Virgin fibers

48 %

Global paper production: 331 • 106 tons

____ ___ $__.__ __ ___ ___ ___________ _____

____

_ _____ __________

/___ ___=__! __ _ _ __ __) ___ ___ __ _____ __ _)___ ______ !___ _

_____ __ __ __ ________ _ ___ _____ ___ _ _ (_______! _ G ==_ <L____ __ -__8

__ ________ _ ___ _____ ___ _ _ ____ __ __ ____ 8E_ __ !___ _ ____ #__

_____ __ __ ________ _ ___ _____ ___ ____ __ 7 __ _ _ _!__ _ _ ___ _ ___ ___"

______ _- -_ _ __ _ _____ __ &_! E __ 0_ -__8_ !___ _ _ ___ _________ ____

__ __ ___ E8_ _______ ____ _____ __ ___ __ ________ _ ___ ____ __ ___!___

-E_ _______ ___ J-_K H___! __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ !_ __ _8_ __C___ __

____!__ ___ __ _________! _______!___ ___ __ _ ____ __ __ __ !_ ____ __ __"

_____ ____ __ ________ ______ __ _ ___ _ _ __ __ ___ -_. _______ ___ 0_ ___"

_ __! __!___ ____ __ _8_ _______ __ __!_____ __ __ !_ _ _ _ ___ _

_____ ___ __ -__8 __!_ __ E8_ ___ ________ _______ E__ ___ __!__ _______ __

_8_ ___ _____ __

0

100

200

300

400

500

1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002 2015

Recovered paper utilization

Paper production

19.3 % 23.6 % 29.6 % 37.1 % 46.4 %

47.7 % 53.6 %

2.2 % p. a.

3,1 % p. a.

Recovered paper utilization and paper production, 106 tons

Recovered paper utilization rate

____ ____ $__.__ _______ __ __ _ ___ ___________

___ ___ _ ________ __*,_+___/_ _____

H___ _____ __ _ ___ ____ _ ___ _____ __ __ ________ _ ___ _____ ____

___ > __ -___ > !___ _ _____ ___ _ _ __ 8E_ __ ________ _ ___ _____ ___

__ --8 _______ ___ ___ _ ___ _________ __ E_9 _______ ___ J-_K %__________

_ _______ ___ _ _ __ __ ______ ________ _ ___ ____ ______ ___ ____ _____"

_ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ ___ _____ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ __ _ ___ _______

____

____

_

______ __ __ ________ _____

__ ________ _ ______ __ __ _________ _____ _ __________ ___

_ ______ __ _ ____ _ ________ ___ _____ _________ __ ___

______

_ ______ __ ____ ____ ___ ___ _______ _____ ____ _ __ ____

_________ _ ______ __ ______ __________ ___ _______ __ ___

__ ___ _____ __ ___ ___

_ __ ____ __ _________ _____ ____ ______ __ ____ __ ___ __

___ __ _____ ___ _______ __ _____ ____ __ __ ____ __ _____

______

________ __ _ ____ __ _ ______ __ _________ ______ _ _____ __ __ __ _ _ _

__ ____ ____ ___ ___ _________ _________ ______ !_ "_#_ $%& ______ ___ __

____ __ _________ _____ __ _______ '(()_

_ %__ _________ _________ _____ ________ ______ ___________

___ ______ __ ____ _________ ____ __ __ _ _____ _______ ___

____ __ __ ___ ______ _ ___ ______ __ ________ __ ____

_____ ___ ___ ______ ______ __ ____ _______ ____ ___ __

_ %___________ _________ _____ _ __ ____ ____ _______ _____

_ __ ___ _ ____ _ __________ ________ ___ _____ _____

____ ______ _ ____ _____

*__ _____ _________ _______ _ __ _ ____ __ ______ __ ___ ____ _ _+_____ _

___ __ ____ __ _____ ___ __ _ ,________- ___ ___ ______ ___ __ _ ____

_____ ______ _ ______ __________ _____ _ __ ____ _ _ ___ ___.__ ______ __

___ _ &_ ____ _____ ___ _ __ ____ _ ______ __ _ ___ _______ ___ __ ____

___ __ ______ ________ __ _______ _ _____ _ ,______- ___ ___

!_ __ ___ ___ _____ _ ______ _______ __ ________ __ __ __ ____ __

___ _________ _________ _____ _ _______

________ __ ___ $_ __ __ /_____ # _

0_____ 1 (223 4_5$6_70/ 7_____ 8__/ 9 0__ :8_&_ 4____

_#;<_ =_>(?_=2@@@_=

©2006 WILEY-VCHVerlag GmbH&Co .

Handbook of Pulp

Edited by Herbert Sixta

___

____________ ________ _____

!_ ______ __ __ ____________ _________ _____ _ _ ____ __ __________ ___

______ __ _______ ___ __ ______ ___ __ ___ ____ ______ ___ ___ _ _ ___

_ _______ ___ _____.__ __ _ _________ _____ _______ ____ ___ _____ _ ___

_____ ___ _ __ ______ ___ %_____ ___ ___ ______ _________ _____ ____ _____

___ ___ _______ _____ ____ 0__ _____ ___ _ ______ __ ___ __ _ _______

_ _______ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _____ __ _ _ _____ __________ ______ ____

0_____ __ ______ __ ________ ______ ___ ______ _____

!_ ___ ____ _________ _____ _____ ____ __ _ _____ ________ _____ _

__ ____ ___ _ _________ _________ __ ___ _ _____ __ _______ _

____ ___ ___ _______ _____ ___ ___ _ _ __ __ _____ __ ____ ___ _____ __

____ ___ _ ______ __ __ _ __ __ _____ ___ __ ______ ____ ___ __ _____ !___

__ ______ _ ____ __ __________ ___ ___ __ __

0____+___ ___ ___ ____________ ______ ___ ___ ______ _ _ ______ _____

___

___ _________ ________ _____

A________ _____ ____ _____ ____ ____ _________ ______ ______ __________ __

_______ _ ___ _________ _________ ______ __ ___ ____ ___ _ ____ ______ __

___ ___ ___ __ _____ __ ___ ______ __ __ ____________ _________ _____ B _ __

_ _ ______ _____ __ ___ ___ _ ____ _______ ______ __ ___ ___ ___ ________

___ _________ _____ ______ __ ____ ____ _ _________ !_ _____ ____ ___

_____ __ ______ __ _ ___ ___ _______ __ ____ _ ___ _____ __ _____ ________

_____ _ ___ ___ _____ _ __ _____ __________ __ ___________ _______ ___

_ ___ _____ ___ ___ _ ______ __ _________ ______ & __ __ __ _ _ _ ___ ___

____ ______ ___ ________ ___ ____ __ __ __ ___ ____ _ _____ ___ _____

__ _ 8_______

_____

______ ___ ___

*__ _____ _______ ______ __ ___ ___ ______ _ _________ ___ _____ _______

C(2B(D2 5_ ___ ____ _______ _ __ __ ________ __ __ ___ _______ ___ ____

_____ _ ______ _______ _________ __ _____ ___ __ ______ __ ___ __ ______ #___

___ ______ ___ _________ ___ _ ______ __ __ ___ _______ ___ ___ _____ _

_____ _ ______ _ _ _______ __ _____ _____ ______ ___

4 _ ___ ______ ______ __ __ ____ _____ ______ _ ____ ____ _ _____

____ ____ _________ ___ __ _____ _____ ______ _ ___ _ __ _ _____ ___

_____ ________ __ _____ &_____ _ __+____ __ _____ ___ _____ __ _ ___ _

______ ___ ___ ____ ___ _ ______ _ _______ ___ ______ __ __ ____ _____

_____ ______ _ ___ ____ _____ ___ _____ _________ "__ __ _ _________ _____

____ _ _________ _ ________ ____

_ __ _______ _ _______ ________ ______ _ __ ___ ____ ___ _______ _____

______ ___ __ _ _ _________ _ _ __ _____ ______ ___

;_____ ___ ____ ______ ____ _______ ______ __ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _______

