- •Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •2006, Isbn 3-527-30997-7
- •Volume 1
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4.1 Introduction 109
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction 185
- •4.3.1 Introduction 392
- •5.1 Introduction 511
- •6.1 Introduction 561
- •6.2.1 Introduction 563
- •6.4.1 Introduction 579
- •Volume 2
- •7.3.1 Introduction 628
- •7.4.1 Introduction 734
- •7.5.1 Introduction 777
- •7.6.1 Introduction 849
- •7.10.1 Introduction 887
- •8.1 Introduction 933
- •1 Introduction 1071
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and
- •1 Introduction 1149
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •150.000 Annual Fiber Flow[kt]
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Void volume
- •Void volume fraction
- •Xylan and Fiber Morphology
- •Initial bulk residual
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction
- •In (Ai) Model concept Reference
- •Initial value
- •Validation and Application of the Kinetic Model
- •Inititial
- •Viscosity
- •Influence on Bleachability
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Introduction
- •International
- •Impregnation
- •Influence of Substituents on the Rate of Hydrolysis
- •140 116 Total so2
- •Xylonic
- •Viscosity Brightness
- •Xyl Man Glu Ara Furf hoAc XyLa
- •Initial NaOh charge [% of total charge]:
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In 1950, about 50% of the global paper production was produced. This proportion
- •4.0% Worldwide; 4.2% for the cepi countries; and 4.8% for Germany.
- •1150 1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Virgin fibers
- •74.4 % Mixed grades
- •Indonesia
- •Virgin fibers
- •Inhomogeneous sample Homogeneous sample
- •Variance of sampling Variance of measurement
- •1.Quartile
- •3.Quartile
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Integral
- •In Newtonion liquid
- •Velocity
- •Increasing dp
- •2Α filter
- •0 Reaction time
- •Increasing interaction of probe and cellulose
- •Increasing hydrodynamic size
- •Vessel cell of beech
- •Initial elastic range
- •Internal flow
- •Intact structure
- •Viscosity 457
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1292 Index
- •Visbatch® pulp 354
- •Index 1293
- •1294 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Viscosity–extinction 433
- •Index 1295
- •1296 Index
- •Index 1297
- •Inhibitor 789
- •1298 Index
- •Index 1299
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •1300 Index
- •Industries
- •Index 1301
- •1302 Index
- •Index 1303
- •Xylose 463
- •1304 Index
- •Index 1305
- •1306 Index
- •Index 1307
- •1308 Index
- •In conventional kraft cooking 232
- •Visbatch® pulp 358
- •Index 1309
- •In prehydrolysis-kraft process 351
- •Visbatch® cook 349–350
- •1310 Index
- •Index 1311
- •1312 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1313
- •Viscosity 459
- •Interactions 327
- •1314 Index
- •Index 1315
- •Viscosity 459
- •1316 Index
- •Index 1317
- •Xylose 461
- •Index 1319
- •Visbatch® pulp 355
- •Impregnation 151–158
- •1320 Index
- •Index 1321
- •1322 Index
- •Xylan water prehydrolysis 333
- •Index 1323
- •1324 Index
- •Viscosity 459
- •Index 1325
- •Xylose 940
- •1326 Index
- •Index 1327
- •In selected kinetics model 228–229
- •4OMeGlcA 940
- •1328 Index
- •Index 1329
- •Intermediate molecule 164–165
- •1330 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1331
- •1332 Index
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •Index 1333
- •1334 Index
- •Index 1335
- •1336 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Index 1337
- •1338 Index
- •Viscose process 7
- •Index 1339
- •Volumetric reject ratio 590
- •1340 Index
- •Index 1341
- •1342 Index
- •Index 1343
- •1344 Index
- •Index 1345
- •Initiator 788
- •Xylose 463
- •1346 Index
- •Index 1347
- •Vessel 385
- •Index 1349
- •1350 Index
- •Xylan 834
- •1352 Index
5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and
Cleaning 1113
Jurgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann
5.1 Basic Principles and Parameters 1113
5.2 Machines and Aggregates for Screening and Cleaning 1114
