Intellectual pbqperty

Original creative works that have economic value and are protected by law. Intellectual property laws reward the creators of original works by preventing others from, copying, performing or distributing those works without permission. They also provide incentives for people to produce scientific and creative works that benefit society at large. Some types of intellectual property are automatically protected by law from the moment of their creation. Other types, require a specific grant of rights from a government agency before they may be protected by law. Nearly all nations have laws protecting intellectual property. However, some nations do not vigorously enforce intellectual property laws, making counterfeiting a major problem in these areas.

Notes

intellectual property - интеллектуальная собственность original creative works — подлинные художественные произ­ведения have economic value — иметь экономически выгодную ценность

(стоимость) be protected by law — быть защищенным законом; охраняться

законом

reward the creators — вознаграждать создателей (творцов) by preventing others from copying, performing or distributing — лишая

других лиц возможности копировать, исполнять или распространять without permission — без разрешения provide incentives — создавать стимулы, стимулировать produce scientific and creative works — создавать научные и

творческие произведения (работы) benefit — приносить пользу grant of rights — разрешение на право

enforce intellectual property laws — обеспечивать соблюдение законов интеллектуальной собственности counterfeiting — подделывание, Фабрикация

Упражнения

*1. Найдите в тексте следующие глаголы и образуйте словосочетания с приведенными ниже словами.

1. быть защищенным; 2. предотвращать; 3. копировать; 4. распределять; 5. производить; 6. обеспечивать a. intellectual property; b. original creative works; с others from coping; d. scientific and creative works; e. intellectual property laws; f. by law

*2. Образуйте различные части речи от следующих глаголов.

to create, to value, to protect, to prevent, to produce, to require, to enforce

*3. Соотнесите слова в левой колонке с их определениями в правой.

1. value a. to hand, give or send out

2. to distribute b. ownership, possessions

3. incentives с requiring the use of the intellect

4. property d. that which rouses a person to action

5. intellectual e. worth

4. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. In what way do intellectual property laws reward the creators of origina* works?

2. Do the laws provide incentives for producing new scientific and creative works?

3. Are some types of intellectual property automatically protected by society at large?

4. Do other types require a specific grant of rights from a government agency before they may be protected by law°

Text 2

COPYRIGHT

Copyright is the body of law that deals with the ownership and use of works of literature, music and art. The basic purpose of copyright is to enrich our society's wealth of culture and information. The means for doing so is to grant exclusive rights in the exploitation and marketing of a work as an incentive to those who create it.

Copyright law protects original works of authorship which are written down or recorded. The U.S. International Trade Commission has defines "copyright" as "a form of protection provided by" a national government to authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works". As with other types of policies for intellectual property, the fundamental policy of copyright law

^95

is to provide protection for works so that they can be distributed in the public domain. In the United States, the copyright protection lasts for the life of the author, plus fifty years. Copyright protection applies to: literary works, plays, computer programs, and other kinds of works of authorship. The owner of a copyright may place a copyright symbol on the work as a warning to others that the work is protected. The symbol consists of the letter "C" with a circle around it: ©. Following the creation of the Copyright Act of 1976, most copyright law in the United States is governed by federal statute. If copyright is violated, the owner of the right may seek damages for the copyright infringement.

Example: Mrs. Author writes an original play and composes original music for the play. She applies for two copyrights. One for her play, and one for the music that she created for her play. She now has two copyrighted works which are protected.

Notes

body of law — совокупность правовых норм

ownership — частное владение

enrich our society's wealth of culture and information — умножать

культурное и информационное богатство общества

grant exclusive rights — предоставлять эксклюзивные права

exploitation — пользование, использование

marketing — продажа

U.S. International Trade Commission — Международная торго?-

вая комиссия США

original works of authorship - подлинные авторские работы

literary works — литературные произведения

dramatic works — драматургические произведения

musical works — музыкальные произведения

artistic works — художественные произведения

the fundamental policy of copyright law — основная задача (цель)

закона об авторском праве

provide protection for smth — обеспечивать защиту чего-л.

distribute — распространять, дистрибутировать

copyright protection lasts for the life of the author — защита

авторского права действует пожизненно

copyright protection applies to — защита авторского праве

распространяется на

a copyright symbol — знак охраны авторского права

warning — предупреждение

with a circle around it — обведенный кружком

following smth — вслед за

federal statute — федеральный закон

violate copyright — нарушать авторское право

seek damages for c*-"~^J»ht infringement — требовать возмещение

убытков за нарушение авторского права

apply for copyright—обращаться за получением авторского права

Упражнения

*5. Заполните пропуски данными словами и словосочетаниями.

