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Санкт-Петербургский государственный лесотехнический университет им. С.М. Кирова

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1 Introduction

It is most likely that, similar to the situation before 1930 when kraft pulping

became the dominant cooking process through the development of the Tomlinson

recovery boiler, a new generation of black liquor incineration combined with efficient

energy and chemical recovery – namely black liquor gasification/combined

cycle (BLGCC) – will mark a further breakthrough of alkaline pulping. BLGCC is

certainly the key element to entering into a new era of pulping technology. Black

liquor gasification technology is classified by operating temperature into hightemperature

(~1000 °C) and low-temperature gasification (below 700 °C). The temperature

level of the former is sufficient to convert the inorganic components into

a smelt, whereas operating below 700 °C ensures that the inorganics leave as dry

solids. If the gas is combusted in a combined cycle (as is the case in a BLGCC

installation), there is the potential to produce at least twice more electric power

from the same amount of black liquor than with a Tomlinson furnace – and this

is the most compelling reason for pursuing this new technology [45]. Moreover,

gasification also provides a significant separation of sulfur from sodium in that

the reduced sulfur accumulates in the product gas in the form of hydrogen sulfide.

The separation of sulfur from sodium is an important prerequisite for the

application of modified alkaline cooking technologies including split sulfidity

pulping, polysulfide pulping and AS/AQ pulping [51]. The prospects for commercializing

BLGCC appear quite promising, and although a number of open technical

issues have still to be solved, commercialization is expected within the next

five to ten years [25].

References

1 Hurter AM, in Tappi Pulping

Conference, Vol. 1, Tappi, New Orleans,

1988, p. 139.

2 Klemm D, Philipp B, Heinze T,

Heinze U, Wagenknecht W, Comprehensive

Cellulose Chemistry, Vol. 1.

Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim,

Germany, 1998.

3 Rowell R, Young RA, Rowell J, Paper

and composites from agro-based resources.

Lewis Publishers, 1997.

4 Temming H, Grunert H, Huckfeldt H,

Temming Linters: technical information

about cotton cellulose. J.J. Augustin,

Gluckstadt, 1972.

5 Batra SK, Other long vegetable fibres,

Vol. 15. Marcel Dekker, Inc., Jerusalem,

Israel, 1998.

6 Wakelyn PJ, Bertoniere NR, French AD,

Zeronian SH, Nevell TP,

Thibodeaux DP, Blanchard EJ,

Calamari TA, Triplett BA, Bragg CK,

Welch CM, Timpa JD, Franklin WE,

Reinhardt RM, Vigo TL, Cotton Fibres,

Vol. 15, Marcel Dekker, Inc., Jerusalem,

Israel, 1998.

7 Tomlinson GHT, Schwartz JN, Pulp

Paper Mag.C an., 1946; 47: 71.

8 Tomlinson GHT. US Patent 2406867

19460903, 1946.

9 Hornke R, Wochenbl.f. Papierf., 1972:

98: 895.

10 Clement JL, Tappi, 1966; 49: 127A.

11 Herrlander B, Pulp Paper Can., 1982; 83:

T208.

12 Bernhard R, Backman K, in TAPPI

Pulping Conference, 1981, p. 329.

13 Reilama I, in CPPA Sulphite Committee:

Chemical RecoveryWorkshop, Montreal,

1979, p. 186.

14 Reilama I, Hassinen I, Rasanen R, Pulp

Paper Can., 1981; 82: T37.

15 Reilama I, Hauki T, Tappi Proceedings,

1982, 41.

References 19

16 Vuojolainen TJ, Romantschuk H,

in International Sulphite Conference,

Montreal, 1978, p. 19.

17 Cross CF, Bevan EJ, Beadle C, British

Patent 8700, 1892.

18 Miles GW, A.P. 838 350, 1904.

19 Eichengrun A, Becker, Guntrum, D.R.P.

252,706, 1905.

20 Wizani W, Krotscheck A, Schuster J,

Lackner K, in WO9412719 PCT Pub.,

1994.