5.3 Reject Treatment and Heat Recovery 1121
6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp 1123
Hans-Ulrich Suss
6.1 Bleaching with Dithionite 1124
6.2 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide 1126
6.3 Technology of Mechanical Pulp Bleaching 1134
7 Latency and Properties of Mechanical Pulp 1137
Jurgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann
7.1 Latency of Mechanical Pulp 1137
7.2 Properties of Mechanical Pulp 1138
XVIII Contents
III Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers 1147
Hans-Joachim Putz
1 Introduction 1149
2 Relevance of Recycled Fibers as Paper Raw Material 1153
3 Recovered Paper Grades 1157
3.1 Europe 1157
3.2 North America and Japan 1161
3.2.1 United States 1162
3.2.2 Japan 1163
4 Basic Statistics 1165
4.1 Utilization Rate 1167
4.2 Recovery Rate 1170
4.3 Recycling Rate 1173
4.4 Deinked Pulp Capacities 1174
4.5 Future Development of the Use of Recovered Paper 1175
5 Collection of Recovered Paper 1177
5.1 Pre-Consumer Recovered Paper 1178
5.2 Post-Consumer Recovered Paper 1178
5.2.1 Pick-Up Systems 1178
5.2.2 Drop-Off Systems 1179
5.3 Efficiency of Different Collection Systems 1180
5.4 Municipal Solid Waste 1181
6 Sources of Recovered Paper 1183
7 Sorting, Handling, and Storage of Recovered Paper 1187
7.1 Sorting 1187
7.2 Handling 1189
7.3 Storage 1190
8 Legislation for the Use of Recycled Fibers 1191
8.1 Europe 1192
8.2 United States of America 1195
8.3 Japan 1198
Appendix: European List of Standard Grades of Recovered Paper and
Board (February, 1999) 1203
Contents XIX
IV Analytical Characterization of Pulps 1211
Erich Gruber
1 Fundamentals of Quality Control Procedures 1213
1.1 The Role of QC 1214
1.2 Basics of QC-statistics 1214
1.3 Sampling 1216
1.4 Conditions for Testing and/or Conditioning 1216
1.5 Disintegration 1217
2 Determination of Low Molecular-Weight Components 1219
2.1 Moisture 1219
2.2 Inorganic Components 1219
2.2.1 Ashes 1220
2.2.1.1 Total Ash 1220
2.2.1.2 Sulfated Ash 1220
2.2.1.3 Acid-Insoluble Ash 1220
2.2.2 Determination of Single Elements 1221
2.2.2.1 Survey of Chemical Procedures 1221
2.2.2.2 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) 1222
2.2.2.3 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XFS) 1223
2.2.2.4 Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Application (ESCA) 1223
2.3 Extractives 1224
2.3.1 Water Extractives 1224
2.3.1.1 Test Water 1224
2.3.1.2 Cold Water Extraction 1225
2.3.1.3 Hot Water Extraction 1225
2.3.1.4 Analysis of Water Extracts 1225
2.4 Chlorine Compounds 1225
3 Macromolecular Composition 1227
3.1 Lignin Content 1227
3.2 Extent of Delignification 1228
3.2.1 Roe Number 1228
3.2.2 Chlorine Number 1228
3.2.3 Kappa Number (Permanganate Number) 1228
3.3 Alkali Resistance and Solubility 1229
3.3.1 Alkali-Soluble Components 1229
3.3.2 a-, b-, and c-cellulose 1229
3.3.3 R18 and S18 values 1230
3.4 Composition of Polysaccharides 1231
3.4.1 Determination of Monosaccharides after Hydrolysis 1231
3.4.1.1 Gas Chromatography 1231
3.4.1.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography 1232
XX Contents
3.4.1.3 Liquid Chromatography 1232
3.4.2 Determination of Pentosans after Hydrolysis 1233
3.4.3 Determination of Uronic Acids after Hydrolysis 1233
3.5 Functional Groups 1234
3.5.1 Carbonyl Functions 1234
3.5.1.1 Copper Number 1235
3.5.1.2 Sodium Borohydride Method 1236
3.5.1.3 Hydrazine Method 1236
3.5.1.4 Oxime Method 1236
3.5.1.5 Girard-P Method 1237
3.5.1.6 Cyanohydrin Method 1237
3.5.1.7 Fluorescent Dying 1237
3.5.2 Carboxyl Functions 1238
3.6 Degree of Polymerization (Molecular Mass) 1239
3.6.1 Solvents for Cellulose 1240
3.6.1.1 CUOXAM 1241
3.6.1.2 CUEN 1241
3.6.1.3 Iron Sodium Tartrate (EWNN) 1241
3.6.2 Diverse Average Values of Molecular Mass and Index of
Nonuniformity 1241
3.6.3 Methods to Determine Molar Mass (“Molecular Weight”) 1243
3.6.3.1 Osmosis 1243
3.6.3.2 Scattering Methods 1245
3.6.4 ViscosityMeasurements 1248
3.6.4.1 Solution Viscosity as a Measure of Macromolecular Chain Length 1248
3.6.4.2 ViscosityMeasurements on Cellulose Pulps 1251
3.6.5 Molecular Weight Distribution 1251
