Index 1311

– model of contact with external solution

520

– thickness distributions after centrifugal

cleaning 585

fibers

– agricultural fibers 4

– cell components 46

– cell dimensions and chemical

composition 4

– cellulose 1047

– commercial paper pulp 1021

– compression forces 1275

– defibration 1083

– deflocculation 562

– deformation 1137

– deliberation 1113

– dimensions 1021, 1272–1275

– dry 1267, 1277

– Fagus sylvatica 45

– FSP see fiber saturation point

– hardwoods 4, 123–124

– heterogeneity 123

– hornification 1284

– identification 1269–1271

– material consumption, paper production

1153

– morphology 180–181, 1051–1052,

1269–1271

– nano-structure 59–61

– native fibers 1047

– nonwood 9, 13

– oxygen 688

– ozone 807

– pits 123

– polymer components 1257

– polynosic-type 1027

– properties 1269–1280

– rattan 50

– recycled 1147–1210

– regenerated 7, 1047

– selective passage (screening theory)

570–572

– single see single fibers

– softening 1080–1083

– softwoods 4, 123

– specific surface 514, 1267

– strength properties 1036–1037

– stress-strain characteristics 1277

– suspended 1272

– viscose 1036–1037, 1061

– wet 1275–1277

– width 1273–1274

– wood cells 49

– X-ray diagrams 1264

– xylan 180–181

– see also pulp fibers

fibrillar morphology, pulp 1047

fibrillar structure, cellulose 41–42

fibrous bark, ring debarkers 77

Fick’s laws of diffusion

– first 142–143, 220, 517

– second 138, 152, 219, 518

field emission-SEM 60

filtrate concentration

– degree of closure 892–893

– open bleaching stage 892

filtrate separator 990

filtration behavior, pulp 1281

filtration pressure, in relation to relative

pressure washer capacity 536

final bleaching

– chlorine dioxide 756

– peroxide 1038

final chlorine dioxide stage, high

temperature 765

final pH

– chlorine dioxide bleaching 738

– oxygen delignification 705–706

fines

– beech pulp 1020

– deliberation 1113

finite difference method 228

finite geometric progression 541

flavonoids

– hardwoods 38

– softwoods 37

flax fibers, cell dimensions and chemical

composition 4

flexibility, single fiber 1276

flexural stress, resistance 1279

flow discharger, Sulzer 627

flow pattern, hydrocyclone 580

flow rate, centrifugal cleaning operating

parameters 587

flow regime

– centrifugal cleaning theory 580–581

– EMCC®/ITC 387

– Lo-Solids™ process 389

– MCC 385

– screening theory 564–565

flow vectors, screen basket 565

FlowHeater, Metso 622

FlowScraper

– Metso 625–626

flue gas

– constituents 982–983

1312 Index

– humidity 984

– kraft recovery boiler 985

– lime cycle processes 991

fluidization, pulp 614–615

fluorescent dying, functional groups

determination 1237

foil rotor, cross section 564

forces, acting on a particle in a hydrocyclone

583

formaldehyde, elmination kraft pulping

reactions 169

formate

– hot caustic extract 961

– ozone decomposition, initiator 789

formic acid

– black liquor composition 968

– cellulose protecting additive 819

– polysaccharide chain cleavage 662

5-formylfurancarboxylic acid, formation 421

foul condensate 978

four-stage cleaning, cascade feedback

arrangement 597

Fourier transmission infra-red 159

fractional washing 528

fractionation

– capacity, chip screens 91

– efficiency 590–592

– pulp 561–606

– screening and cleaning applications 594

fractionation index 591–592

– as function of the mass reject ratio 600

fractionation systems 594, 599–600

– design principles 594–596

Fraxinus excelsior

– density and void volume 128

– hemicelluloses, nonglucosic units 29

– ring-porous hardwoods 53

free radical, hydroxyl 647

free water 1268

freeness 1268

– mechanical pulp 1138

– Schopper-Riegler method 1282

– water suspended fibers 1172

freeze-drying, pore preservation 1055

freezing bound water 1053

frequency functions, change 676

fringe fibrillar model, supramolecular

structure 1041

FS-SEM see field emission-SEM

FSP see fiber saturation point

FTIR see Fourier transmission infra-red

functional groups 1037–1041, 1234–1239

– commercial paper-grade pulp 1014

– determination 1016

– dissolving pulp characterization 1062

– residual lignin 635

furans, effluent content 1000

furfural 328–338, 419, 444–449, 1004, 1231,

1233

– content as function of H-factor 447

– formation 455

– spent liquor content as function of