Isbn: 3-527-30999-3

Edited by

Herbert Sixta

Further of Interest

H. Holik (Ed.)

Handbook of Paper and Board

2006, Isbn 3-527-30997-7

Handbook of Pulp

Edited by

Herbert Sixta

Editor

Dr. Herbert Sixta

Lindenweg 7

4860 Lenzing

Austria

_ All books published by Wiley-VCH are

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© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA,

Weinheim

All rights reserved (including those of

translation into other languages).

No part of this book may be reproduced

in any form – nor transmitted or translated

into machine language without written

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are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Printed on acid-free paper.

Cover Grafik-Design Schulz, Fu.gonheim

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ISBN-13: 978-3-527-30999-3

ISBN-10: 3-527-30999-3

This book is dedicated to my friend and teacher,

Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Josef (Joe) S. Gratzl.

VII

Preface XXIII

List of Contributors XXVII

List of Abbreviations XXIX

Volume 1

Part I Chemical Pulping 1

1 Introduction 3

Herbert Sixta

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 The History of Papermaking 4

1.3 Technology, End-uses, and the Market Situation 8

1.4 Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers 14

1.5 Outlook 15

2 Raw Material for Pulp 21

Gerald Koch

2.1 Wood 21

2.1.1 Chemical Composition of Wood 22

2.1.1.1 Cellulose 23

2.1.1.2 Hemicelluloses 28

2.1.1.3 Lignin 30

2.1.1.4 Extractives 33

2.1.1.5 Inorganic Components 39

2.1.2 Wood Structure and Morphology 41

2.1.2.1 Ultrastructure and Distribution of Cell Wall Components 41

2.1.2.2 Lignification of the Cell Walls 44

2.1.2.3 Functional Elements of the Conducting System 46

Contents

Handbook of Pulp. Edited by Herbert Sixta (Ed.)

Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Isbn: 3-527-30999-3

VIII

2.1.3 The Microscopic Structure of Wood 48

2.1.3.1 Cell Types 48

2.1.3.2 Softwood and Hardwood Structure 50

2.1.3.3 Reaction Wood 54

2.1.3.4 Juvenile Wood 56

2.1.3.5 Secondary Changes 56

2.2 Outlook 59

2.2.1 Nano-structure of Fibers 59

2.2.2 Topochemical Distribution of Lignin and Phenolic Extractives 61

3 Wood Yard Operations 69

Jorg B. Ressel

3.1 Raw Material Storage 69

3.2 Debarking 71

3.2.1 Debarking Methods 72

3.2.1.1 Drum Debarker 72

3.2.1.2 Rotary Debarker 76

3.2.1.3 Ring Debarkers 77

3.3 Chipping and Screening 79

3.3.1 Disc Chipper 80

3.3.2 Drum Chipper 84

3.3.3 The Andritz HQ™-Sizer and Rechipper 86

3.3.4 Chip Conditioner 87

3.3.5 Chipper Canter Line: Profiling Line in Softwood Sawmills 88

3.4 Chip screening 89

3.4.1 Mechanical Screening 89

3.4.2 Wind Screening 93

3.4.3 Air Density Separator (ADS) 94

3.5 Process Control and Automation 95

3.6 Transport and Handling Systems 95

3.6.1 Log Handling 97

3.6.2 Stationary Conveyor Systems 97

3.6.3 Chip Storage 98

3.6.3.1 Chip Storage Systems 101

3.6.4 Wood Yard Losses and Waste Reduction 104

3.6.4.1 Specific Causes of Waste Generation 105

3.6.4.2 Pollution Prevention Options 105

4 Chemical Pulping Processes 109

Herbert Sixta, Antje Potthast, Andreas W. Krotschek