!_ _______ _ ____ ____ _ ___ __ _ ______ __ ___ ____ __ ____ _ _____.__

____ ___ _______ _______ _ ______ __ __ _______ __ ___ __ _____ _____ _____

__ __ !_ ______ __ ______ _ ___ _______ ____ _____ ______ __ ___ _______ __

__________ ___E__ ____.___ ___ ______ _ _ _______ _ ______ ____ !_

______ __ _____._ ___ ___ __ __ ___ _______ ______ __ _ ______ _____

_____ ____ __ ___ ___ ___ _ _______

"____ ___ ____ _ ______ ____ __ __ _____ ___ _________ _____ ___ _____ ____

___ ___ __________ _______ ______ ___ _ 8_______ __ #_ ._______ _______

___ ______ ___ __ _________ _____ ___ ___ _ ___ __F__ ____ ____ ___ _ ___

____ _____ ____ ___ !_ _________ ___ __ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ #___ _____

____ __ __ ___ ______ ______ __ ___ _______ _ _______ ______ ___ ____

___ ___ ____ _______ ___ _ _____ _______ ____ ________ _ ___ _

_________ _____ ____ _ _____ _

_____

_____ __ ___ ___

*__ ________ ___ ____ ______ ___ _____ _G> _=_ ___ _____ !___ ___ ______ _ ____

____ _______ _________ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ _ _______ _ _______ !__ ___ __

_ __ ____________ ___ ___ _____ _ _____ ____ ___ ______ __ ______ __ ___ _

______ ___ ___ _____ ___ ______ __ _______ __ _____ ___ __ ______ ______

___ __ __ _ _____ ______ _ _ _ _ ___ _____ ;_____ _ ____ __ _____

_ _ _________ ___ ___ _______ ___ ___ ______ _ ______ __ __ __ _

__ ___ ____________ ___ __ ___ _______ ___ ___ _____ _______ __ _

_______ _ __ __ ____ ______ ___ _ __________ __ _ __ _____ _________ _

_ __ ____ __ _ ___

0__ _____ ___ _____ __ ___ __ _ _ _ __ ____ ______ ______ __ _____ ___

____________ ___ ___ _____ __ _ _______ __ _ _ ____ __ ________ ___ ___

____ *__ ___ _______ ___ ___ ______ _ ______ ______ __ _____ ___ __ _

___ _______ ___ ___ __ __ _ ___ ____ _ ____ _ __ _ _______ __ ___

____ 4 ___ _______ ___ ___ ______ _ ______ __ ___ ___ _ __ __ ____

____ ___ ______ __ _ __ _____ _ __________ ____ _ _ ___ _ _______

______ ___ _ ___ __ __ _ ____ _____ !_ _____ _ ______ __ ___+_____ ___

_______ _ __ ____ ____ ______ ___ ____ ___ _

# ______ ______ ___ ______ ___ ___ ___ ____________ ___ ___ _____ __

_ _ _____ __ ___ &_____ __ __________ ___ _____ _ _____ ___ _ ______

_ _______ _ ___ __ _____ _ _ ______ _ ___ _____ ___ _ __ __ _____

_________ __ _ _ __ ___ ___ _ _ _____ ______ #___________ ___ ___ ___

___ _____ _ ____ _____ ___ _ _ ______ __ _ ______ __ _____ ___ _____ ___

__ _____ _ _ __________ __ __ _____ 0__ _____ _ ___ ____ +_____ ___ __

___ __ ____ ___+___ __ __ ___ _ ___ ____ _______ 5_____ ___ _____ ___

____ __ _____ ___ __ ________ ______ _ ______ __ __ ____ _____ _____ ______ _

___ _______ ____ ________ ____ ___!

___ ________ __ ____ _ _______ _ _ ____ __ _______ ___ _____ __ _

___ _______ ___ ___ _____

__ ____ ______ __________ __ _____ ___ ______ __ _ _________ ________ ________

___ ___ ____ _______ _________ _____ _ _____ __ _______ __ ______ /____

_ ______ __ __ _________ __ _ __ ________ _ ___ ____ ______ __ _

_____ _______ /_______ _ _______ ___ __ _ ________ ________ ___ ___ _ _ ___

_____ _ ________ ____ _ ___ __ ____ !_ ___ _ _ ______ __ ______ __ _____

___ __ ___ __ ________ ____ __ _____ __ __ __ ___ ___ ________ _ ___ _

_______ ___ '(=)_

__"

#_______ __ _______ ______ __ ___ ___

*__ _ _______ ___ ____ _ ______ _____ __ _____ ______ __ ___ ___ __

_______ __ ____ _______ _______ ____ ____ ___ __ ______ __ ___+______

______ __ ____ __ ___ _.__ __ _ ___ _____ _____ & __ ____ _______ _ C@@D _

8______ _____ __ _ _ ________ _______ ______ _________ _____ ______ __ ___

____ _______ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ _____ '(D)_

_ ________ ___ ____ ___ ___ =( __

_ 0______ ______ ___ D= __

_ A_______ ___ ___ D> __

_ %_____ ___ ____ ___ ___ >= __

_______ ______ __ ______ _____ _______ ___ _ ______ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___

___ _ _____ __+____ ___ __ ___ ____ _____ ___ ____ _ ___ __+____ ____

_____ ___ __ ____ ______ __ ______ ________ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ _______ *____

_ ___ __ ____ ____ ___ ___ _ ___ _____ ______ ___ _ ___ ___ _________ __

__ _______ ___ _____ _ ____ _ _________ ____ __ _ ______ _ _ ______ _

____ ______ ___ _ _ ______ __ ___ _ __ _ _________ _____ __ ___ _ __+____

___ __ ;______ _____ ______ ___ _ _______ ______ __ _____ ___ ______ __ ____ _

___ _____ _____ __ __ _____ _ _______ ________

& ___ ______ __ 8______ ______ ____ ______ ____ ____ _ ________ __ ___

________ __ _ _________ ___ _________ __________ ___ ____ ______ ___

/____ ___ ___ ____ _ ____ _ ____ _ ________ ___ ______ __ _______ __________

__ _____ ___ __ ___ __ ______ __ ________ __ _____ _______ _+__ _______

___ ____ __ __ ___ ___ _ ____ 8____ _ _______ ______ __ ______ ___ ___ _ _

______ __ _______ ___ _____+___ __________ __ _____ ____ ___ _ _ _____ ___

_____ ____ ___ ____ __ __ ______ ___ ___

&_ ___ _____ ________ __ _ ___ _________ ___ ____ ______ __ _ _____

____ __+____ _________ _ _____ ___ _____+___ __ _ ______ ______ ___ ___

8_________ ___ ____ __ __ _ ___ ____________ _________ _____ _ _+__

___ _____ ___ _______ ____ _+__ _________ ____ _ __ ____ ___ _ ____ ___ ____

______ !_ _____ ____ __ _______ __ __F__ _______ ___ ____ _ ___ __ ______

____ _____ ____ _ ______ __ ___ ___ __ __________ _ $_______ _ ______ $<

___$ _ _________ _ ________ ____

___ __ ______ _____ _____

3D=_ _________ _____ ____ _ ______ __ ___ __ __+____ _ _____ ___ ___ __ __

____

A________ _____ ____ ___ _________ ______ __ ___ ___ __ __ ____ ____

___ __ _____ ___ __ ____ __ _____ ___ _____ ___ ___ __ _ _____ ____ _ ___

______ _ _ ____ ____ __ __ ____ _____ ______ ____ _ _ __ _________ _

_ _________ _____ ____ ___ _________ ______ __ ___ ___ _ _ __ ______

____ _____ _______ _ __ ______ ___ ___ __ '(>)_

__%

&______ ____ '__ _

____ _ ___ _____ _ _ _______ _____ __ _ ___ __ ____ ___ _ _____ ____ ___

_____ _ ___ _ ____ _______ _____ ___ ______ ___ _ __________ _______

+___ ___ __ _ "#&_ ________ _ _ $%& ____ ___ _______ ____ ___ _

_H#4_ _____ _ __ _______ ______ ___ _____ ___ _________ ____ _______ ____

_______ ___ ____________ ___ __ ____ ______ ___ __________ ___ _____

___ __________ __ C@@3 _ _ "#&_ H#4 ___ ____ ____ =IJ _____ ___ ______

______ __ __ ____ ___ ___ _________ *______ ____ C@J _____ ___ __

_______ _ H#4___ ___ _ _______ __ _ ______ __ ____ _ '(3)_

__ 8_______ ________ _ _ ___ _____ <_ ____ /_______ A_______ &_____

__ _</4&_ ____ C@I>_ _ ____ __ ______ ___________ ___ ______ _ _____ ____

____ _ _______ ___ _ ___ ____ ____ CIJ_ !_ _____ ___ ______ ___

______ __ _ _ "#& ___ _ _ _ ____ ___ _____ __ ______ _ _____ ________

_ 8_______ ___ ____ ___ _ _______ __ ______ __ ___ _ ____ __ __ _____ _

___ __

____ _ _ ___ _ __ </4& ___ _________ ____ C@I> ___ _____ _____ _

____ _______ 8_____ _ __ ______ ____ _____ ______ '(=)_ &_______ _ __ ____

__ __ ___ _______ ______ __ __ _____ ______ _ _ _______ ___ _ ___ _ __ __ _

__ __ ___ 8______ __ ____ @ ___ C2J '(?)_ __ ________ _ _____ ____ __ ____

_ ____ __ _ ____ ________ _ ___ __ _________ _____ __ _ ___ __ ____ ____

____ _____ _ ___ _ ______ ____ !_ _ ____ ______ __ _ $< 3D= __ _ ________

__ _ ,___ _____ _________ ____ _______ ______ _ __ __ ____ ___ ___ _ _

_____ ____ __-_

____

____

_

____ _ __ ____ ____

__ ___ ____ _ _____ __ _ __ _________ __ ___ ___ ___ ________ _______ __ ____

_______ _______ __ _______ _ ___ __ ____ ___ __ _______ ___ ____ _ _ ____

____ _______ _ ___ ______ ___ ____ _ __ ___ _ __ ____ ___ _____ ___ ___

_______ __ _______ _ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ ___ _______ __ !" _______ ____#

_ $______ _ ___ ____ _________# _"%

_ $______ _ ___ ____ __ _ _ _______# __%

_ $______ _ ___ ____ _________ _ ________# &'%

_ $______ _ ___ ____ _______# &_%

_ $______ _ ___ ____ _____ __ _ _ _ _ (____# !%_

)_____ *_& ______ ___ _ __ ___ _ ___ _______ __ ______ __ _____ +__ ______

_______ ___ ____ ___ __ _ ___ _ __ _________ _ ___________ __ ____ __ ____

_____ __ ______ ______ __ __ ____ _ ____ _ _, ____ _ ___ _ __ __ _______

_ ___ _ _____ ___ _ ____

__ _____ _____ -' _______ ____ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ ______ __ _______

)__ _____ !' _______ ____ .!/% _____( ____ _ __0 __ _______ _ ___ _ *_ _______

____ __ _____ _ _ ____ __ .________ __________ __________0 ___ ____ +__

______ _ _ _,__ __ __ "/ _______ ____ __ _ ___ _ __ __ _ ___ ___

_1____ _ "__ _______ _____

__________ ___ _______ _ ___ ____ _________ _ ________ ____ _ ________

_ __ _____ _ _,__ ______ __ "_ _______ ____ __ _______ _ ___ _ __ _

_______ _ __ __(__ _____ _______ __ ___ _______ ____ __ ___________ ______

___ __ /" _______ ____ _ ___ ______ _ ___ _________ 2_ _____ _____ ___ ___

____ __ _________ _ ____ _________ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ ________ _ ___ ____ _

___ _______ _ ____ ___ _________ _ _______ _ ___ _______ _ ____ ____ ___ _

_________ _ *_ _______ _____ +___ __ ___ _ 1____ ____ __ __ _ ___ _______

____ ____ __ _______ ____ ___ _ __________

3___ _- _______ ____ __ ___ _ ___ _______ ___ _______ _______ ______

___ _ _______ _ ____________ __ ___ ________ _ ___ _ ____ _ ____ __________

________ _ ___________ !" _______ ____ __ _______ _ ___ _ ________ __ ____

____ _________ __ '*% _______ _ ___ _____ _____ _____ ___ ___ _1____ __ __' ____

____ _____ !' _______ ____ __ _______ _ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ __ _ ___ __________

+__ _- _______ ____ __ _ ___ ___ _______ ____ ___ ________ __ ______ __ __

________ __ ___ ____ __ 4______ 3_1_

_________ 5 ___* 6_7_8_9_4 9___ _ :__4 ; ___ <: __ 6_______

_32=# __'_/___---__

©2006 WILEY-VCHVerlag GmbH&Co .

Handbook of Pulp

Edited by Herbert Sixta

____ _ _______ _ ________ ____

Virgin fibers & non-fibrous materials

62.5 • 106 tons

Market supply paper & board

86.7 • 106 tons

Market supply converted products

79.7 • 106 tons

RP at end-users

77.7 • 106 tons

Theoretical RP potential at end-users

63.0 • 106 tons

Process losses

12.1 • 106 tons

Paper & board production

95.0 • 106 tons

RP used in papermaking

44.6 • 106 tons

Net export

8.3 • 106 tons

Non-collectable RP

14.8 • 106 tons

Final disposal

23.8 • 106 tons

RP from

offices

4.8 • 106 tons

RP from

trade & ind.

16.1 • 106 tons

RP from

households

18.3 • 106 tons

Over-issues

2.0 • 106 tons

Pre-consumer RP

6.9 • 106 tons

RP market supply

48.1 • 106 tons

RP net

export

3.5 • 106 tons

____ ___ _____ ___ ___ ____ _____ ___ _____ __ ___ __ __ ____ _____

_ _________ _______ ____ _ ___________ __ ____ __ ___ ___ _____ _______

________ +___ __________ __________ __ !'% __ ___ _ _,__ ______ __ _ ___ _

__ _ _______ ____ ___ ___ _______ __ ___ ____ _________ __ _____

3____ _ .___ _________0 _ ____ _____ __ ________ __ )___ *__ ___ :___ ___

____ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ _________ __ _ ___ __________ 3_ _____ ____ _ ___ ____

_________ _ ___ _______ ___ _ _ ___ ___ ____ __ _% _ ___ _____ ._____

______ __ _____ _ ____ ________ __,_0_ )__ :___ ___ ___ _ ___ _______ ___ &-_&

_______ ____ __ _____ +__ _____ __ _________ ___ _ ___ _ _____ __ _ &"%_

_________ __ _________ _ _______ _ ___ _______ _ __ &'_/ _______ _____ +__ ____

______ ___ _ ___ _ ______ _______ ._____ ______ __ ___ _____ _ ___0_ ____ ___

_ __ ._____ ______ _ ____ ___ ___ __ __0 __ __________ _______ __ ____ _____ )___ ___

_______ _ ____ _______ _ __ /&% .____________ __ &__/ _______ ____0 _ ____

_____ ___________ )___ ____ _______ _ ___ &__' _______ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___

_______ _ ___ __________ _ ___ ___ ____ __________ __ ___ ___ _ ___ _1_____

>___ &&% ._ _______ ____0 ___ ______ __ __ _ _________ _______ ____ __ ____

________ _ ____ ________ ___ ________ _ __ ___ +_______ ___ ___ __________

___ _ ___ ________ ___ __________ __ ____________ _ ___ _______ __ ___ _-%

.'_! _______ ____0 __ ___ _ ___ ______ ____________

Paper consumption

18.5 • 106 tons

Paper product consumption

19.1 • 106 tons

Theoretical recovered paper potential

15.7 • 106 tons

Available recovered paper potential

14.5 • 106 tons

Domestic utilization of recovered

paper 12.5 • 106 tons

Paper

waste

2 • 106

tons

Landfilling

incineration

(11 %)

Paper

production

(65 %)

Net recovered

paper export

1.2 • 106 tons (6 %)

Not

recoverable

paper

waste

Sewerage, long

living products

3.4 • 106 tons

(18 %)

