- •Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •2006, Isbn 3-527-30997-7
- •Volume 1
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4.1 Introduction 109
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction 185
- •4.3.1 Introduction 392
- •5.1 Introduction 511
- •6.1 Introduction 561
- •6.2.1 Introduction 563
- •6.4.1 Introduction 579
- •Volume 2
- •7.3.1 Introduction 628
- •7.4.1 Introduction 734
- •7.5.1 Introduction 777
- •7.6.1 Introduction 849
- •7.10.1 Introduction 887
- •8.1 Introduction 933
- •1 Introduction 1071
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and
- •1 Introduction 1149
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •150.000 Annual Fiber Flow[kt]
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Void volume
- •Void volume fraction
- •Xylan and Fiber Morphology
- •Initial bulk residual
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction
- •In (Ai) Model concept Reference
- •Initial value
- •Validation and Application of the Kinetic Model
- •Inititial
- •Viscosity
- •Influence on Bleachability
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Introduction
- •International
- •Impregnation
- •Influence of Substituents on the Rate of Hydrolysis
- •140 116 Total so2
- •Xylonic
- •Viscosity Brightness
- •Xyl Man Glu Ara Furf hoAc XyLa
- •Initial NaOh charge [% of total charge]:
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In 1950, about 50% of the global paper production was produced. This proportion
- •4.0% Worldwide; 4.2% for the cepi countries; and 4.8% for Germany.
- •1150 1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Virgin fibers
- •74.4 % Mixed grades
- •Indonesia
- •Virgin fibers
- •Inhomogeneous sample Homogeneous sample
- •Variance of sampling Variance of measurement
- •1.Quartile
- •3.Quartile
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Integral
- •In Newtonion liquid
- •Velocity
- •Increasing dp
- •2Α filter
- •0 Reaction time
- •Increasing interaction of probe and cellulose
- •Increasing hydrodynamic size
- •Vessel cell of beech
- •Initial elastic range
- •Internal flow
- •Intact structure
- •Viscosity 457
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1292 Index
- •Visbatch® pulp 354
- •Index 1293
- •1294 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Viscosity–extinction 433
- •Index 1295
- •1296 Index
- •Index 1297
- •Inhibitor 789
- •1298 Index
- •Index 1299
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •1300 Index
- •Industries
- •Index 1301
- •1302 Index
- •Index 1303
- •Xylose 463
- •1304 Index
- •Index 1305
- •1306 Index
- •Index 1307
- •1308 Index
- •In conventional kraft cooking 232
- •Visbatch® pulp 358
- •Index 1309
- •In prehydrolysis-kraft process 351
- •Visbatch® cook 349–350
- •1310 Index
- •Index 1311
- •1312 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1313
- •Viscosity 459
- •Interactions 327
- •1314 Index
- •Index 1315
- •Viscosity 459
- •1316 Index
- •Index 1317
- •Xylose 461
- •Index 1319
- •Visbatch® pulp 355
- •Impregnation 151–158
- •1320 Index
- •Index 1321
- •1322 Index
- •Xylan water prehydrolysis 333
- •Index 1323
- •1324 Index
- •Viscosity 459
- •Index 1325
- •Xylose 940
- •1326 Index
- •Index 1327
- •In selected kinetics model 228–229
- •4OMeGlcA 940
- •1328 Index
- •Index 1329
- •Intermediate molecule 164–165
- •1330 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1331
- •1332 Index
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •Index 1333
- •1334 Index
- •Index 1335
- •1336 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Index 1337
- •1338 Index
- •Viscose process 7
- •Index 1339
- •Volumetric reject ratio 590
- •1340 Index
- •Index 1341
- •1342 Index
- •Index 1343
- •1344 Index
- •Index 1345
- •Initiator 788
- •Xylose 463
- •1346 Index
- •Index 1347
- •Vessel 385
- •Index 1349
- •1350 Index
- •Xylan 834
- •1352 Index
1320 Index
– extractives fractions 182–183
– fiber bundle 60
– lignin mass balance of Eucalyptus globulus
162
– liquors 113–121
– modified see modified kraft cooking
– PHK see PHK process
– pine see pine
– prehydrolysis see PHK process
– pretreatment 129–130
– process chemistry 229–325
– Purdue model 198–199
kraft cooking kinetics
– alkali and hydrogen sulfide consumption
220–221
– concentration of cooking chemicals
217–220
– delignification kinetics 211–215
– numerical solution of cooking chemical
concentration equations 228–229
– parameters 221–227
– structure 211–229
– validation and application 223–227
kraft cooking kinetics models
– carbohydrate degradation 193–198
– delignification 189–198
– H-factor concept 189–191
– kraft cooking kinetics 199–211
– pseudo first-principle 198–199
– pulping selectivity 197–198
– review 188–211
