Impregnation 153

– numerical solution of diffusion equation

162–163

axial impregnation, NaOH concentration

profile 154

axial parenchyma

– hardwoods 54

– softwoods 51

axial velocity profile, hydrocyclone 581

AZP sequence 949

b

B.I.R. see Bureau International de la

Recuperation

baldcypress, average moisture content 125

balsam fir, chemical composition of wood 23

bamboo fibers, cell dimensions and chemical

composition 4

BAR see benzilic acid rearrangement

bark

– lignins 33

– selective removal 593

bark and chips, waste generation 105

bark cells 1076

barrier separation 563

base flow, hydrocyclone 579–580

basic statistics, recovered paper 1165–1176

Basidiomycetes, alternative bleaching

methods 886

bast fibers, cell dimensions and chemical

composition 4

batch cooking

– comparison of results 274–295

– equipment in comparison to continuous

cooking 366

– standard 229–234

– technology and equipment 367–376

batch digesters 367–368

Bauer-McNett apparatus, fiber fractionation

1274

beating, pulp 1281

beating resistance, pulp 1011

beech, chemical composition 360, 451

– density and void volume 128

– Visbatch® process conditions 365

– viscosity–H-factor relationship 452

beech acid sulfite dissolving pulp 806

– drying conditions 1056

beech magnesium acid sulfite cook

– carbohydrate derived components as

function of H-factor 447

– cellulose, R10/R18 and H-factor 442

– b- and c-cellulose as function of H-factor

443

– COOH and xylan content 441

– dissolved wood components and

degradation products 446

– H-factor–SO2 amount relation 435

– pulp composition 439

– residual xylan–H-factor relation 444

– wood component yield 438

beech sulfite cooks, pulp and spent liquor

compositions 448

beech sulfite dissolving pulp

– alkalization 938

– degree of crystallinity 1042

– differential MWD 845, 1040

– PZ-treatment 1040

– ZP-treatment 1039

beechwood

– carbohydrates and xylose concentration in

prehydrolysis 336

– composition 330

– kinetic parameters for prehydrolysis weightloss

332

– water prehydrolysis wood yield temporal

development 331

– see also Fagus sylvatica

beechwood acid magnesium bisulfite pulping,

HSO3

––H-factor relation 460

beechwood acid sulfite cooking, wood

components degradation 437–449

beechwood sulfite dissolving pulp,

Viscosity–extinction 433

belt conveyor, log handling 98

belt washers, pulp washing equipment

551–552

benzilic acid rearrangement 176

benzylium cation

– electron density distribution 409

– formation 409

– LUMO-distribution 409

benzylium ion, condensation reaction with

weakly nucleophilic resonance form 415

BET method 1267

Betula 37

Betula papyrifera

– chemical composition of wood 23

– inorganic composition 40

– kinetic parameters for xylan water

prehydrolysis 333

Betula pendula

– black liquor composition 968

– chemical composition 360, 451

Index 1295

Betula verrucosa

– chemical composition of wood 23

– diffusion coefficient 148–149

– hemicelluloses, nonglucosic units 29

Bevan, Edward J. 7

bicarbonate-buffered peroxide solutions,

stablity in water 863

bio-refinery 994

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 72, 629,

1001, 1005, 1138

– increased 72

biodegradation plants, effluent treatment

1001

biological oxygen demand 1138

biomass, yearly production 15

birch

– black liquor composition 968

– chemical composition 360, 451

– diffusion coefficient 148–149

– Lo-Solids™ laboratory cooks 301–302

– Visbatch® process conditions 365

– viscosity–H-factor relationship 452

birch lignin 33

birch wood 37

bisulfite, pH range 393

bisulfite-acid sulfite process 468–469

bisulfite-MgO process 467–468

bisulfite-neutral sulfite process 468–469

bisulfite processes 466–471

bisulfite(-soda) cook, aspen 468

bitternut hickory, average moisture content

125

Bjerrum diagram, conventional kraft cook

118

black cooks 406

black liquor

– acetic acid 968

– aliphatic carboxylic acids 968

– alkalinity 120

– boiling point 970

– characterization 967–970

– chemical composition 967–970

– composition 120, 967–970

– density 971

– 3-deoxypentonic acid 968

– dry solids content 971

– dynamic viscosity 136

– evaporation 974–980

– excess heat capacity 973

– fatty acids 967

– fiber removal 371, 380

– formic acid 968

– gasification 18, 992–994

– glucoisosacharinic acid 968

– glycolic acid 968

– heat capacity 973

– heating values 969

– hot see hot black liquor

– 2-hydroxybutanoic acid 968

– kraft pulping 111–112

– kraft recovery boiler 985

– lactic acid 968

– neutralization curve 121

– organic constituents 967

– physical properties 970–973

– pre-thickening 975

– recovery furnace 968

– regeneration 112

– resin 967

– surface properties 136

– surface tension 971

– thermal conductivity 972

– viscosity 970–973

– warm black liquor 372–376

– water content 979

– xyloisosaccharinic acid 968

– see also liquor(s), white liquor

black liquor dissolved polysaccharides 967

black liquor solids 983

– heating values 969

black spruce

– effect of steam pressure during presteaming

130

– kraft pulp sheets 800

black wattle, chemical composition of wood

23

bleach plant liquor circulation 887–894

bleachability 634

– b-aryl ether structures 265

– AS pulp 478

– ASAM pulp 273

– chromophore groups 726

– correlation with b-aryl ether structures

content 265

– influence of modified kraft cooking

264–274

– MCC-cooked pulp 296

– TCF pulp bleaching 267

bleached chemical pulp, global production

10

bleached commercial paper pulp

– fiber dimensions 1021

– molecular weight distribution 1019

bleached hardwood sulfite pulp, reflectance

and absorption coefficient spectra 611

bleached kraft pulp, emission levels 1005