Vocabulary Notes

legislation — законодательство

to pass a law - принять закон

to draft — представить проект (закона)

to and fro — взад и вперед, туда — сюда

Ex. 2. Пользуясь текстом и схемой, расскажите, как билль становит­ся законом.

How a Government Bill is Made

Step II

Step I

consultations

idea

interest groups

government departments

government

Step IV

drafting a bill		Parliamentary scrutiny		Royal Assent
		House of Commons • First reading (no debate) • Second reading (principle of the bill debated on the floor of the House) • Committee stage (clause by clause scrutiny in standing committee) • Report stage (amendments considered on floor) • Third reading (final version debated on floor)		i App ti (la	r lica- ЭП w)
		House of Lords Stages similar to those in Commons if the Lords make any amendments the Commons' and Lords' texts are reconcieed.

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Bill And Law

In the British Parliament a bill is usually produced by the Government, and discussed in the House of Commons. Then it goes to the House of Lords. Finally, it receives the Royal Assent (it is signed by the Queen) and becomes law.

ВШ

House of Commons ы House of Lords | м Royal Assent

Law

Ex. 3. Прочитайте текст и перескажите его по-русски. Text 2

THE COURT SYSTEM OF ENGLAND AND WALES

The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magis­trates' court. There are 700 magistrates' courts and about 30,000 magistrates.

More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) are dealt with in County courts.

Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magis­trates' courts are heard in the Crown Court. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords. (Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh, which hears all appeals from Scottish courts.) Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.

The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners' courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with dis­putes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and govern­ment departments (for example, over taxation).

Vocabulary Notes

magistrates' court — мировой суд

Crown Court - Суд Короны

case — судебное дело

County Court — суд графства

court of appeal — апелляционный суд

European Court of Justice — Европейский суд

juvenile court — суд по делам несовершеннолетних

violent — насильственный

coroners' court - суд, рассматривающий дела о насильственной

смерти

to make a decision — принимать решение fair — справедливый taxation - налогообложение

Ex. 4. Приведите 2-3 примера различных правонарушений и скажи­те , в каких судах они должны рассматриваться. Обоснуйте вашу точку зрения.

Ех.5. Выучите следующие слова и выражения.

a barrister — адвокат, выступающий в суде

a solicitor — поверенный

a judge — судья

advocacy — адвокатура

to examine the case - изучить дело

litigation - тяжба, гражданское дело

to rely on — полагаться на

self-employed — зд. иметь частную практику

the right of audience — право выступать в суде

Ваг — коллегия адвокатов

in house lawyer — юрист, постоянно работающий в компании

Их. 6. Прочитайте текст и расскажите по-русски о юридических про­фессиях в Великобритании.

Text3

There are about 66,000 practising solicitors and over 8,000 practising barristers in England and Wales. Solicitors and barristers work together on cases but the solicitor is the first point of contact with the law for a client in the UK. The solicitor listens carefully to the client and then explains the legal position and gives advice. Barristers will only see the client in the company of a solicitor who prepares all the documents relevant to the case which will be examined by the barrister.

The barrister is a specialist in advocacy and he has the right of audience. There are only a few solicitor who are allowed to present cases in the higher courts.

Barristers are self-employed in the independent Bar. Solicitors normally get salaries but sometimes they can get extra money in the profits if they are successful.

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In addition to the barristers practising in England and Wales, there are 2000 barristers working as in-house lawyers.

Judges in England and Wales have been barristers for not less than 10 years. Since judges are appointed, they can't work as barristers.

Solicitors do a variety of work - property, private law, banking, finance, employment law and environmental law.

Ex. 7. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the main difference between a barrister and a solicitor?

2. What kind of lawyers can become judges?

3. Is it better for a company to have an in-house lawyer or to invite a lawyer in case of necessity? Give your reasons.

_{SECTION II}

The United States of America

Unit One

Ex. 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Textl

A. US GOVERNMENT

The USA is a presidential republic. The legislative branch of the US Government, or the Congress, represents all of the American states. It consists of two parts: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each state has two senators, who are elected every 6 years. A senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the United States for 9 years, and live in the state he or she will represent. A representative must be at least 25 years old, a citizen for 7 years, and live in the state.

The job of the Congress is to make laws. The President can veto a bill. The Congress can pass the law anyway if it gets a two-thirds majority vote. The Congress can also declare war. The House of Representatives can also impeach the President. This means that the House can charge the President with a crime. In this case, the Senate will put the President on trial. The Senate votes to approve the justices that the President appoints to the Supreme Court.

The executive branch of the government puts the country's laws into effect. The President of the United States is a member of the executive

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branch. The President must be at least 35 years old, be a natural citizen of the USA. In addition, he must have lived in the US for at least 14 years, and be a civilian. The President is elected every four years and cannot serve more that two terms. The Vice-President of the USA is president of the Senate. When the President receives a bill from the Congress, he must sign it, and then the bill becomes a law. However, if he disagrees with the law, he can veto it. The President can also ask the Congress to declare war. He also appoints the justices to the Supreme Court. He must do his job according to the Constitution, or he may be impeached.

The judicial branch of the government is the system of courts in the United States. Its job is to enforce laws. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country. It consists of 9 justices: one Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices. The President appoints the justices, but the Senate must approve them. The justices are appointed for life. The Supreme Court makes sure that people obey the laws. The Supreme Court can also decide if a law is constitutional, that it is in agreement with the Constitution. The judicial branch works together with the legislative and executive branches to protect the Constitution and the rights of people.