Additives

0.6 • 106 tons

____ ___ _______ _ ______ ___ ____ _____ _ ______ _ ___ _____ __ __ __ !__"___ ______

6___ ___ _____ ____ __ ___ __________ __ _________ ___ _ ___ __ ________ &"%

__ ___ _______ _ ___ _______ _ _ ____ __ _________ )_____ *__ ___ __ ___ :___

_ ___ __ _ ___ _____ __ ___________ _ ___ _______ ____ __ ________ _____

____ */% __ &-"_ __ _-% __ _____ +__ _ __ __ ____ ___ ____ __ ___ __ _ __

___ _ ___ ________ ___ _______ __ ___ _______ _______ _ ___ _______ _ _______

__ ____ __________ _________ __ _____ __

____

67 % 60 %

31 % 29 %

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1980 1990 2000 2003

Not recovered paper products, %

____ ___ #___ _"___ _ _ _$___ ____ _____ __ ____ __ !__"____

?__ __ ___ _ __ __ _ ___ _ &_% __________ __ _ ___ _______ __ ___ ________ __

________ __ ____ __ _1_____ __ _ __ ___ ____ ____ __% __ ___ _ ___ ______ ____

________ ___ ___ __ _________ ___ __ ___ _______ 2_ _____ ___ _ __ _______ _ __

___ __ ____ _________ _ __ :___ __ .__ ____0_ _ _____ _ &_ _______ ____

. ____1__ ____0 __ _______ _ ___ ___ __ _______ ___ __ ____ __ ___ ____ _____

_____ @_"A_ +___ __________ __ _"% __ ___ ___ _ ____ __ __ ________ _______

_ ___ _____ ___ _____ 3___ _ _____ ____ ___ _ __ __ ___ __ ______ ____

____ _________ ____ __ ___ _ ______ _____ __ _____ ________ __ _______ _ ___

_ ___ ________

____ _ _______ _ ________ ____

____

_

_____ _ _ ___ _ _ _____ __ _________ ____

___

_____

_______ __ ____ ___ ________ ___ ___ _____ _ __ _________ _____ __ __ ___ __

__ _______ _ _ _ __ ___ ______ __ ____ ________ _____ __ _ ______ _ __ ___

_________ _____ _______ ____ _ _ ____ ________ ____ _ _ __ ____ ____ ____

_ _____ _____ _ ___ __ _________ _____ __ _ _____ _ _ __ _ __________ _ _

_______ __ _______ _ ________ ___ _______ ___ _____ _ __ __ _______ _______

____ _ _ __ _______ _____ __ ____ __ ____ _____ __ ______ ___ _____ _ ___

___ ____ __________ __ ____ ___ _____ ___________ _ _ ______ __ ______

_______ __________ _____ _ __ ____ ___ _______ _______ ____________ ___

________ _____ _______ ___ ________ _ _____ _ _ ______ __ ____ __ __ _____ __

________ _ ___ ______ ____ _________ _________ _____ _____ _ __ __ __ __ ___

______ _ _ _ ________ _ ___ _________ __________ _ ____ ____

_________ _____ _ __ ___ ___ ___ __ _ ___ _______ ___ ___ _____ _ _____ __

____ _______ ________ ____ _____ ________ __ ____ _ ________ __ __

_____ _ __ ________ __ ______ _ _ __ __ __ ____ _ _ _ ________!______ _____ _

___ ____ __ ____ _ _____ __ _ ______ ____ _ _______ _____ ___ _______

_______ _ __ ________ "_____ _____ _ ___# __ ____ _____ _ ___ __ ______ _ __

____ ________ __ ___ $___ _ _____ _ _____ _____ _ __ ____ __ _____

_____ ____ _ _ _______ __ __ __ _____ _ _ _____ ____ ___ _______ __ __ _______

___ _ ____ __ _____ ___#___ __ $__ ___#___ _____ _____ _____ _ __ __ ___ ___ ____

_____ ___ ____ _______ ____ ___ _____ _ ____

$__ ____ _ __ ___# _ _____ _ ___ __ __ _____ _ ____ __ _______ _ ___

_____ __ ___ _________ ______ %_____ _____ _________ _____ ____ __ _____ __ __

_____ __ ____ _____ __ _____ _ ________ _ _ ___ __ ___ __ _____ __ __ __

____ __ __ _________ _____ ________ _ _____ _ _______ _ ___ _____ _ __ ______

_______ _____ _________ _____ ____ __ ____ ________ _______ _ ____

________ _____ _ __ ______ ___ _____ ___ _____ _________ ___ ___ _______ _ ______

____ _____ _______ $___ __ _______ ____ ___ _________ _______ _____ ___ ___ #_ __

________ __ ___ &_____ _ _______ "____

'_______ ( )**+ ,_-&._/'_ /____ 0___ 1 '__ 20_3_ ,__ ____

_" _4 5_6)7_5*888_5

©2006 WILEY-VCHVerlag GmbH&Co .