21 Toland J, Galasso L, Lees D, Rodden G,

in Pulp Paper International,

Vol. Paperloop, 2002, p. 5.

22 Ingruber OV, Sulfite Science & Technology,

Vol. 4, Tappi, CPPA, Atlanta, Montreal,

1985.

23 Fengel D, Wegener G, Wood, Chemistry,

Ultrastructure, Reactions, W. Degruyter,

Berlin, New York, 1989.

24 Teder A, Olm L, Pap.P uu, 1981; 63: 315.

25 Axegard P, Backlund B, STFI, Swedish

Pulp and Paper Research Institute,

Stockholm, Sweden, 2003.

26 European Commission, 2001.

27 d. Souza F, Kolar MC, Kringstad KP,

Swanson EE, Rappe C, Glas B, Tappi,

1989, 147.

28 Bright D, Hodson P, Lehtinen K-J,

McKague B, Rodgers J, Solomon K,

Evaluation of ecological risks associated

with the use of chlorine dioxide for the

bleaching of pulp. Scientific Progress

since 1993. SETAC Press, 2003.

29 T. A. f. E. T. AET, 2003.

30 Sixta H, Lenzing AG, Lenzing, 2004.

31 Arppe M, Das Papier, 2001, 45.

32 Atchison JE, Tappi, 1996; 79: 87.

33 Atchison JE, in North American Nonwood

Fiber Symposium, Tappi, 1998.

34 Judt M, Das Papier, 2001, 41.

35 CEPI, in Special Recycling 2003 Statistics

– Confederation of European Paper

Industry, 2004.

36 Krassig HA, Cellulose: Structure, Accessibility

and Reactivity, Vol. 11. Gordon and

Breach Science Publishers, 1993.

37 World paper markets up to 2015, in

know-how wire, Jaakko Poyry Magazine,

2003, p. 5.

38 Franzreb JP, Papier, 1989; 43: V94.

39 Hergert HL, Developments in organosolv

pulping – an overview. John Wiley &

Sons, Inc., 1998.

40 Kleinert TN, Tayenthal K, in AT 124738

19310515, 1931.

41 Kleinert TN, Tayenthal KV, Angewandte

Chemie, 1931; 44: 788.

42 Muurinen E, PhD thesis, University of

Oulu (Oulu), 2000.

43 Hartler N, Svensk.P apperstidn., 1978; 15:

483.

44 Teder A, Olm L, Paperi ja Puu – Papper

och Tra, 1981; 4: 315.

45 Larson ED, McDonald GW, Yang W,

Frederick WJ, Iisa K, Kreutz TG,

Malcolm EW, Brown CA, Tappi, 2000;

83: 1.

46 Patt R, Kordsachia O, Deutsches

Patentamt 1985, DE 3518005 A1, 1.

47 Patt R, Kordsachia O, Das Papier, 1986;

40: 1.

48 Patt R, Kordsachia O, Rose B, Wochenbl.

f.P apierf., 2002, 892.

49 McDonough TJ, van Drunen VJ,

Paulson TW, J.P ulp Paper Sci., 1985; 11:

167.

50 Patt R, Kordsachia O, Rose B, in Seventh

International Conference on New Available

Technologies. SPCI, Stockholm,

Sweden, 2002, p. 26.

51 Dahlquist E, Jones A, Tappi, 2005; 4: 15.

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%!9:; __,+<__2===__

Handbook of Pulp

Edited by Herbert Sixta

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100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Drum length [m]

Log surface cleanliness [%]

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Variable pressure air seal debarking

ring (O 31...183 cm)

Variable pressure bellow air seal ring

(O 31...56 cm)

Variable pressure air cell debarking ring

(O 31...112 cm)

Stringy bark slitter ring for difficult species

(O 56...89 cm)

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Length 15...25 mm

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______ !(_<=__ .___ _ 2_M=<_

109

Chemical Pulping Processes

Herbert Sixta, Antje Potthast, Andreas W. Krotschek

4.1

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