а. lasts; b. infringement; с. ownership; d. the copyright symbol ©; e. be protected by copyright; f. works of authorship;

1. The main legal instrument for protecting are patents and

copyrights.

2. Copyright requires that the work of the copyright owner have

been copied.

3. It is usual to record the date of creation and mark it with

4. Intellectual property can only be protected if is clear.

5. Copyright longer then a patent.

б. Literature, artistic works, computer programs, movies and radio and television broadcasts can

*f». Составьте словосочетания, используя слова из обеих колонок.

1. to grant a. protection for works

2. works b. federal statue

3. to provide с a copyright symbol

4. to place d. intellectual

5. to be governed by e. exclusive right

*7. Найдите в тексте следующие глаголы и образуйте от них различные части речи.

обеспечивать, распространять, длиться, состоять из, управлять, нарушать

& Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the definition of copyright given by the U.S.International Trade Commission?

1. What is the fundamental policy of copyright law?

2. How long does the copyright protection last in the U.S.?

196

4. What does a copyright symbol consist of?

5. May the owner of the right seek damages for the copyright infringement?

6. Can an author apply for two copyrights for one work?

Text3

PATENT LAW

The law of patents embraces the subject matter of products and processes. To be eligible for protection an invention must be useful and novel. Before a patent is issued by the Patent and Trademark Office, the invention must be determined by an examiner, after detailed search of prior art, to satisfy the statutory conditions.

As defined by the U.S. International Trade Commission, a patent is "a grant issued by a national government conferring the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention within the national territory". The U.S. patent law protects an invention or a new discovery for twenty years from the date the patent is granted. A patent may be granted for a product, a design, or a process of making a product. Patents are granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office located in Washington, D.C. Once apatent is granted, any use of the rights secured by the patent without permission from the inventor will constitute an infringement for which damages may be recovered.

Example: Mr. Inventor creates a device* that can send people back in time. Since no one has ever created such a device, Mr. Inventor wants to protect his invention from being copied Mr. Inventor patents his new invention which will now prohibit others from copying and marketing the invention without his permission. However, Mr. Copier makes and sells the exact invention patented by Mr. Inventor. Mr. Inventor may now sue Mr. Copier for patent infringement and recover damages, or Mr.Inventor may seek an injunction. If Mr. Copier makes the product abroad and attempts to import it into the United States, Mr. Inventor may pursue an exclusion action before the U.S. International Trade Commission to keep the product out of the United States.

Notes

embrace the subject matter of products and processes — охватывать

вопросы, связанные с продукцией и производством

be eligible for protection — подлежать защите, иметь право на

защиту

invention — изобретение novel — обладающий новизной orior art — зд. предшествующие произведения

satisfy these statutory conditions - удовлетворять положением

закона

confer the right - давать (предоставлять) право exclude others from - препятствовать другим, лишать других

права

process of making a product - процесс изготовления (произ­водства) продукта

the rights secured by the patent - права, охраняемые патентом without permission — без разрешения inventor - изобретатель

constitute an infringement - являться (составлять) нарушением recover damages - взыскивать убытки a device - устройство, приспособление, механизм sue smb for patent infringement - возбуждать дело против кого-л. (преследовать кого-л. по суду за нарушение патентных прав) seek an injunction - требовать судебный запрет pursue an exclusion action - требовать запрещения ввоза товара keep the product out of the United States - не разрешать товар

(продукцию) на территории США

Упражнения

*9. Составте словосочетания, используя слова из обеих колонок.

1. to be eligible for a. others from selling the invention

2. to satisfy b. is granted

3. to exclude с an infringement

4. a patent d. an invention

5. to constitute e. the statutory conditions

6. to protect f. protection

7. to recover g. damages

i. an invention

*10. Образуйте различные части речи от следующих глаголов.

to use, to issue, to determine, to search, to satisfy, to define, to sell, to grant, to locate, to permit, to infringe, to attempt, to import, to pursue