Handbook of Pulp

Edited by Herbert Sixta

3 _____ ____ __ ____ ______ ________ _ _ _______ _____ _4

_ ,___ ________ _____ __ ___ _______ __ __ _________ __ _______

____ ___ _ ____ _ _______ $___ _____ _ ____ ___ ________ _

_______ ___ ________ ___ _ _ _____ ___ _______ ____ __ ___

__ ________ _____ _ ______ ___ _____ _ _ _ __ __ _____

_ ______ ________ _______ _________ _____ __ _____ _______ __

_____ _ _ _____ ____ _______ ___ ____ __ __ _ _____ _____

_____ ___ _______ _____ _ ______ __ ____9__ _____ _______

________ __ _____ _ _______ _____ _ ____________ _ ____ _____

_ ___ _ _____ ________ ___ _______ ____ ___ _ ____ _

_______ _______ $__ ______ _________ _____ __ __ ___#____ _

_______ __ ____ ___ __________ ____ __ _____ _________ _____

__ _____ ____ __ _________ _____ ____ ________ _ _______

________ _____ _ ____ ______ _ _ ____ ____ __ __ _ _____ ________ __ __

______#__ _ _ __ _____ _ ___ ______ ________ &________ ____ ______ __ ___

_____ _ ___ __ _ ________ _ _____ _ __ _____ _ ____ _________ __ _ _____

________ ___ _ ___ _______ _________ ______

$__ _____ _ ____ _ ___ _________ _____ ___ ___ #_ _ ___ ______ _ ________ _

_____ _________ _____ ____ _______ _____ _______ _ ____ __ _____ ______ ____

____ __ _ ______ _________ __ _______ ______ _ _ _ ____ _________ __ ___#___

_ _ _________ _ _______ _ ________ _______ _____ __ ______ ___ _ _____ _____

_____ ___#___ _ ________ ___ ___ _________ _ __ _______ _ __ ___ ____ $__ _____ _

_ _ _________ _____ _____ ___ __ ____ __ _ _____ _ _ ___#___ _ _________

$___ ____ ______ _ __ __ _________ _____ ___ ___ #_ __ $__ _______ ___#___ _

_____ _ _ _____ _______ __ ___#____ __ _____ _____ __ ________#__ __________

_____ _ _ ______ ____ __ _ _ ___ __________ _ ,___ ____ ___ __ _____ __ ____

_____ _ _ ___#___ _ __ ___ _____ ____ __ __________ _____ _____ __ __ __

_______ ______ _ _ !_________ _______ $___ ______ _ _ ______ ____ _ __ ___#_

___ _ _______ _____ _ _ _ ___ _________ _____ ___ ___ #_ __

3______ __ _____ ___ ____ ___ #_ _ ________ _ ____ _ _ ________ _______

__ _______ _____ _ _ ___#___ _ ________ ___ _______ _____ _________ ______

:___ ___ ______ ____ _ _____ ____ ___ _________ __ ___#___ _ ________ __ ___ __

_ ___ _______ _______ _____ __ __ _______ ______ $___ ________ ___ _____ __

___ ______ _________ _____ ___ ___ #_ __

$__ _____ _ ___________ ____ __ ____ _ ___ _________ _____ _______ ___

____

_ :__ ___ _____ _ __ _____ ______ _ _ ______ _______ _ __ ___ _

____ _ _____ _ ___________ __ *_7;<_) __ _ ___ _____ _ _ ____

=_ _;< _;<> __ ________

_ "____ _ ___________ _________ __ *_7;<_* _ _;< _;< ___ __ _____ _

_________ _____ ___ ___ #_ _ ____ _____ _______ _______

_ $__ _____ _ ___________ ___ _________ _______ ______ _______ _

__ ___ __ <_*;<_6 _ _;< _;<_

____ _ _______ ______ ___ _______ __ _________ _____

_ __ _________ _____ __ _______ __ _ _____ _ _ _ _ ___________

_ _ _______ _______ ______ ___ _____ _ ___________ _____

_ ____ __ _ __ ___ _______ _ _____ _9____ __ ___ _____ _ ___

___ __ *_?;*_7 _ _;< _;< @)6A_

3 ________ ________ _ _____ _ ___________ ______ __ ___ _________ _____ _ ____

____ __________ ______ _____ _ =_____ _ _____________ ______ _______> __

_ ______ ___ ____ _________ _____ _______ _ ____ __ __ ____ _ __ ____

#____ __ _____ _________ _____ @)5A_

___

_ ___

$__ _______ _ __ __ _ __ ______ _________ _____ ____ __ _ ___ ___ _____ __ ___

___ _ __ ___ _________ _____ ________ _ ___ _______ __ _____ _ __ ____ ________

_ _ __ ___ ____ _ _ ___ _______ _ _______ __ ______ ___ _____ __ ____ ___

___ _______ _ _ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ _______ _ ____ _______ _ _____ ____ __

_________ _ ______ ______ _ _ __ ____ ___ ____ ___

$__ _______ ________ __ __ ___ ___ ______ _________ _____ __ ____ _______

_ __ ____ ____#_ _ _ ___ _____ __ ______ __ ___ _____ ___ ___ __ ___ ____ _____

_________ __ ______ _ ____ ___ __ ______ __# __ ____ ______ __ __ ______ _

____ ___ ______ _ _ ___ _____ ___ _____ ___________ _ ____ _ _______ _

_ _ _______ __ #___ ___ _ _____ _ _______ __ ____ _____ ________ __ $____

_______ _________ ____ ____ __ _______ _ ______

$__ _____ _ _ ____ __ ____ _________ _____ _ _____ _____ ________ ______

____ _____ ___ ___ #_ __ "_____ ______ _ __ ___ __ ___________ 55* #_ _;5_ _

0____ _ ___ __!____ __ ___ _________ _____ ___ ___ #_ _ __ _______ __ ____

_______B ___ _____ _________ _____ ______ ___ ________ _______ _ _____

$_ _______ _____ ___ ______ _________ _____ _ ____ ___ ______ __ _ ______ __

___ _ _____ _____ __ __ __________ ________ __ _________ __ C D%__ $___

________ _______ ____ ____ _ _ _____ __9_ __ <_) E <_* E *_C _ ______ _ 6** __

+** #__ $____ ___ ___ ____ ____ ____ _____ ___ ___ _ ______ ,___ _____ ___ _

_______ _ _ ______ __________ ____ __ _____ __9_ _ _ ______ __ ___ __ ____

______

$__ _ _______ ____ __ __ ____ ___ _______ _ _ ____#__ _ ___#____ ____#_

________ ____ ___ ______ __ __ ___ __ ___ ____ )6* __ 8** #_ _;5 ____ __ _

_ ___ _________ _____ _____ _ _ ______ _ __ _____ __ 3______ _ ___ _____ __

___ _____ _ _____ ____ __ ____#_ _______ _ _ _____ :__ ____ _____ _ ___ ______

___ ______ _ _ _______ __ _________ _____ _ ____ __ _ ____ ____ ___ @)6A_

___ ______ ____

___

_____

_________ ______ _______ _ _____ __ ______ _ ___ ______ _ ___ _ ____ __ _

___ ___ ____ _______ ____ _________ _____ __ ______ _ ______ __ #___ __

_ _____ _________ ____ ______ D____ _________ _____ ____ __ ______ __ _ __ _____ __

____ ______ _________ _ ____ _______ __ ____ ____ ____ ______ _____ _ _ ______

____ ____ ____ ____ _______ _________ _____ ______ ________ __ _______ __

_______ _ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ _ _ ___ ______ __ __ ___ __

____ _ _______ ______ ___ _______ __ _________ _____

____

_

_____ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ _____ __ ______

___ _______ _ _____ _ _______ _____ __ _____ ____ __ _______ ______ __ ____

___ ____ ______ ____ __ ___________ _______ _ ___ ______ _____ __

___ ___ _______ _____ __ ___ ______ _____ ___ __ __ __________ __

_____________ _______ _ _____ _ ____ _ ____ _ ___ _________ _ ____ ___ ____

___ _____ ___________ __ _________ ________ __ ___ _____________ ___

_____ ___ ____ _______ _____ __ _____ ____ _____ _ ___ ________ _

____ ___ ____ _____ _______ ____ __ ______ _ ______ __ _ ____ __

___ ___ _______ ____ _ ________ ___ ________ __ _____ _ ____ ___

__ _________ _____

_ ____ ____ _ _________ __ _____ _______ __ ________ _ _____ ____

___ __ _ ____ __ _ ____ _ _______ ___ ________ _ ____ ___ ________ ______

__ ________ _ ________ ________ _ __ ________ ___ ______ _________

_________ __ __ ____ ______ _________ ___ __ _________ __ _____

____ _ ___ _____ __ ____ ___ __ _________ _______ _ ______ ________

__ ____ ___ _ ____ ___ _____ ____ __ __ ___!_ _ _ ____ ____ ________

_______ _ ___ _________ _____ _ ___ ____ "__ ___ ___ _______ _____

____ ____ __ __ ____ ___ _______#

_ $___ _____ __ _____ __

_ %_ _______ ___ _ __________

_ &______ _________

_ '_______ _ _____ __ ____ _ _________ ____ _ __ _____

____

_ ( ________ _ _____

)____ _________ ___ ___ _ *____ _______ _ _____ ____ ____ __

__ ____#

_ % *____ _____ _ __ _ *____ ______ ______ __ ______ _

+_______

_ &______ ________ _ ___ _____ ____ ___ ______ __ +___

_____

_ "________ _ _______ ______ _ __ _ ___ ______ __ _,____

__ _________ ______ __ ___ -"___

________ __ ___ (_____ __ .______ "_,_

/_______ 0 1223 4_ (5_&/. &____ +__. 6 /_ 7+__ 4_______

_"89# :_;1<_:2===_:

©2006 WILEY-VCHVerlag GmbH&Co .

Handbook of Pulp

Edited by Herbert Sixta

_ (,_ _____ _____ __ ___ _____ _____ _____ ____ _______

_____ _ __ _ ___ ______ __ _____ _____ ______ __ ___ -"__ >1;?_

_____ _________ ___ _______________ __ _*___ _ * ____ ____ ____ ___ _____

_________ _ ___ _____ ______ _______ __ __ _ ____ _____ _____________ ____

__ ___ ___ ___ _____ _ __ ____ ______ ____ _ ____ ____ _____ ____

_____ )____ ______ ___ ____ __ _ ____ _!_ _____ __ ______ _ ________ ___ ______

____ _ ___ ___ _______ ____ _ _______ __ ____ ___ ____ >@<?_

___ ____ _______ _______ _ __ _ ____ _!_ _____ __ ____ ______ ___

_____ ______ __ ______ _______ __ ____ ____ ___ ___ ____ __________ __

_______ _________ ___ _____ __ ___ _______ __ ____ __ __ __ _ ___ __

___ ____ ___ ____ _* __ __________ "____________ _ ______ _!_ _____ _,___

________ ___ __ _ ____ _ __ _____ _____ ___ ______ __ ____ _* ________ __

___ _,_____ ___ _______ ______ _ ________ __ __ ____ _____ ___ _____

___ ________ _ _______ ____ _ _______ _ _!_ _____ __ ___ _ ___ ___

_________ _ ____ ____ _ _________ __ __ _ ____ __________ >1;?_

___

______

__ (_____ +_____ __ ___ ______ __ ___ _______ ____________ ____ _____

___ ____ _______ __ ___ ____ ______#

_ _____ _ _ ____

_ A____ _ __ _ ____ _ ____ ____ ____ __

_ $_____ _ _____

___ (_____ -___ _(-_ __ ____________ _____ ____ _ ___ ____ ___ ____

________ ____ _____ __ ___ _ ___ (_____ 4___ +________ =@B@;3B(4+ _

@==@ __ ___ (- % *____ $___ ____ =CB31B(+ _ @==C ___ ___ __ ______ __

___ _____ __ __ __ __ _______ _ ______ _ *____ ____ __ ____ _ *__

___ ___ ___ ____ __ ____ _____ _____ _____ _ __ ______ _______

___ ____ ___ ____ _____ __ ___ _____ _ _ *____ _______ __ _ ____ _ _ *_

____ ______ __ ____ ____ _ _ *____ _____ __ ________ ____ ___ __

___ ____ _ ____ __ ____ _______

___ (- ______ _____ ____ ________ _______ __ _*___ *_ ___ ____ __ ____

______ _ ____ _ __ ____ __ _______ ___ ______ _______ __ ___ ____ _

____ ________ ______ __ ___________ _ _ *____ __ _ *___ ____ __

____ __ __ ___ ___ _ ___ ______ _ ___ _ _ *____ __ ___ _____ ____

____ __ _*_ _____________ __ ____ ____ __ ___ _ ____ ___ D_______ ___E

____ _____ '___ _______ ___ __ _____ ___ __ ___ ____ _ __ ___ _ _ *__

___ __ _ *____ _____ __ ____ ____ ________ __ ___ ___ __ ____ _____ __ ___

____ ____ ______ _ ____ _ ___ ___ _ F __ _,____ __ ______ ________ F __

_!_ ______ _ __ ____ __ _ ____ ______

____ _ _______ __ _ __ ___ _ ________ _____

___________ _ ___ _ *____ _______ ______ ___ _,____ ___ ___ _______

_____ _______ _ _ *____#

_ "___ _ *____ _ _____ _ *____# ____ __ ______ _ ___ ____ ____

_ ______ _ ___ ____ _____ _ ____ ____ __ _ _ _____ _

_ _ _____ _, _ ______ ______ _ _______ _,_

_ A___ *____ _ __ __ _ *____# ____ _____ _____ ____

___ _ ____ _____ _____ _ ___ ____ ____ _ ______ _ ___ ____

______ _ ___ ______ ___ _ __ * ___ ________ A______ ____

_ *____ ___ __ _______ _ ___ __ _______ _ _ ___ ____

(,_____ __ ___ ____ _ _ * _ ______ _ ___ _____ _____

_ _ *____ __ _ ____ ______ ___

_ _______ _ *____ _ _____ _ *____# ____ _ _______ ___ ____

____ __ _______ _ ______ ____ _____ __ __ _ __ ___ ____ _

__ _ ____ ____ __ _______ ____ __ ______ (,_____

__ _______ _,__ __ ______ __ _ ___ ___ ____ _____

______ ___ _& ___ _ ____ !__ _ !___ /_______ __ ___

____ _____ _ __ __________ __ __ ___ _ ___ _____ _

_______ _ *_____

_ _____ _ ___ (- % *____ $___ _____ ___ ____ D_________E ____ ___ _____

___ __ _____ _ *____ _______#

_ G_____ __ _ ____# ___ ____ ______ _ _ *____ _______ __

____ ___ __ ___ __ ___ ______ ______ _ __ ____ _______

__ ______ ____ ____ ___ __ _______ __ ________ _

_______

_ (_____ __ ____# ___ ___ _ _________ _ *____ _______ __

______ ____ ___ _______ __ ____ _ _______ ____ _ ______

____ _____ _ _____ ___ ____ ___ __ _____

_ )____ _________# ___ ____ ________ ______ _ ____ _ ___

___ ________ _____ ____ ____ ____ __ ________ __

_______ __ ___ _ ___ _____ ___ ________ _______ _

___ _ *____ _______ _ ____ _ _________ ____ _______ _

_______ ______ _______ _______ __ __ ___ _ ____ ______

_____

___ (- % *____ $___ ____ __ ___ _______ _!_ _____#

_ "__ _ 122@_ _____ _________ ____ _______ ___ _ ____ ;2H

__ _ ___ 3;H __ ______ _ _ *____ ____ ____ __ _____

_ 4_____ ____ _________ _!_ _____ _ ____ 1;H __ _ ___ C;H __

______ _ ___ ___ _ *____ ______ ______ __ ___ _ *____

____ __ _ ____ @;H __ ______ _ _ _ _________ _ *____

______ ____ __ __ _____ __ ______ __ _ ____ >1;?_

___ (- ______ _____ __ _ _______ ___ (- _ *____ ____ ____ ___ _____

___ ___ _ __ _ _______ ___________ __ ___ _________ (- _____ _____ ___

___ ____ ____

_______ ____ _____ _ __ ____ _______ _________ ____ _____ _____ ___________

___ _______ ___ ___ ____ ____ _!_ _____ __ ___ ___ ___ _ ____ _ *_____

_______ <2FI2H _ ___ ___ ______ >1=?_ 8_ ___ ___ 1222_ ___ ______ __ __

____ _!_ _____ __ ___ _________ (- ______ _____ _, _____ ___ ______ _ ___ (-

____ _____

___ __ _ _________ __ ____ _ ___ ____ ____ _ ____ __ ______________ %__

__ ____ ______ __________ ___________ __ _________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ________

______ __ ______ ______ ___ ______ ____ _ ____ __ ___ ___ ____ ___ _____ ___

____ ____ ___ ____ __ __ ___ ___ _______ ______ _ __ _ ___ ____ _ ____

______ ___ _______ __ ____ _______ __ ___ _____ _ ___ (- /________

___ ____ __ _*__ ___ __ _____ ___ _________ __ ___ ____ _ ____ __ ______

_ _____ ____ ____ ___ _ ____ ___ _ ___ ___ ________ ________ __ ___

*______ 4___ _____ ___ _ _____ _____ ___ ________ __ ________ _ ____

____ ______ ___ ___ ____ __ _ ____ _ ___ ____ __ _ ______ ____ __ _

___ ____ ____ __ _______ __ __________ ___ (- /_______ __ _____ ______

_ _______ __________ ___ ____ ____ _____ _ __ ______ _______ _ ____

___ _!_ _____ _ ___ ____ ___ __ ___ _!_ _____ ____ __ __ ___ ___ ____ ___

____ ______ _ __________ ______ __ _____ __________ ___________

__________ __ ____ ____ ___ ______ _____ _ ____ ______ >:2?_ ___ _____

(- _ ___ __ ____ ____ _ ___ ____ _____ _ ___ ____ _ __ ___ ____ _

___ _ _____ ____ _____ __ _______ __ _,______ ______ _____ _ ____ ___ _

_______ ______ _ _____ ____ ___ __ __ _____ __ _ _____

__ 1222_ __ __ ___ _ ____ ____ (- ________ ___ /(%_ __ (A%_ _(___

___ A_ _____ %___ ___ _____ _________ _______ (_____ $_ _____

_ ____ __ _____ ___ ___ _____ _ ____ (_____ $_ _____ __ _ __ _ ;3H

__ @_;H_ (_____ __ _ ____ ___ _ ___ ____ __ ___ ____ __ ______ __

(____ __ 122;_ ___ __ ____ __ ___ __ _ ____ ___ ___ C=H ________ _ ___

____ _@==I_ _ _ _______ __ _ ____ _ __ _____ ____ _ @2 ______ ___ _

13_3H ______ __ _____ ____ _________ _____ _ @==I_ __ ____ _ _______

___ __________ __ ________ __ (_____ A_ _____ %___ /__ __ _(A%/_ __

___________ __ ___ _______ ___ (_____ '_______ _ /_______ 8__ G__

__ ______ _'('/)_ ______ ___ __ _____ __________ ___ (_____ '_______

_ 4___ G_______ __ (__________ "____ __ _'(_$__ ___ (_____ %___

G__ ____ ___ ____ _(-+A)%__ _ ____ _ ___ __________ /_________ _

%_______ __ ______ __________ __9_(A+A_'_ __ __ _________ ___ (_____

$_ ______ 8_____ ___ __ _ ____ ___ _ __ ______ __ 122;_ ___ _________ _ ___

__ _____ __ __ _______ _ _____ ___ _______#

_ '______ ____ ___ _ ___ ________ _ ________ ______ __ ___

_____ __ ___ ____ __ ___ _____ _ ___

_ '______ __________ _ ___ ____ ____ ___ _ __ __ _,_____

________

_ )_________ _ __ _____ ____ ___ ___ _______ __ ______

_,_______ ____ ____ __________ __ ___ ____ __ _____ ____ __

__ _ ____ ________

____ _ _______ __ _ __ ___ _ ________ _____

___ ___ __ _ _ __ _ ______

_ __________ _ __ ___ __ _______ __ _____________

______ _______ __ __________ __ _________ _____ _ __ ___

_________

_ __________ _ ___ _______ _ ____ __ _ ____ __ ________

___ _______ ___ _____ ___ __ _____ ___ ____ __ >:@?_

___ (_____ ____ ________ __ __ __ _ _______ ___ ______ __ ___ ___

__ _ ____ ___ ______ __ 122: __ _____ ;CH __ ___ __ _____ ____ ___ __

__ _____ ___ _ @==I __ 3_@ ______ ___ >:1?_

_____ ___ _______ _______ __ ________ _____ _ __ ___ F __ ___ __ _____ _

___ ____ ___ _____ _ __ _____ ____ _______ ___ __ __ ________ _ ____

_ ___ ______ _ ____ ___ ____ "_*_______ __ ___ ____ __ _ ____ ___ __

_*___ _ __________ ___ ____ _____ ______ ___ ___ ______ __ _____

_________ ___ ________ __ _____ _ ______ __________ __ ___ __________ ____

___ _ __ _____ _____ ______ __________ ___ ___ ____ ______ __ _______

____ ______ _ ___ _____ __ ________ _ __ _____ _____ __ _______ ___

/(%_ __ (A%_ ___ _____ ___ _ ______ ____ __________ _ __ ____ __ ____

______ __ ______ _ __ _____ ____ >::?_ '_ __ _ _____ __ _____ ___

_____ _ __ _ __ __ ____ _____ __ ___ ____ ________ __ ___ _______ __ ___ ______

___ __ __ _*___ _ ___ ___ _ ________ ___ __ _ _______ _ ____ __

___ ____ ___

___

_____ _____ __ !____

__ ___ -"_ __ _______ _ ___ ___ 1<2 ______ __ ;2 ______ __ __ __ _____

___ _ ___ ____ ___ ___ __ _ ____ _______ _____ ______ _______ "_____ ______

_________ (,_ _____ )_____ __ __ __ _,_____ __ ___ ______ ________ __

___ ___ ______ _________ ____ __ ______ _ __ ___ _ _____ ______ ___

__,_ ___ _____ G__ _________ _____ ___ ______ ___ __ _________ _____

___ _____ __ _ _____ ____ _ ___ ____ _ ____ _______ _ _______ ________

__ _!_ __ ___ _____ _______ _ __ _________

_ ____ ___ C2 _____ ___ _____ __ _ ____ ___ _ ___ ___________ _____

___ ___ __ ____ ______ G__ _____ ___ __________ __ _ ____ __ _______

12H _G______ __ <2H _A___ ______ __ ____ ____ ____ ___ 4___ ___ _ _

::;_ 4__ ____ ______ ___ ___ ___________ __ _____ ____ __ _ ____ __

____ ______ ____ _ __ _ ____ _ @=I=_ 8______ _______ _______

__ ___ ____ _______ ___ __ __________ A_________ -____ _A-__ ___ _

______ _ _ __ _ ____ ________ __ __ ________ __ _____ _ ______ _____

____________ ___ ___ >@C_:C?_

__ _____ _ (_____ ____ ______ ___ _ ______ ___ ___ __ ____ ____ __ ____

__ ___ _ *____ __ _____ __ __ _______ _______ __ _ ___ _____ _____

__ ___ ___ ___ ____ _____ _ ____ ____ __ __ ____ ____ __ ___ -"__ ____

____ __ @=<3 ____ ___ A____ _ /________ __ A_ ____ _ _ ___ ___ _ ___

___"

_ _______ __ _ __ ___ _ ________ _____

______ ___ __ ___ -_"_ (__________ %___ ___ ____ _ _(%__ _ ___ _ %__

_______ +_________ __ _________ ___ ___ __ @==@_

$_______ ___ ____ _____ __________ _______ ___ -_"_ A_ _ ____ _______

/__ __ _A_/_ _ ________ _______ __ _ ___ _____ _____ ___ ______ ____

______ __ _____ _____ __ ___ ____ __ ________ _ ___ ______ __________

__ @==I_ %________ /_____ _______ ___ (%_ ________ __________ __ ___ (,_ __

____ )____ ____ +_______ ___ +________ __ 4___ %_________ A_ _ _____ __

'_____ _ _________ _ _____ _ ____ _____ __ ________ ________ __ ___ _ _____

___ ____ ____ @==I ____ _____ _____ ____ ____ _ ____ :2H ____ ______

__ _____ _____ _ __ ____ ___ ;2H __ _____ ______ __ ______ ____ ______

__ _____ _____ ___ ___ _ __ _____ ____ __ _____ __ ____ ___ __ ___ ____

_ ____ ______ ____ __ __ __ ____ _________ ____ _________ ___

_,____ _ _ ___ ____ __ ____ ________ _________

__ @==;_ ___ (%_ ______ +____ _ $ _____ _ ___ _ ________ _ (______

_____ %________ %___ __ __ "____ ___ ____ __ ___ _____ ___________ ___ __

____ _ ___ D+____ %___ __E ___ __ ___ _ _____ _____ _____ ____ _____ _

______ ___ _____________ ________ ____ __ __ ____ ______ _________ __

_____ __ __ __ ____ __ _______ ______ ____ ________ ___ _______ __

_______ ___ _____ ____ ____ _ ____ ___________ ________ _ ___ __ ______

_______ __ D_____ ____ _E _ __________ __ ______ _______ __ _________

_______ ___ ___ ____ __ ________ __ _______ ____ _____ __________ ____

____ ____ __ _ ___ ___________ ___ ________ __ ___ ______ ___ ___ _____

_____ ___ _____________ ________ ____ __ __ _____ __ __ _______ _____

___ ____ __!_ ___

'_ ____ __ ____ ____ ___ ___ (%_ )___ _ __ "___ 4___ __ _________

%___ %___ __ A_ _____ G______ _______ 9__ _ >:;?_ ____ _____ _ ___ ___

____ ____ __ _ ____ __ _________ _________ __ _,____ ___ __*___ __

_____ _______ __ _ ___ _______ __ _______ ___ ___ __ ____ ________ __

___ -_____ "____ __ ___ +_____ "____ __ ____________ _+"__ __ ___ +_____

____ %_______ )___ __ ___ (%_ _____ _ ___ _ __ ___ __ ______ _ __ ___ __

_,_____ _____ __________ ___ ___ __ __ __ ____ ___ _ ____ _ __ __

___ ____ __ ___ ______ __ ___ "_ _ ___ ____ _________ =;H _ ___ _ ___

____ _____________

-_"_ %___ "____ _ _-"%"_ _ __ __ @==; ___ ______ _ ___ *___ __ ____ _____

__ ___ ___ ______ ____ ________ _________ _____ ______ _______ ____ ____

____ _ ___ ____ __ ____ _________ ___ _______ _________ ___ ________ ________

__ ___ -"$_ '____ %___ __ _____ ____ _____ _ ___________ __

______ _ ______ _____________ ______ ________ _________ ________ _%"___

___ ___ ___ _____ _____________ ______ ________ _(8__ __ _____ __ ____

____ ___ ________ ______ __ ____ _ __ _____ __ ___ ___ ___ ____ __ ___

______ _____ _ ___ *___ ___ _ (8__ ___________ ____ _ __ _____ ____ (8_

____ ___ ___ _ ______ ______ __ ____ ______ '_____ ____ _ __________

________ _____________ ______ %"_J_ __ _________ __ 122@_ 9____________ ___

___ __ ____ _ _ (8_ ____ _____ __ _____ ____ _ __ ___ -_____ "_____ ___

__ ___ ____ ___ _%(8_ __________ _ %____ (____________ 8_____ _____

___#

___ ___ __ _ _ __ _ ______

______ __ ______ __ 122: _ _______ _ _______ ____ ______ _ _____

___ __ ______ ____________ _ ___ -_____ "____ (,_ _____ )____ @:@CI "_ _

___ <21_ ___ _ _____ ___ _____ ____ _ %"_ ____ ____ __ >:3?_

(%_ __ _______ _______ __ ___ _______ __ _ ___ _____ _____ __ _________

____ ______ _ _______ _____ _,____ ________ _ ____ ______ _____ _____ __

___ __ _ ___ _____ ______ _ _____ _ ___ _____ _ '____ 6 %___ ___ ____

__'6%___ ____ __ ____ ______ __ _____ ____ __ ___ ___ __ __ _ ____

_________ ___ (%_ ________ ___ ___ _______ ___ _ ____ _ ______ ___ _ ____

______ __ _____ _____ _ ____ ___ (%_ __ __ _______ _____________ ____

______ ____ __ _ ____ ____ ___ ______ '_ _,_____ __ __ __ _*__ ___ ___

_!_ ___________ _______ __ _ ____ ____ ___ __ _ _ ___ ____ _ ______

___ ___ _ ___ ______ _____ _______ __ ________

____ I_@ ____ ___ _______ _____ _ __ _ ___ ______ __ _________ ____

______ __ __ _____ ______ _ ___ __ _ ___ _____ _____ ______ __ A_/

__ _________ _________ ___ _ @==1 ____ ___ (%_ ___________ __ _____ ___ __

___ (%_ _______ ____ _ ___ ____ __ .______ ___ _______ _ _____ ____ __

___________ ____ _______ _ ___ __________ ______ ______ >@<?_

$__ ___ _________ _____ ______ __ __ __ ____________

________ _____ ___ _ _________ __ _________ _____

______ _____

%______ __ _ & ____ _% ___"

$__ _____ __

_____ _____

'()

%___*____!__

_____ _____

'()

$__ _____ __

_____ _____

'()

%___*____!__

_____ _____

'()

9________ C2 C2 C2F@22 C2FI;

%_______ __ _______ C2F;2 @2F@; @2F;2 @2F12

______ 32FI2 ;2F<2 12F@22 12F32

/_____ ___ ____ I2 3; _B _B

% *____ ____ C2 12 ;FC2 ;F12

-_ ___ ____# _______ C2 :; :2F;2 :2F;2

-_ ___ ____# ____ @22 32 _B _B

/___ _______ =2 C; @22 C;F@22

_B K __ ____ ___

8______ ______ ____ _____ ___ __ ___________ ___ ______ ___ _,___ __ ___

-"_ _ ___ ____ _______ ____ ____ _____ ___ ___ ___ ______ _ _______ _

___ ____ ____ _ ___ ___ __ __ _______ ________ __ __ __ _ ___ _____ _____

___+

_ _______ __ _ __ ___ _ ________ _____

__ __________ ____ _____ ___ __ _ ___ (%_ _ ____ _ ___ ____ _ ____

______ __ ______ __ ________ _ __ __ _______ ______ _____ ___ __ ____ ___

_______#

_ G_____ _______ _ _________ __ _________

_ '______ _____ __ ____ ___ __ _______ ___ ___ ______

__ _ ___ ________

_ __ _________ _______ _ _________ _ ___ __ _ ___ _____ __

______ _________ __ _____ _____ _ _____ ___ _____________

___ ___ _ __ ______ _ __ _ ___ _____ _____ __ _________ __ ___ ____ ______

____ __ _____ _______ :2H __ ;2H __ ______ _ ________ ___ _____

_____ ___ _ ______ __________ ______ __ ___ ________ _ __ ___ ____ _ ___

__ _ ____ ____ "_ _ _________ ________ __ _ _____ __ ___ -"_ _ /__ _

______ __ ____ __ _ ____ _____ _ ____ _ _____ ____ ___ _________ _______

_ __ _ ___ _______ /_______ _ ____ __ _______ __ _____ __ _ _ _________ _

_ * _ ______ __ _,____ _ _____ ___ __ ____ _____ _____ __ ____ __

___ _____ ____ __ ____ _____ ________ _ __ _____ _____ '__ ___ (___

___ _________ _________ __________ ______ _ __ _ ___ ______ __ _____ ____

_____ __ __ ______ __ ___ ____ ________ __ ___ _______ _ ____ ____ ___

______ ____ _ *______ __________ __ _____ __ _____ ____ ___ ___

____ __ _ ____ ___ F _ ___ F _*_ ___ _____ __ ___ ____ ____ ___ ____

________ _________ ______ ______ __ ___ ______ _ _____ ___ _______ ____ __

____ _ ______ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ _______ $________ _ ___ _________

_ __ _____ ____ _____ __ __ ___ _ ____________ _ __ _____ ____ __ ____

____ _____ __ _____ ___ ______ ___ __ _ ___ _____ _____ _ ______ ____

____ ___ _ _____ ______ ____ __ ____ _________ _____ ___ _____ ___

_!_ _____ _ _*_ _________ ___ _ __ _____ ____ _ _____ _______

______ _____ _ ___ __ _____ ______ _______ ___ _ ______ _ ____ _

_________ ___ ______ _______ 8__ ____ _____ _ __ __*____ __________ __

_____ ____ ___ ____ __ ______ '_ ____ _____ ___ _'6%_ ___ _____ __ __

____ ____ ___ ___ ___ _ ;2H _ ____ ________ __ 1222 _ __ __ ___

_____ _ ____ _________ ___ ____ _____ __ CH_______ __ 1221_ __ ____ ___ _

CIH __ _______ __ ___ ___ _____ ___ __ _'6%_ __ __ ;;H_ _ __ ______ __

12@1 >:<?_

___

,_

L__ __ _____ ___ ____J_ __ _________ ______ _ __ _____ _____ _ @I_: ____

___ ___ __ 1221_ )___ ___ -"_ __ ______ ______ /_________ ___ ____ ____

_ ___ ____ _____ ____ ___ ___ __ __ ____ ____ _,____ __ ______

____ ;H _ ___ ____ ____ _____ __ ___ _ _ ___ L__ __ ___ ____@=I2_ __

_____ ______ ____ _________ _____ _________ _ ___ _____ _ ___ __

__ _____ ____ __ _ ____ __ _______ ___ 4___ $_____ _ __ ___ __ @=<2 __

____

___ ____

______ __ @==@ ____ ___ A____ _ A_ _ ____ ' _______ _ _ ____ ___ A_ __

____ __ __ _____ ____ __ @ ___ _____ ___ ______ _ ____ __# D/_________

___ L__ ______ _ ________ ___ _______ _____ ___ ___ ____ ___ _ _____

_____ __ __ __ _____ ___ ____ ______ _____ _____ ___ ______ _ ____ __ __

_ ______ ___ ___ __ _____ __ _______ ___ ___ _ __ _ ____ _____ ___

__ _______ _____ ___ ______ __________ _ ___ ____J_ _ ___E_

_ _____ _ G_________ )_____ _ 9_ ;: _ ___ G_______ _ __________

____ __ ________ _G_____ _______ __ ____ __ ___ _________ ___ _ __ _____

____ _ ;;H __ _ __ _______ __ ______ ____ ____ ___ __ ___ ___ _ ___

'__ _ 5__ @==C ______ @==C _ G_ _ @==;__ %___ ____ ___ ____ __ _ ___

_______#

_ ______ __ ______ _______ __ ___ _________ _ __ _____ ____

__ ______ ___ __ _____ _____ __ _ __ __ _____ _____

_ ______ __ _____ ____ __ ______ __ _____ __ ______

____ _ ____ ____ ______ __ ____ _ __________

_ $_____ __ _____ ____ _________ ___ __ _ _ ___ _ ____

_ %____ ___ _______ _ __ _ ___ ___ _____ ___ _ __ _____ _____

___ G___ _________ _ __ ____ ___ _________ ___ _ __ _____ ____ ______

_ _________ ___ ____ ____ __ __ _, __ _______ _ ___ __ _____ ____ ___

*___ _____ __ ____ ____ __ _____ _,___ ___ __ ___ _ _____ ____ ____ __

__ _____ ____ __ ___ _____ _ _____ __ ___________ __ _____ ____ __ _ _

___ _______ __ ______ _ ______ __ ____ __ ___ ___ ________ %___ ___

__ ___ ____ ______ ____ __ _, ____ __ ___ __ _____ ____ ____ __ _ _____

__ __ ______ __ _____ ____ __ ______ ___ __ ___ _________ _ ____*___

________

___ G___ ______ ___ ___ ______ __________ ______ __ ___ ___ _ __ _ ___

_____ ____ ___ __ ______ __ _____ __ ______ ___ _ __ _ ___ ____

___ ________ ___ %___ A_ _ ____ %_____ /_____ ______ __ D+____

G_* ____E __ ________ _____ _____ __ _*_ ____ __ ___ __ _ ___

_______ ___ L__ (_________ ___ ____ ________ ___ ( _G_* __!_ _ __

____ __ ____ _____ ____ __ _ ___ _______ -___________ ___ _ ___ __ ___ ____

______ _ ___ __ _ ___ _____ ______ __ ____ __ ___ ____ ___ ___ ______

__ ___ _______ _______ _ _ ___ ________ __ ______

___ _!_ ____ _ ;;H _________ ___ __ __ _____ ____ __ @==C __ ______

_____ __ @=I=_ ____ ___ ___ __ ;2H_ ____ ___ __ _____ ______ _________

__ ___ ________ _ __ ___________ _______ ___ 9____________ _________ ___ __

__ _____ ____ _ ___ ;:H _____ __ @==C_ _______ ___ __*__ _____ _ ____

______ _ __ _____ _____ "__ _ ___ ___ _________ _ ____ ______ _ __ _

___ __!_ ___ _________ ___ __ _____#

_ A___ __ ____ ___ ____ _ ____ _____ _ _ *____ _____

__ ___ ___ ____ ____ ________ _ __ _ ___ _______

_ __ _____ _____ __ ___________ ____ ____ ___

_ A_____ ___ __ __ ______ __ _____ ____ ___ _ ___________

__________

____

_ _______ __ _ __ ___ _ ________ _____

_ (_____ __ ________ _ __ ____ _______

_ ________ __________

____ ______ __ ___ ____ ________ _ _____ ___ __ _ __ _____ ____ ___ _

;;H _______ ___ G_______ _ .____ __ 4_____ _G.4_ _ ___ G___ _ _*_

___ _ _, ________ _______ ___ _ _____ ____ ____ ____ ( ___ _______

_ ______ ___ ___ _ __ _ ___ _____ _ ______ __________ _____ ___ ___ __

______ _ __ _ ___ _____ ______ _______ ______ _ ______ _ ____ _____ ____

_ _____ ___ ______ _______ _ __ _ ____ ___ __ __ _____ ___ _______ __

_______ ___ ___ ______ __ ______ ___ _____ _ ___ _ __ _____ ____ __

__________ _ _____ *_______ __ ____________ _ __ _ ___ ____ ____ ___

_ ___ __ _____ ________ G___ __________ "____ /_______ _ 8__

______ _ ___ L_____ %___ __ %___ _________ ____ _______ _______ ______

_________ _ _________ __*____ __ ______ ______ __ ___ ____ __ ____

____ _______ ____ ____________ ____ _________ _________ __ __ _____

____ ___________ ___ ________ ___ __ _________ ______ _#

_ (_______ ___ _ _ ________ ___ _______ _ __ _____ ____

_ ___ ___ _M

_ (,___ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ _ _____ __ ___________ ______

______M

_ (,___ ______ _____ __ __ _ ___ ____M

_ 9______ _ ________ _______ ________ __ _______ _

______ ________ __ ________ __ _______ ____ ____ ___

________ _ ___ _____ _ __ _ ___ ______M

_ %____ __ ______ ________ _ _ ___ ______ __ _,___

__*__ __ __ _ ___ ____ ____ __M

_ "________ _______ __ _____ ____ __ ______ ______M

_ A________ ___ _, ______ _ _____ __ _____ ___ _ __ _ ___

____ __M

_ (_______ ___ _ _ ____ _ _______ ___ _ __ _____ ____M

_ $_____ _________ __ _____ ____ ____ ____ ___ __ _ ____

___ ____ __ ___ ____ __M

_ __ ____ __ _ ____ __ ______ __ ____M ____ ____ ___ _______

__ _____ ____ _ __ ___ ___ __ ______ __ ____M __

_ __ ____ __________ __ _ ____ ____ __ _____ _,___ _ __ __

____ ____ >1;_:I?_

G___ ________ ___ _____ _ __ ________ ________ _ ____ ________ ____ __

_ ________ ___ _____ _ ________ __ _ ____ ______ ______ ___ ______

_____ __ @==C_ ___ "____ /_______ _________ ___ _____ ____ DA_ _ __ ;3EM

____ __ ____ _ _______ __ _____ ____ _________ ___ _ ;3H __ 1222_ __

____ __ _, _____ __ @H______ __ _ __ ___ _____ __ _ ____ ____ ___ __ 1221

_________ ___ _ 3@H __ _______

__--

_________ __-_

_________

_ ________ ____ ____ _ __ ____

__________ _&$%_ (____ 8___ _____

I; ___

_ ________ ____ ____ _ __ ____

__________ _&$%_ (____ 8___ _____ 3C

___

_ ________ ____ ____ _ __ ____

__________ _&$%_ (____ 8___ _____ ;2

___

_ ________ @=<1 _____ A______ __

____ __!_ ____M @C_=_# 3<F@I;_

" ________ @=31 _____ A______ __

____ __!_ __ _M C_=_# <<F122_

# ________ @=;= _____ A______ __

____ __!_ ____M @_=_# <F@C2_

+ ________ @=3: _____ A_____E_

__ ____ __!_ __ _M ;_=_# I:F1@1_

_ ________ "___________ ___ #_______

$_____________ __ ___ %___&____

8$(B7N___ ____B8___ &$%B8___

+______ _____

_ ________ '_ ___ __ _______

$_______ %_____ __ (___)____ _____

/(%__ 8________ _____

_- ________ *______ ___ __ $_______

%_____ __ (___)____ ____+ ,! !(_

8____ __________ __ _ AO __O__

____ 8_ ____ "____ ___ _

__ ________ # - _- ./_+ ____&____

"________$___________________ 8____

&_____ 8______ _____

__ ________ $_____ (__0____ ____

$_______ _ 1______ _____ /(%_B8________

_____

__ ________ $____ $__________ '___

___ ____+ *______ ___ -________ $____+

2_____ $____+ *____ '____+ ____ $____+

_____ $____ __________ $_____ _________

_ A_ _____ A_ _ ____ __________

__"A___ 4_______ $_/__ ____# @=F:@_

__ ________ ________ ___ ________

4___"___ _ _____ _ '____ 6 %___

___ ____ _______ _____# ____#BB

___________B____B__________

_____

_" ________ ____ $_______ __ (___)____

____ _ 3_____ %___ A_ _ ____ %___

___ /______ _*__ _____

_# ________ '_ ___4___ $________

$55__0_ /(%_B8________ _____

_+ ________ 6_7____ _ $________

____ '0____ __________ _________ __

(_________ __ $_________ ___($__

____ ___ _

__ %____ .__L__ +N___ _____ __ ________ F

___ ____ (_____ _ _ __ ________P _7

____M _@@_# _@I=F_@=:_

__ ________ $_____ (__0____ ____

$_______ _ 1______ ___/_ /(%_B8________

____

_- %___!_Q*__ %__ .______ .__

+____ ____ _____ ___ ._____ F ____

____________ ___ _ __________

'____A___________ _R_ %_____ 6___

______ _ 8___9_ ___ ___________ ___M

@<# 1F3_

__ ________ 4_________ ____________

___ _ ____ ___ 12@2 __ 11; G__

_____ ________ _:; # ____ __

<_________ ___M C=# @3_

__ G_______ $_8__ "__ ___ __ ______ _

__ ____ _____ __# $_______0 2___

(__0_____ "__________ A_L_ _(____ ____

%_____ ______ +__ ____# /_____ I_

__ 8_______*__ 8__ .Q______ +__ G__*_ 7__

;____ 8_____5____ "________&_____

8______ ____

__ 8_______*__ 8__ ._______ ___ ______ 8__

__ ___ 4______ _____ __ -______ ____

___ 8_________ __ G_________ ___

___ __________ (_______ ______ ___

%______ %___ _# (_______ ___ 8_____

____ _________ "____________

_9_(/-"_ $_______ +______ ____

_" +N___ _____ __ %*______ .__ (__0____

____ ___ _______ '___ )__ ._____*__

_____

_# _________ "_ _ __# (__0_____ ____*__ "_

_(____ ____ %_____ ______ +__ ____#

:F3_

_+ 7R_____ ___ %_____ _____ ___ _

_______ __ ____ _______ ____ ___

$_______ _____ I__ 122;_

__ %____ .__L__ " _____ "__ A_____ _____

____ F ___ _____ *_ ;_______! _! _____

____!_ ____M @::_:BC_# @2:F@@@_

__ 7____ 7__$__ ________ ___ %___*__

___________ __ (____ ;_______!

_! __________ ___ M @1C_@CB@;_# 3;3_

_- 7____ 7__$__ ______________ __ "__*_

____ ___ ____Q__ ___ __________*_

__-_ _ _______ __ _ __ ___ _ ________ _____

;_______! _! __________ ____M @13_@3_#

<C1_

__ ________ _______ #_________ __

____ (___)__0_ /(%_B8________ _____

__ ________ 6__ _______ #_________

__ ____ (___)__0_ /(%_B8________ _____

__ ________ (_________ 8_____5___ __

(___)____ ____= *______ __ __________

______ ___ >___0 ________ /(%_B8____

_____ ____

__ ________ ;____ (______ ___ (__0_

____ ____)__ %-8 __(_2C@_ A(& 1B=:_

4__ ____ $________ _ 9____

A____ ___ G_____ _____

_" ________ ________ ___ ________

4___"___ _ (%__ _______ _____#

_________B______B_____B___

___B____B_________,__ @==3_

_# )__ *_ A_/__ +_______ '_L__ _________

_ _____ _____________ ______

________ __%(8__# "_____ D"__ *_E

______ _______ _ ____ (__0_____ ____M

@C_1_# 3FI_

_+ ________ ________ ___ ________

4___"___ _ _____ _ '____ 6 %___

___ _____ _______ _____#

____#BB____________ ____

__ /________ "__ %___ A_ _ ____ __

___ 4___ %___ 8_______ __ L___ "___

"____ 9_ @3 __ __($ "____# 6_7____ _

$________ ____ '0____ _*__ ___ _

_____./ ______ ____ __ _____ 0____ __ ____1____

%___ _ 2___ 3_______4 ____5

____ _ _____ __ ____ ________ !_____ __ ___ /_________ _ (_____

%___ __________ _/(%__ __ ___ 8____ _ __________ A_ _ ____ _8___A__ _

_______ _ ___ /(%_ ____ ____ L____ @==;_

%_____

____ ____ _ (_____ ______ _____ _ __ _____ ____ __ ___ _______

______ ___ ______ _ ___ ______ _____ __ ________ ___ ____ __ __ _ ___

_____

___ ____ __ __ ___ __ ________ ___________ _________ __ __________ ____

_ ________ __ ___ __ _____ ____ __ __ _ _____ __ ___ ______ __ _______ _ ____

__ ______ ________ __ __ _ ____ __ ___ ____ __ ___ _________

___ ____ __ _______ ____ __ ______ __ /_____ __ (, ___ )___ ___ __ __

________ _ ______ _____ __ _______ ___ ____ __ ___ ___,_ _ _________

_________ _ ___ ____ _ ____ ________

__ __ __ ___ ______ _ ___ ____ _ ___ ___ __ ___ ________ _ __ _____ ____ __

___ ___ _,___ __ ___ _________ __*____ ___ _____ _ ______ ____ ________ ___

_____ _____ __ (_____ ___ ___ ______ _ ___ _____ __ ______ __ __ ____

____ __ __ __ ______ ___ ___ ___ ____ _______ _____ __ ________ __ _____

____ ___ __ ___ ___ ____ ____ _____ __ __ _____ _ ____ _________ ____________

__ ____ __ __ _, _____ __ __ _______ _________ __ ____ ____ ___ _____ _

___ _ ____ _____

%___ __ ___ _____ __ _* __ __ _____ ___ ___ ________ ___ ___

_____ _ ___ _______ __ ______ _ _____ _________ _ ______ ________

______

A_ _____ ____ ___ ______ ______ ______ __ __ _______ __ ___ __ ___ ____

_________

A_ _____ ____ __ ___ _________ ___ ____________ ___ ___ ________

_______ ___ ______ _ _______ __ _ ____ ______ ____ __ ___ ___ ___

__*___ __ __ __ ___________ _ __, __ ____*__ ____ ____ __ _____ ____ __

____

__-_

_______!" ______ ___ _ _ _____ #____ _ ___$___ %___ ___ &__ '______( _)))*

___ ____ _____ ____ _ __ _____ ____ _____ _+___ ; D"__ __ +____E_

____ __ ___ ____ _ ___ __ __ _ ___ _____ ___ ___ __ ______ _ _ ___

___ ____ ___ ________ _ __ _ _____ _____ __ _____ __ ___ ____ __ !________ __

___ _,_____ _ _ _______ __ (_____ __*___ _ ___ __ _ ____ _ ___ ___ ___

________ _ ___ __ ___ __ _______ ______ _ _____ _ ___ __ ___ _______

____

6________

____ _ 7____ _

G______ ___ _ __ _______ __ ___ ____ ___ _ ____ __ ___ _____ _

D______ _______E_ __ D____ __ ___ __________ _ ____ ___E_ A_ __

____ ____ __ ___ ______ __ ____ _____ __ ________ ____ _ _______ ________

___ _____ __ ___ ___ _____ _____ _______ _ _______ _______ __ _____

_______ ___ ____ __ _________ __ ____ _____ _____ _ ___ _______ ___ _____ _

D____ __ ___ __________ _ ____ ___E_

8_____ &_!_____

_____ _____ _ __ ______ _____ __ ___ __ _____ ____ __ ___ ___ __ ____

___ __ _______ __ ___ ____ _ _ _____ _ ____________ _ ____ ___ _

__ ____ _ ___ ____ _ ___ ________ ____ __ __ _ _#

_ ____

_ _____

_ ____

_ __,_____

_ __

_ ___ __ ________ _______

_ ________ _______

_ D________ _____S

%___ _ 2___ 6____!__ __ %________

_____ __ _____ _ ____ __ ___ ___ _ ___ ____ __ _____ _ ______ __ __ _

__ ___ ____ ___ __ ___ _ ______ _____ _ __________ _________ _ __

______ __ ___ ____ ____ _ ____ __ ____ _ __ _____ _______ _

____ ______ _ _*__ ___ ____ _________ _ ____ ________

_ ______ ______ _ _____ ____ _______ _____ ________ _____ _ _____

__ _ _____ __ ___ ____ _ _____ __ ____ ____ _ _____ __ _ ___ __

__ ______ __ ___ ____ _ __ _____ ________ ___ ______ __ ________ ___ ____

__-_

+_____ ___

_____ _ D_______ _______E __ _____ _____ ____ __ ___!_ _ _ _________

______ ___ ___ _____

7_______ &____

A_ _____ ____ __ ___ _____ __ ____ _____ __ ________ ____ _______ _ __

___ ___ ___ _______ ______ ______ 4____ ___ _______ _____ __ ______

___ @2H __ ________ ________ ___ _______ ______ __ _, ___ _ @2H __ __

_____ _ * F ____ ___ _____ _ _______ __ _______ _ __ _____ _______

_____ __ _______

$_ ___ 8_!_____ _____!

A_ _____ ____ _____ ___ ____ ________ __ ____ ____ _____ _ ______ _

__ ______ _ D,______E_ _____# , K ____M _ K ____M __ _K ________

_ +___ @ F )______ _____

_ +___ 1 F G_____ _____

_ +___ : F .___ _____

_ +___ C F 7___ _____

_ +___ ; F "__ __ _____

+___ @# )______ _____

@_2@ G_,__ ____ __ ____ ________ ___ _______ _______ ______

_ __,____ _ _____ _____ _ ____ __ ____ ______ ______ ___ _

____ _____ ______

@_21 G_,__ _____ __ ___ _______

_ __,____ _ _____ ________ _ ____ __ ____ _______ _,__

___ _ C2H _ _________ __ ________

@_2: +__ ___

%______ __ _________ _____ _____ __ _______ ____ ___ _ __,__

____ ____ ___ _______ _______

@_2C "______*__ _______ ____ __ ____

-___ ____ __ ___ _ *_____ _______ _______ _ <2H _ __

______ ____ ___ ____ _____ ____ ___ __ _______ ______

@_2; )__ _______ _______

-___ _,__ __ ______ _ _______ ___ _ _____ _________

@_23 -____ _______

-____ ________ ____ _ ______ _____

@_23_2@ F -____ _______ ______ ____

-____ _______ ______ _____

__-"

_______!" ______ ___ _ _ _____ #____ _ ___$___ %___ ___ &__ '______( _)))*

@_2< ________ _*_

9__ __ ____ ________ _*__ ____ _________ _____ _ ____ ____

__ ___ ____ ____ __ ______ _____ "______ ______

@_2I G_,__ _________ __ _______ _

_ __,____ _ _________ __ ________ _______ _______ _

;2H _ __________ ____ _ ______ _____

@_2= G_,__ _________ __ _______ __

_ __,____ _ _________ __ ________ _______ _______ _

32H _ __________ ____ _ ______ _____

@_@2 G_,__ _______ __ _________

_ __,____ _ _________ __ ________ _______ _______ _

32H _ ________ ____ _ ______ _____

@_ @@ "____ _____ ____ __ ____*___

"____ _____ ____ ___ _________ _________ __ ________

_ _ _ _______ _ C2H_ ___ ___ _____ _ _______*___ ____ __

___ _____ __ ____ __ ___ ____ _ _,____ _____ _ @_;H_ ___

___ ___ _____ __ _ __ ________ _______ _____ __ _______

+___ 1# G_____ _____

1_2@ 9________

9_________ _______ _,____ _ ;H _ _________ _ _________

_____ ____ __ ___ ____

1_21 -____ _________

-____ ____ __________ ____ ___ _______ _______ _ __________

______ ____ __ ___ ____

1_21_2@ F -____ __________ _ ___,_____ ________ _____

-____ ____ __________ ____ ___ _______ _______ _ __________

______ ____ __ ___ ____ _______ ______ 9 ___,_____ _______

______ ______

1_2: ______ _______ _____ _______

______ _______ _____ ________ _____ __ ___ _ _________ _____

1_2:_2@ F ______ _______ _____ _______ ______ ____

______ _______ _____ ________ _____ __ ___ _ _________ _____

______ _____

1_2C ._____ _______ _____ _______

._____ _______ _____ ________ _____ __ ___ _ _________ _____

1_2C_2@ F ._____ _______ _____ _______ ______ ____

._____ _______ _____ ________ _____ __ ___ _ _________ _____

______ ____

1_2; "____ ___ _ ____

"____ ___ _ _____

__-#

+_____ ___

1_23 /____ _______

/_________ __ __ __,__ _____ ____ __ ___ ____ ____ _ ______

______ _ ________ _ _______ _____ '___ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ __

____

1_2< 4____ _______ _*_

8*__ __ ______ _________ _ _*__ ______ ___ _____ _____ _

_______ _____ _____ __ * _______ ____ /_______ _,____ _

@2H _ ___ _____

1_2I /____ _______ _______

/___ _ __ ___ ________ _____ _ ____ __ ___ ____ ____ ___

_____,____ _____ _________ ______________ __*_ __ _________ _____

______ _____ _ ____ _____ G_ __ ____ ______ _______ __ ____ __

____ __ ___ ___ ________ /_______ _,____ _ @2H __ ____

_ _________ ______

1_2= /_______ __ ____

/_______ __ _____

1_@2 8__ ___ _______ %(_ ___ ___

8__ ___ _______ %(_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____ ______ __ __

________

1_@@ )____ %(_ ___ ___

)____ %(_ ___ ____ G_ ____ _____ ___ ___ __ ____ ___

___ ____ ______ __ _________

1_@1 G_ ___ _ _________ ______ ________

/_______ ______ _________ __ ___ _ ____ _____ _____ __ __

___ __ __ ____ __ _ ___ _______

+___ :# .___ _____

:_2@ G_,__ _______ ____ ________ _______

G_,__ _______ _ ________ __ _______ ______ _______ ____ __ ___

____ _______ _______ _ ;2H _ _______ _____

:_21 G_,__ _______ ____ _______ _______ _______

G_,__ _______ _ ________ __ _______ _____ _______ ____ __ ___

____ _______ _______ _ =2H _ _______ _____

:_2: 4______ _______

4____ _______ _______ _______ _______ ____ _____ ____ ___ ____ __

___ __ ___ ____ G_ ____ _,____ _ @2H _ __ ___ _ _____

____ _____

:_2C ___ _____ _______

4____ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______ _____ ____ ___ ____

________ ____ __ ____ ____ __ ___ ____

:_2; 4____ _______ _______

"____ _____ _______ _______ ______ _________ ___ ___ _ __ ____

____ ___ __ _*__ ___ ____ __ ______________ _________

__-+

_______!" ______ ___ _ _ _____ #____ _ ___$___ %___ ___ &__ '______( _)))*

:_23 4____ ________ ____

4____ _______ _______ ________ _____

:_2< 4____ _______ ______ ________

4____ _______ ______ _________ ____ ___ _______ ____ __

_____

:_2I %______ ___ ___ ______ ___

._____ _______ ______ _ ___ ___ ______ ____ ______ _____ ____

___ _ _,__ ________

:_2= ______ _______ ___ ___ ______ ___

______ _______ ______ _ ___ ___ ______ ____ ______ _____ ____

___ _ _,__ ________

:_@2 G____ ________

4_______ ____ _______ ________ ____ ___ ____________ ____ _ ____

____ __ ___ ____

:_@@ 4____ ______ _______ ________ ___

9__ _______ _ ______ _______ _____ ________ ____ _______ ___

_____ __ ___ _ _ _______ ___ _ ____ ______ ___ ______ ___

______

:_@1 4____ _______ _______ ________ ___

9__ _______ _ _______ _______ _____ ________ ____ _______ ___

_____ __ ___ _ _ _______ ___ _ ____ ______ ___ ______ ___

______

:_@: 4____ _________ ________ ___

9__ _______ _ _________ _____ ________ ____ _______ ________

__ ___ _ _ _______ ___ _ ____ ______ ___ ______ ___ ______

:_@C 4____ _________

"______ __ ______ _ _____ _________ __________ ____ ___ ______

_____

:_@; 4____ __ ___ _ ____ ____ ___ __ __ ___ ____

"______ __ ______ _ _____ _________ ___ __ __ ___ __ ___ _

_________ _____

:_@;_2@ F 4____ __ ___ _ _________ ____ _______ ___ ____

"______ __ ______ _ _____ _________ __ ___ _ _________ ___

_____

:_@3 4____ _______ ___ _____ ______ ____

"______ __ ______ _ _____ _________ _______ ___ _____ ______

_____

:_@< 4____ _______

"______ __ ______ _ _____ _________ _____ ____ ___ _________ __

______ ____ _______ _______ _ 32H _ _______ ____M __

____ _,____ _ @2H _ ___ _____ 4_____ _____

__-_

+_____ ___

:_@I 4____ _______ _______

"______ __ ______ _ _____ _________ _______ ____M __ ____

_,____ _ ;H _ ___ _____ 4_____ _____

:_@I_2@ F 4____ _______ __ ___ _______

"______ __ ______ _ _____ _________ _______ _____ ____ ___ __

__ _____ 4_____ _____

:_@= -________ ___ ___ ______ ___

-________ ______ _ ___ ___ ______ ____ ______ _____ ___ ___ _

_,__ ________

+___ C# 7___ _____

C_2@ 9__ _______ _ _______ ___

"______ _ _______ ____ ____ ______ _ *____ _ _________

C_2@_2@ F -_____ _______ *___

-_____ _,___ ______ __ _______ _ _______ ____ ____ *_________

____ ___ _______ ___ ___ ____ _ _ _____ ____ _ _____

C_2@_21 F -_____ ________ ______

-_____ _,___ ______ __ _______ _ _______ ____ ____ ______ _

*____ _ __________

C_21 -___ _______ *___ _

-___ _,__ _ _______ ____ ____ *_________ ____ ___ _______ ___

___ ____ _ _ _____ ____ _ _____

C_2: -___ _______ *___ __

-___ _,__ _ _______ ____ ____ ______ _ *____ _ __________ ___

_____ _ ____ __ _____ ___ _ *___

C_2C -___ *___ _ *_

/___ ____ *___ _ *__ 4___________ __ ________________

C_2C_2@ F -___ *___ _ *_ ____ ___ ___ _____

/___ ____ *___ _ *__ 4___________ __ ________________ G_ __ ____

___ ___ ______

C_2; -_____ *___ _ *_

-_____ *___ _ *__ 4___________ __ ________________

C_2;_2@ F -_____ *___ _ *_ ____ ___ ___ _____

-_____ *___ _ *__ 4___________ __ ________________ __ __ ____

___ ___ ______

C_23 -___ *___

-___ *___ ____ __ ___ _ _____ _ _____ _____

C_2< 9__ *___

"______ __ ____ ___ *___ ____ __ ___ _ _____ _____

C_2I 9__ _____ *___

9__ _____ *____ __ __ ____ ____________ _____

__-_

_______!" ______ ___ _ _ _____ #____ _ ___$___ %___ ___ &__ '______( _)))*

+___ ;# "__ __ _____

;_2@ G_,__ __ _____ ____ __ ___

-______ ____ __ ____ _______ _ ___ __

;_21 G_,__ _ *____

_ __,____ _ _____ ________ _ ____ ____ __ ___ _ *_____ ____

___ _________ __ ________

;_2: _____ ___ _ *____

-___ ______ _ *____ ___ __ ______ ____ %(_ ___ ______ _ *____

___ _____ _ ______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _

;2H __ ______ _ _______ __ ___ ___ _ _____ _______ _ ______

;_2C 4_____ *___

%_________ _______ _ _______ ____ *____ G___ __ ____ _______

_ _, ______

;_2; 4__ _____

-___ ___ _____ ___ ____________ ______ _______ _,____ _

@H ____ ______ __ _,____ _ ;2H ________ ______ ____ ____

____ ________

;_23 -________ _____ ____________ _______ _____

-________ _____ ____________ _______ ______

;_2< %______ _____ ____________ _______ _____

%______ _____ ____________ _______ ______

___-

____

__

____ ____ _____________ __ _____

_____ ____ _

________ __ ___ ______ __ ____ ____

________ _ ____ ________ ____ ___ ___ !_"# ___$____

__%&' (_)_*_(_+++_(

©2006 WILEY-VCHVerlag GmbH&Co .

Handbook of Pulp

Edited by Herbert Sixta

_

___________ __ _____ _____ __________

,-____ _. ___ .-_ _/ __ _______. ___0$_ /_ .__1_/___ -.__ __# ______ 2-__

___ 1_$___ 3,_4 __$. ___ __$____$_ _/ 1___$ 5__ ____1___$ _______. _/

___-1__ ___1_ __1_$_1_ /__-_. _0_ __ __ 1_$______# ____$_. _$ ___ 5_$_ _/

____1___$_ 6_..__0_$_ _-__. _-._ ____ ____ 1____ __$ __ _-__. /_ ____

7__ _____$_ /__-_. _/ ___ _ ______$__ __ ___ _$0_.___ ____1___$_

7_1_$_1_ _______. $_____ _ __.-__ -._$_ ______ ______ ___ .___

___ .__-___. ___ -._ 3____# /_____$_ .__-___$# ___$_ .___ _/ ___4 -$__

.__1___ 1_$______ 1_$_____$._

_____1_ 1____.____$ _. _$___1___ _____$_# . __._ __1_$_1_ _______. _/

___-1_ ____$_ __0___ _$ __. 1____1_ 1____$_$_._ 8/ _2-_ _____$1_ _. ___

_1_____1-_ ._-1_-_ $_ _________ _/ ___ .__1___$ 3/___ _________#

___ ._-1_-_4_ ,-____ 1_$___ -._. __ _/ ___._ ___1__. __ 12-__ _$/___

___$ __-_ ___. __-_ _/ _____$_ __1_$_1_ _______.# $_ ___. _. .__9$ .1___

___1___ _$ :___ ;_;_

Chemical

Composition

Structure

Morphology

Technical

Property

Analysis

by chemical and

physical methods

Characterization

by

physical methods

Measurement

by

simulation methods

____ ___ ______ __ __ _____ _____ _______ __________ __ ________ _________ ___________

:_ 1____1_ 1____.____$# 9_ .__-__ __//__$____ ___9__$ _<_ $_ __$_

1____$_$_. 37__ ;_;4_

____

________ __ ___ ______ __ ____ ____

________ _ ____ ________ ____ ___ ___ !_"# ___$____

__%&' (_)_*_(_+++_(

__ _ ___ _____________ ______ __ ________ __________ __ _ ___ ____

_______ __________ __ ______ !_ "_#_$

=_$ 1____$_$_ >;_

"11___$__$_ 3__$_4 1____$_$_ ; __ ;_

71_ 1____$_$_ __; __ ;

=_1_ 1____$_$_ ?__;

___

___ %___ __ _

,-____ 1_$___ ___. $__ _$__ 9___ ___-1_ $_ _____ _______.# 9__1_ _ _____

_$_ /_ ____1___$# _-_ _._ 9___ _______. ___ 1_$___ ___ ___-1___$ __1_.._

7__._ _-__._. /_ 9__1_ ,____.-___$_. _ -.__ $_ _0_-___ __ __$___

$_ _$__1___$ /_ __0____$ /__ ___ .__1_/___ __/___ _ __.___ _$ 7__ ;___

__ _ ___ ___ ____ __ _____ _______ __ ___ _______

%_& _______ ____" _______ ______ ______ ____"

___15_$_ .__1_/___ _______. _$___$_ __.-___$_. ___15_$_ .__1_/___ _______.

___15_$_ -$.__1_/___# _______.

/_ ___-1___$ 1_$___

8$___$____.-___$_. ___15_$_ -$.__1_/___#

_______. /_ ___-1___$

/____15

6____$____$_ 6____$____$_ 6____$____$_

___

'_____ __ _(_______

_$ ___ __ ____$ ______ _$/_____$ __-_ $_ ______# .___.__1_ ___1_ _/

__.__$_ $_ _0_-___$ _/ __.-___$_ _.-__. _. $_1_.._ /_ ._0__ _._$._

:_._# $_ _1__1_ __.-___$_ _. ___ __ _____ ______ ______ _.-___ "$ ______

__$__ 0_-_ /_ ______ _/ ___-1_ __$____ __//_. /__ ___ _-_ 0_-_ _/

___. _______ 7__ ___-1_ __.__/ __ $__ __ 1_________ -$_/__ $_ __ .__9

.___ 0____$ _/ ___ ______ _$ 2-_.___$_ 7_-.# __//__$_ .____. _0_ __ _____

__//__$_ $-___# . .__9$ .1_____1___ _$ :___ ;__ 30_$1_ _/ .____$_4_ _$

______$# ____ _. _9_. 1___$ _$11-1_ _$ ___ __.-___$_ 30_$1_ _/

__.-___$_4_ _$____# ___ 0_$1_ _/ __.-___$_ _. __.-_ _/ ___ _______

___ _/ ___ ______ _______

___) _____ _____ __ _______ _______ ____ __ _

__ ______ __ _____________