3.6.5.1 Fractional Precipitation or Solution 1251
3.6.5.2 Size-Exclusion (Gel-Permeation) Chromatography 1252
4 Characterization of Supermolecular Structures 1257
4.1 Crystallinity 1257
4.1.1 Degree of Crystallinity 1257
4.1.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction 1259
4.1.1.2 Solid-phase NMR-Spectroscopy 1261
4.1.1.3 Reaction Kinetics 1262
4.1.1.4 Density Measurements 1262
4.1.2 Dimension of Crystallites 1263
4.1.3 Orientation of Crystallites 1265
4.2 Accessibility, Voids, and Pores 1265
4.2.1 Porosity 1266
4.2.2 Accessible Surface 1267
4.3 Water and Solvent Retention 1268
Contents XXI
4.3.1 Total Water Uptake 1268
4.3.2 Free and Bound Water 1268
5 Fiber Properties 1269
5.1 Identification of Fibers 1269
5.1.1 Morphological Characterization 1269
5.1.2 Visible and UV Microscopy 1271
5.1.3 Electron Microscopy 1271
5.2 Fiber Dimensions 1272
5.2.1 Fiber Length and Width 1273
5.2.1.1 MicroscopicMethods and Image Analysis 1273
5.2.1.2 Fiber Fractionation by Screening 1274
5.2.2 Coarseness 1275
5.3 Mechanical Properties 1275
5.3.1 Single Fiber Properties 1275
5.3.1.1 Wet Fiber Properties 1275
5.3.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Dry Fibers 1277
5.3.2 Sheet Properties 1278
5.3.2.1 Preparation of Laboratory Sheets for Physical Testing 1278
5.3.2.2 Determination of Mechanical Pulp Sheet Properties 1279
5.4 Optical Properties of Laboratory Sheets 1279
6 Papermaking Properties of Pulps 1281
6.1 Beating 1281
6.2 Drainage Resistance 1281
6.3 Drainage (Dewatering) Time 1283
6.4 Aging 1284
6.4.1 Accelerated Aging 1284
Index 1291
XXII Contents
XXIII
Preface
Pulp is a fibrous material resulting from complex manufacturing processes that
involve the chemical and/or mechanical treatment of various types of plant material.
Today, wood provides the basis for approximately 90% of global pulp production,
while the remaining 10% originates from annual plants. Pulp is one of the
most abundant raw materials worldwide which is used predominantly as a major
component in the manufacture of paper and paperboard, and with increasing
importance also in the form of a wide variety of cellulose products in the textile,
food, and pharmaceutical industries.
The pulp industry is globally competitive and attractive from the standpoint of
sustainability and environmental compatibility. In many ways, this industry is an
ideal example of a desirable, self-sustaining industry which contributes favorably
to many areas of our daily lives. Moreover, there is no doubt that it will continue
to play an important role in the future.
Although the existing pulp technology has its origins in the 19th century, it has
still a very high potential of further innovations covering many areas of science.
Knowledge of the pulping processes has been greatly extended since Pulping Processes
– the unsurpassed book of Sven A. Rydholm – was first published in 1965.
Not only has the technology advanced and new technology emerged, but our
knowledge on structure–property relationships has also deepened considerably. It
is self-evident that the competitiveness of pulp and its products produced thereof
can only be maintained through continuous innovations at the highest possible
level.
A recent publication which comprised a series of 19 books on Papermaking
Science and Technology, and was edited by Johan Gullichsen and Hannu Paulapuro,
provided a comprehensive account of progress and current knowledge in pulping
and papermaking. The aim of the present book, however, is initially to provide a
short, general survey on pulping processes, followed by a comprehensive review
in certain specialized areas of pulping chemistry and technology. Consequently,
the book is divided into four part: Part I, Chemical Pulp; Part II, Mechanical Pulp;
Part III, Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers; and Part IV, the Analytical Characterization
of Pulps.
In Part I, Chapter 2 and 3 describe the fundamentals of wood structure and
woodyard operations, whilst in Chapter 4 emphasis is placed on the chemistry
Handbook of Pulp. Edited by Herbert Sixta
Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim