Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
перевод книги швед начало и глава1.doc
Скачиваний:
25
Добавлен:
20.11.2018
Размер:
5.13 Mб
Скачать

Integral

distribution

1___ __9 ._ ___ __ ___ __ _ _________ ____ &_____ ______ _ _______"_ __'_

___'

___3 _ ________ ____ __________

_ ______ __ ________ ____ ___ _____ _ __ _______ __ _ _________ _____ _____'

_ __ _______ __ _ ___ __ B __ ____ __ ____ __ _______ ____ _ _ ___ _ ____

_____ ___ ____ __ ___ __ _______ ____ __ ____ ___ _____ _ __ __ ___ ______ _

___ __________ _ _____ __

__)__

- _2____ _ _ _____ __

_ ____ _ _________ ___ __&__ _ _____ ___ _ _____ _____ ____ _____ __ ___'

_ ____ 3__ __ ___ __ ____ ___ __ _____ ____ __ _ ______ _ ___ __ _ ___'

_&__ __ _ ___ _____ _ _____ __ ________&___ __ _ _ _"____ ______ _____ _ _

__ __ ________ _ _______ _______ _ _____ _ ____ ____ ___________ _ ______'

____ _________________

( ______ _ ___ _ __ __ _ ____ __ _ _____ _ _ __ __ __ _________ __

____ *_+_ __ __ _ _____ ____ _____ ____ _ __ _ __ ____ ___"__ _______

__ __ ___ _ _______ __ ____ 3 ___ _____ _________ _ ______ __ _ _______

__ ___ _ ___ __ _ __ __ _ ____ ___ ___ _________ _ _______ ____ ___

______ H____ ___I __ __________ _ ____ ______ ____ __ _________ ( _

_____ _ _____ ___ _,____ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _____ ____ ___ _________ _

_ ___ ____ ___ ___ ________ )__ _________ _ __ _ __ ______ ____ _____ ___ __'

_ __ _____ __ _______ __ ___ ___ ________ _ _ __ ____ __ __ __ _ ______ __

___ _______ _ "_____ _ _____ ____________ ___ ____ _ _______ _"___ _____'

____ __ ___ ___ ___ __ __ __ _______ _ _ _"____ _____ _ _ _______ _________

___ __ ____ ____ ___ __ __ _______ __ _ ___"___ _ _____

6___ ___ 02_____ ______ _ __ __ _________ %___ __ _____ __ _ __________

*__ _. _ _ ____ _ ____+_

3-CP(B

_)____&__Q_

________

3 ____ "___'___ ___ G___ ___ _D ____ ___ _ __________

____ _&_ ______ ____ __ ______ _ "____D

_______ ______ _ _ ___________ __ __

__ ____ _

3-2:2

_32G_

3 ____ ______________ ___ _D _____ ___ ___ _______

___ _____&___ _

3(GCP2:

_3(GCP__

3______ "___ __ _______

_______

2___ ______ ___ _______ ________

2_:: _ _ ___ _ ____ ________ 8____ _D __ _ ____ ____ _____ _ _____

__'_ ___ _

GB(F__3 G______________'______

_ ____

B _____ ____ ____ __ ____ _ ____

________ __ __ _ ___ __

:B:C _'_ ___ ___ _' "___

_______

__ ! "_ __ _____ __#_____ $___ ____ __%

__)____ _8<=*_

_____'_____' _____ _'____ "____ /3__:%*_01_C%_+_*%+C _)____&__Q_ _________

__ ________ __ ____ ____ ____ _ ____ __ +5? ___ ___ ___ "___&___ ___ _'

___ ________ ___ _ ____ __ ___ "___ __ _________ (___________ ______ ______'

_____ 3_C __ ____ ___ __ +5? ___ ___ /E+1_ 3___ ________ ___ ____ ___ _____

___ _ _____ _ _ _ 3__ _________ ' ___"_ ____ _ ____ __ _ _______ ____ _

_________ ___ G_ _ __ ___ ( ________ ____ _ ___ ____ _ _______ __ O_'

______ /E*1_

__)____ _8__ _"_

___ ____ H___I __ ____ __ _ __ ______ _____ _ _ ____'_______'_______'_ _'

__ _ _3G2__ _ _______ ___ _ _ ___ __ 3__C%_+ __ ___________ __ _ _ ____ __'

____ _ ___ _ __ ___ ___ ___ :_C%_ ___ ___ ____ ____ "___ __ ____ ___ __

_______ ________

__)____ >_ _ - ,_ 6_______ $_?__& _")

(_ _,____ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ ____ ________ ___" __ ________ __ ______

K_3*_6%+C _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ ________ ___ ______ :_C% ___ _ ___ ____'

____ _ _ ____ _ _ ______&___ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ /E61_

__)__

__2____ *2_____ @____ _ _ ______ ____ __, >_,__ _ _ ____ ___.

( ____ __ ____ _ _ _ _____ ____ ___ _____ __ ____ __ __ _______ ______ _

___ _ ____ ____ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ __ __ _"_____ ____ _ __ _ _____'

____ ____ _ __ __ ________ ____ __ ______ __ ________ ___ ___ _ ___

_______ _ _ _ ____ __ _____ _______ % ______ _ __ ____ __ ___ _ _ ______

_________ _ ___ ______ _ _ ____ __ ___ _____ ______ ____ __ ___ _ _ ___ _

H ___I__ K _ _"_____ ____ _________ __ _ _____ ___ _ ___ __ _________

__ _ ____ _ ___Q_ _ ____ _____ 3 __________ ____ ____ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ___

______ H______I ___ _ _____ ___ __ _____ _ ____ ____ _____ _ ___ _________

______ _ ___ ____ __ ______ _____ __ /______ ________ __ _______ __ 2__ _@_1_

__ _ _

_

5

_+

_

_ _

5

__

_ _

_

5

___

_ _

5

__

_@_

__ _

__

_

_

5

__

_____ __ L _______ ______ ____ _H______ _______I_ ___ __ L ______ _ ___ _'___'

__ __

____

_ ________ ____ __________

C____ _______ ____ __ ___ _________ _ _ ____ _______ __ _______ _ _ _____

____ ___ __ _ __ ___ ______ _ ___ _ ____ ______ ____ ____ *_*__

6___ ___ .____ ____ ______ _ _________ ____ ___ ______ _

_______"_ __ &.3'+ __ ____ __ _____ __ _____

6.__ _

___

?___!___

____ _

*2_____ ______ A___!_ *2_____ _% *___._____ __! ,

8_____

_ ____

_ __ _ ______@

_

_____

_ _ _____

_

______@

_

_ _ ___ __@

_

___ _

_

:_____

_______

______

5 __ _ _____

___

_ _ ___ _

___

2__'__ __

___________ _

C__ ___

______

_______

@ __ _ ____+

_

_____ _ _____

___

_ _ ___ +

_

___ _

_____ _________

)__________ _

__________

_______________

&'_______ + __ _ ____*

_

____+

_ _ ____+

_

_____

_ _ ___ *

_

___ +

_

)__________ _

__ ___ _______'

________

_'_______ ( __ _ ______@

_

_____

_

_ _____

_

______@

_

_ _ ___ __@

_

___ _

_

G______ _

.__ ____

_______

_ ________

__ _ ______@

_

_____ _ _

@

_

_ _ ___ __@

_

___ _ _ _

@

_

.__ ____

_ _ _________ ______ ___ _________ _____ _ ________ ______ __________

%_____' ____ ________ ____ _____ _____ ____ ___' ____ ________ _B_N@R B___

( _____ ____ __________ _ ___________ __ ___ _ _____ _____'____"_ __ ____

__ &__ _ _ _ _ ________ ______ ___ ________ ____ _________ _ ___________

/2__ _+_1;

_ _

__

__ _ @ _+_

____

__ ! "_ __ _____ __#_____ $___ ____ __%

__)__

___! ,_ _ ________ _ ___ ____ $B_ ______ ?___!_C&

B___ __ _______ _ _ _ ___ _ ________ ___ _ ____ ______ _ _ __ _ ___

____ ________ _ _ _ ___ ___ __ _ ___ __&_ _ ___ ____ ___ ________ _ _

_____ _ ____ _______ ___ ______ __ _____ 2_______ __ _______ __ 2__ _*__ __ _

_____ _ _ _ ____ _____ __ ___ ____' ________ __ _;

_________ _

_ _ ________

_ _ ________ _ _ _____

__

__5

_________ _ _ ___

_*_

__ _________ ______ _ ___ __ _ _________ ________ __ ___ _"____ _____

___ ______ __ _______ _______ _ &__ ________ __ _ ____ __ _______ ____ __

__ _"____ _______ _ _ ____ ____ _ ___ _ ____ ___ ____ ____ __ ____ _ _

_ ____ ____ ___________ _ ___ _____ __ ____ *_0_

6___ ___ ______ _ __ ____ _ __ _____ _________ _____

___! , ___ ___D

______2_

-_______ __ ____. _____,

C__ ___ _ C__ __ ________

_____ _________

)__'____ P'___ _________

)__'____ _____ _ _________

_ ______ ________ __ ___ ______ _ _ __ _______

____ _ ____

-____________ _ )__________ _ ______ ___ _______ _ _______

3 ________ _ ________ _ ______ ___ ______

G______ _ _ G______ _ ______

)_&_'_"___ _ __ ___ ______

___'________ _ __ ___ _______

_ $______ _ ____ __ _ _________ __

.__ ____ _ .__ ____ ______ __ &__ ______

__)____ <_ ___

___ __ __ ________ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _______ _ _ ____ ____ _ ___ ___'

_____ _ _ /2__ _0_1;

_

_ _

@

__ _ _+_ _ _*_+ _ ___ _0_

____

_ ________ ____ __________

_____ (+D (* L __ __ ___ _____ _____ ________ _ __ __ ________ ___

B_L _ ____ ____ _ _ ___ _______ _________

___ __ __ ________ __ ________ __ _ ___ __ _ _ ____ _____ _ ____ _ '

____'______ __ ____ ________ ____ _____ _____ ___________ ____ __ ____

_______ B __ ____ __ ____ __ __________ ____ _____ ___ _ _ _ ____'______

__ ____ ______ _____ _______ ____ _____ ____ ____ __ ____ __ _____ ____ _ _

____ __ __ __ _ ___ ___ ___ _________ __ _____ __ _ ____ __

______ _ __ __ ___________ __ _____ _ ______

___ _ ____ ____ __ _______ __ _ ___ ______ __ __ _________ ____ __

____ __ _ ______ ____ ______ __ ____ __ ________ _ 5_ _______ __ ___ _"'

____ ___ _ _ _____ _______ __ ______ ________ ___ ________ _ _____ _

)____ *_@*_ _ _________ __ __ __ __ K___ *_=_

1/Mn

c [g/cm3]

Π /c [mol/g]

A2

c1 c2 c3 c4 c5

1___ ___ 4_____ __ _ __________ _ _ ____ _ _________

0 5 ______ ____ ______ __+ __+ __+ _ __ 5 ______ __ ____

Δp

1___ __" ___ _______ _ __ ______ ____ _ ________ __

________ ______ ___ __ 5 ________ _______ &5 ____ _

________'_

____

__ ! "_ __ _____ __#_____ $___ ____ __%

C__ __ ________ ___ __ ________ ______ __ _____ _ ____'________ ___'

______ ____ _________ __ __!____ _______ ________ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ '

_____ ___________ (_ ___ _ ____ _ ____ _______ ___ ___ ___ _________ ___

________ __ ___ _ ____ ______ _________ ___ _________ __ ________ _______

___ __ _______ _____ ___ _ ___ __ __ _________ ___ _________ _ _ __

_________ _ _ _________ __ __ ________ __ __ __ _________ __ K___ *_E_

_ _____ ____ ___ ____ _______ __ __ ___ _____ __________ __ _ ________

_ ____ ' __ __ _______

(___________ ___ __ __ ________ ___ __ __________ ________ __ ___ _____

_ ___ _ _________ ___ ________ _ _ ___ _ _________ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _____ __ _ _'

__ __ _ ___ __ __ _________ _ /2__ _<_1;

_ _ ___________ _ _________ _<_

: _____ ___ _________ __ ___ _ ________ __ __________ __ __ _______ ____ __

___ __ ________ ________ _ ___ ___________ __!________ .___ ___ ______'

____ ___ _______ _ ________ _ ____ ____ _ __ _________ _ _ ________ _ _ _'

___ _______ ___ __ _ _ _______ _ _ ______ _ __ ______ ________ __ ___

__)____ -_________ ___! ,_

)________ ____ __ _________ ___ _______ __ ____ __ ________ ________ __ ___

____ ___ ___ _ _____ ___ _ ___ _ _______ _ ___ __ ______ ____ __ _ _

_____ P'_____ _ _________ _____ __ __ _ _ _____ ____ __ ___ _ __ ________

__ __ _____ ____ __ ____ ______ _____ %____ __ __ _ _ _____ _ _____ _ ___ '

___ _ _____ __ 3_' ___ K_' ________ ___"__D __________ __ __ __ _ _'

___ ________&__ ___ ____ ___ __ __ _____ _ ____ _ _ ____________ ___ ___'

______ ___________ ___ __________ ___ _____________

sample

polarizer detector

laser

light trap

Θ

1___ __' 3______ _ ________ __ ______ ___ ____ ___ &_______ __ __ __ _____'_

._____ ____ _________ __ ________ __ __ _________ _ _____ _ K___ *_>_ ___

_____'_ ___ _ ____ __ ____ _ ____ _______ _____ ___ _ _____ _____&__ ____ _

___)

_ ________ ____ __________

___ __ ____'_________ ______ ___ __ ______ __ _______ ___ _____ ______'

____ K _ ____ ____ __ ____ __ ___ ___ _____ ____'____ ______ _ ___________ _

___ _ _ ____________ _____ _____

___ _______ _ ___&__ _______ ____ __ ________ __ ___ ___ _ ____ __ _ '

___ __ ___ ________ ____ __ _______ __ _ __ _ ______ ____ ______ ___ _____

__ _ _ __& ___ _____ ___ _______ ____ _________ __ __ ____ __ _ _____ _ _ ___

_________ _____ __ (___________ _ ______ _ __"__ _____ __ ___ ________ ___

_____ ___ ____ __ ____ __ _________ ______

___ _______ _________ _ ____ ________ __ _ ______ _________ ______ _

_$_ L ________F ________ _______ _;

_ ___ ________ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___D

_ ___ _________ __ ____" _ _______ _ _______ _ ___ ___ _ _____

_____ ___ ____" _ _______ _ ________ ___F L ___ ___ _ A __ _____F_D

_ ___ _ ____ ____ _ ____ ___ _______ _B_D ___

_ ___ _________ ____ ____

___ ______ _________ _ _________ _________ ______ ___ ________ _ _ ____

_________ __ _____'________ ____________ K _ _______ _______ __ __&_ _ ___

_________ _ _____ _________ _________ _______ _ ___ _________ ____ _ _____

_ _ _ ____ _______ __ 8______ /2__ _6_1;

__ _ ___5____+ ___+_

+

@

__

_ @

___5

@ _ _ _+ _ ___+ _

_ + _ ____ _6_

_

@

*

0_

_ _+

_____ ) L ______ _ ______ _ ___ L _________ _ ____ __ ___ _ ___ _ _____ __ "'

_____ _ __ O_____

___ _ _____ __ 2__ _6_ _ _ __ _"____ ___ _ _ ____________ ________ __ ___'

_ __ _________ _____ _ _________ ____ &__ _$_ L 5_ ____ __ _ _ ______ _____'

__ _ ____________ __ ____ __ ___ ___ _ _ ___ _______ _______ _____ ____

______ ___ ________ _____

: __ $_ L 5 __ __ _ ___ __ _ ___ _ ____ ______ _ _ ___ _ _ ________ _____ __

(_ _ ______ ________ _ _ _ ___ __ ___ _________ _ _________ ____ __ _______

__________ __ _____'________ ____________ ___ _________ _ ________ _ _

___ ______ _________ _________ __ _____ __ 2__ _=__ ___ __ ______ _ ___ _____'

____ _ __ __ ________ /___ 2__ _0_1_

__

___5 _

@

__ _ _+_ _ _*_+ _ ___ _=_

___9

__ ! "_ __ _____ __#_____ $___ ____ __%

_ _

0_+_+

_______

__ 0

5

__

__ _ _+

_____ (+D (* L __ __ ___ _____ _____ ________ _ __ __ ________D

B_ L _ ____ ____ _ _ ___ _______ ________D 5 L _________ _ ____ __ ____D

:( L (_ ____ Q_ ______D ___ _L ____" _ _______ __

__ _______ 2___ _6_ ___ _=__ ___ ________ ____ ___ __ _"____ ____ _ &__ _'

_______ __ __ __ __ _ &__ ______ _________ _____ ____ __ _ ____ _ __ __

_____ _ _ '___ O___'_ _ ____ K___ *_@5__ ____ __ _ __ '_______ __ __ !___ _

_ ___ _____'_______ __ _____ _ $ L ________ ___ O___' ______ O ___ __ _ '

___ ___________ _ ____ _ __'___ ___ ____ __ _____ ________ _ ____'____ ____

___ _______ _ ____ _ _ _ ______

___ _________ ________ ____ __ ________ _________ __ _____ _ ___________

______ ______

K_ _ ___ O___ _____ _____ ______ __________ __ __ _______;

_ B ____ ____ _______ ________ B_

_ $_____ _ ______ _ _&'________ )&

_ )_ __ _____ ________ _ __ __ ________ (+

c1

c2

c3

c4 c5

c0

Θ= 15.

Θ= 45.

Θ= 45.

Θ= 90.

Θ= 120.

Θ= 135.

Θ= 0.

A2

S

0

v

K c

R

2 Z c sin

2

Θ

1/M + w

1___ ___3 6!11____ __ __ ______ __ _ ___ ____ ____ __ __

_ _____ ___ _____'_ ____ __ _______ __ ___ _ ___ __ ___ _________ __ _

_____ __ ____ _____ _ ____ _____ _"____ ___ _ __ _ _ _ ______ _ ____ ____ _ ___'

__ _________ ____ _______ ___ ____

___ ____'_________ ____ _ __ ______ ____ ___ ___ __ _____ __ ___ ___ ____ _ _

_ ____ ____ ___ _______ ______ ___ _____ _ __ __ ___ _____ _ _ ___ _ ______

_ _"_____ __ _____ ______ _ ___ _ __________ ( ____'_________ _________

___ __ __ ____ __ _ ________ _____ _ _ __&_'_"___ _ __ ___ ______ ____ )_'

__ _ *_6_<_+_

____

_ ________ ____ __________

__)__

@___ ___. __________

__)____ - ___ _ @___ ___. __ _ ______ _ ____ ______ _!___ _____!

_ _____ ___ _______ ___ _ ___ __ _ _____ ____ _____ ______ ______ _

_ ____'______ __ _____ ____ _ _____ ___ ____ ____ ___ _ ___ __

_______ _"_ __ _____ ____ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ____ ________ ____ ___ ____'

___ ____ _____ _ ___ _ ____ _ _____ 3 _________ ____ ___ ___ ____ _ _ _ '

___ _ __ __ _____ ________ __ _____ ______ ___ ____ ____________ ____

____ _ _____ _______ _____ _ ___________ ___ G_ _ __ ___

___ ____ _ _ _ ___ ___ ____ _______ __ ____ ____ _ _____ ____ ____ ____

_________ ______ ___ _ _ _ _ ______ ____ _ _____ __ _____ _____ ______ __

__ _ _ ___ ____ __ __ ______ _____ ___ _____ __ G_____ ____ _____ __ ____

___ _ ____ _______ _____ _____ _ ____ _ _ _____ _____ ______ ___ __ _ __ '

__ __ _ _ ____ _ ___ ___ _______ _ ___ ____ __ ____ ______ ___ _ _ ____ ___

_______ ___ _____ _ ______ ______ _"______ __ ___ _____ _ __ __ _'

______ ____ ___ _ ___ ___ _ ____ ____ _____ _ ___ ______ ___ _ __ ______

__ _______ __ ___ _ __ _ ______ _______ _____ ___ ____ __ _ _______ _ _______

_____ __ (_ ____ _____ _____ _ __ ___ _ ___ ________ ___ _____ _ _ ___ ______

___ _ ____ _______ ___ _______ _____ _ _ _ ______

____ _ ____ _____ __ _"_ ___ _ _____ ______ __ _ ___ _ ___ _____ _ ___ _____

_ _____ _ __ _____ _ ___ _____ __ __ __ __ K___ *_@@ _ _ ___ ___ _ _____

:___ ____ ______

Moving boundary

Stationary boundary

Laminar flow