kraft cooking mass transfer, diffusion 123,
137–150
– impregnation 122–123
– penetration 122, 129, 132–137
kraft cooking pretreatment
– digester evacuation 129
– steaming 129–132
kraft process 12, 17
– development 6
– dissolving pulp 1024
– prehydrolysis- 345–365
– uniform pulping reactions 1047
– see also kraft pulping
kraft pulp 1010
– beating resistance 1011
– carbohydrate composition 470
– conventional see conventional kraft pulp
– emission levels 1005
– global fiber production 9
– hardwoods 723
– R-values 1015
– sheets 800
– softwoods see softwood kraft pulp
kraft pulping
– black liquor 111–112
– carbohydrates reactions 174–181
– chemistry 163–185
– chromophore reactions 172
– extractives 181–183
– formaldehyde 169
– glucomannan 180
– green liquor 112
– kinetics 185–229
– levopimaric acid 183
– liquor composition 476
– low-lignin pulp production 323
– multistage 325–365
– nucleophiles addition 167
– processes 111–391
– reactions overview 183–184
– selectivity plot see selectivity plot
– tall oil soap 112
– technology and equipment 366–391
– toxic compounds 112
– transition metals 859
– white liquor 111
– xylan 179
– see also kraft process, see also lignin
kraft recovery boiler 980–985
– emission limits 1003
– schematic 981
– see also kraft chemical recovery
kraft residual lignin, linkage frequencies 638
Kramfors process 465
Kubelka-Munk theory 610, 1279
Kvaerner compact press 557
Kvaerner double atmospheric diffuser 553
Kvaerner Dual mixer 620
Kvaerner Duflo impeller 618
Kvaerner Duflo pump 617
Kvaerner Jetmixer 621
Kvaerner pressure diffuser 555
Kvaerner’s Compact Feed system 381–382
l
laboratory methods, material testing 1217
laboratory sheets, optical properties
1279–1280
laccase mediator-system, alternative bleaching
methods 886
lactic acid
– black liquor composition 968
– polysaccharide chain cleavage 662
laminar flow, Hagen–Poiseuille’s law
132–133
Index 1321
Langmuir isotherm 519
Laplace see Young–Laplace equation
Larix decidua, hemicelluloses, nonglucosic
units 29
Larix sibirica, chemical composition of wood
23
latency, mechanical pulp 1137–1143
latewood, bordered pits 47
latewood tracheids, Picea abies 62
lattice conversion, wood dissolving pulp
1044
lattice transition
– alkali concentration 1043
– cellulose I 941, 1045
layers
– cell wall 42
– model calculation 694
LCC see lignin–carbohydrate-complexes, see
also lower cook circulation
leaf fibers, cell dimensions and chemical
composition 4
legislation, recycled fibers 1191–1210
level-off DP 1011
– crystallite length 1264
levopimaric acid, conversion to abietic acid
during kraft process 183
levulinic acid 419
lifetime, hydrogen peroxide 855
light absorption coefficient
– as function of residual effective alkali 269
– kappa number 715
– residual softwood lignin 266
– unbleached pine 269
light-scattering coefficient 1142
– pulp 1140–1141
lignans
– hardwoods 38
– softwoods 37
lignification of the cell walls 44–46
lignin 30–31, 33, 713–716, 749, 856–858,
1033
– addition of nucleophiles 167
– alternative bleaching methods 886
– angiosperms 30
– arabinoxylan 481
– bark 33
– birch 33
– bleaching 886, 1126
– bromination 316
– carbohydrate degradation 795
– a-carbonyl group-containing 655
– cell wall components 41
– charge transfer complexes 321
– chemical structure 858
– chromophore formation 172
– cold caustic extraction 950
– commercial 717–718
– composition after cooking and bleaching
634–640
– concentration see delignification, kappa
number
– condensation 167–168, 420
– content 1230
– conventional kraft pulp 262
– 1,3-cycloaddition 790
– defiberization 1123
– degradation 213, 790–794
– demethylation reaction 169
– diarylmethane-type structures 169
– diffusion rate 149
– digester 298
– 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition 791
– dissolution in CBC process 284
– dissolved 207, 246, 284, 298
– Douglas fir 213
– electro-/nucleophilic attack sites 648
– electron-transfer reactions 170
– elimination kraft pulping reactions
169–170
– “false” 257
– fraction 173, 724, 950
– frequencies in kraft residual lignin 638
– functional group content 635
– fungi 886
– guaiacylpropane unit 165
– gymnosperms 30
– hardwoods 22, 33
– hydrogen peroxide 853
– hydrolysis 407–414
– hydroperoxide formation 856
– p-hydroxyphenyl groups 714
– p-hydroxyphenyl-propane unit 165
– kappa number reduction 960
– kraft pulping reactions 163–174, 323
– light absorption coefficient 266
– linkage frequencies 638
– mass balance during impregnation and
kraft cooking of Eucalyptus globulus 162
– milled wood 262
– modification with peracetic acid 880
– modified kraft cooking 31, 244–248,
257–264
– molecular structure 32
– nucleophilic attack 856
– nucleophilic attack sites 648
– oxidation 874