866–867

peroxide solutions, stablity in water 863

peroxide stage, residence time 865

peroxide-supported extraction stages,

temperature effect 865

PGW see pressure groundwood

pH

– acid sulfite cooking liquor analysis 433

– oxygen delignification 704–705

– pine delignification 473

– profile 728

– pulp washing parameter 533–534

– Rauma three-stage sulfite cook 471

– sorbed sodium 520

– spruce pulp yield and acetyl content 474

– sulfite pulping processes 393

– temporal development in AS/AQ pine

pulping 479

pH effect, ozone bleaching 811–812

pH fall during bleaching, oxidation

processes 863

phase transformation model, kappa

numbers 684

phases, cellulose I 26

phenolate anions 703

phenolic compounds

– absorbance spectra 58

– hardwoods 38

– softwoods 37

phenolic coupling, hydroxyl radical adducts of

aromatic structures 654

phenolic extractives, topochemical

distribution 61–63

phenolic hydroxyl

– content in lignin samples 636

– content in residual lignin 263

– relative reactivity 635

phenolic hydroxyl groups

– bleaching 848

– in lignin fractions 173

phenolic lignin subunits

– carbohydrate degradation 795

– chemistry 164

– chromophore formation 172

– structure 164

phenolic phenylcoumaran structures 411

phenolic phenylcoumarans, neutral sulfite

pulping reactions 413

phenolic pinoresinol structures 410

– neutral sulfite pulping reactions 414

phenolic polymer, lignin 31

phenolic structures, hydroperoxide

formation 652

phenols

– in condensation reactions 424–425

– ionization 703

phenoxyl radical

– chlorine bleaching 746

– formation by oxygen or by hydroxyl radical

650

phenylcoumaran structures, phenolic 411

phenylpropane a-carbonyl-b-arylether

structures, sulfonation 412

phenylpropane building blocks, lignin 32

phenylpropanols 858

phenylpropanones 858

phenylpropene unit 2, HOMO- and electron

density distribution 633

PHK process 11, 345–365, 816

– development 7

– dissolving pulp 1024

– influence of process conditions 351–358

– influence of wood species 358–365

– lignin and xylan removal rate 348

– see also prehydrolysis

PHK pulp

– purification effidency 942

– selectivity 838