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Is. Ответьте на вопросы.

  1. What is an acceptance?

  2. What is an unconditional acceptance?

  3. What is a counter-offer?

  1. Is a mere mental acceptance of an offer sufficient to complete a contract? Why/Why not?

  1. When may the offerer consider the offer as lapsed?

  2. How can an acceptance be communicated to an offerer?

Text 4

CONSIDERATION

In addition to offer and acceptance and contractual intent, considera­tion is an essential element in the formation of any contract not by deed.

By consideration the law means valuable consideration, which must con­sist of something capable of being estimated in money.

It is a principle of law that a contract must be supported by considera­tion if it is to be legally valid. A contract is basically a form of exchange; the party receives in return for his act or promise something from the other party, and this something is referred to as the consideration.

Consideration is called "executory" where there is an exchange of promises to perform acts in the future, e.g. bilateral contract for the supply of goods where A promises to deliver goods to В at a future date and В promises to pay on delivery. Alternatively consideration is referred to as "executed" where the party performs an act of fulfilment of a promise made by the other, e.g. the unilateral contract where A offers a reward to anyone who provides certain information.

Both these types of consideration should be distinguished from "past" consideration. Past consideration, unlike executory or executed considera­tion, is not good or valid consideration. Consideration is said to be past when it consists of some service or benefit previously rendered to the promi­sor. Whether consideration is past is a question of fact.

The parties to a contract are the persons who have provided considera­tion. The relationship that exists between them is that of the privity of con­tract. A person who has not povided any consideration but who has to ben­efit from the contract may not bring the action for breach of contract if the contract is not performed, as privity of contract did not exist between him and the party who failed to carry out his contractual promises.

Mtes

consideration — встречное удовлетворение

valuable consideration — надлежащее встречное удовлетворение

good consideration — удовлетворение через выражение

благодарности

executory consideration — подлежащее исполнению встречное удовлетворение; будущее встречное удовлетворение executed consideration — исполненное встречное удовлетворение (предложенное встречное удовлетворение) past consideration — предшествующее встречное удовлетворение provide consideration—предусматривать встречное удовлетворение privity of contract — секретность/тайна договора bring the action (for) - возбуждать иск breach of the contract — нарушение договора

Упражнения

* 14. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний.

I. намерение заключить договор; 2. важный элемент; 3. заключе­ ние договора; 4. надлежащее встречное удовлетворение; 5. имеющий юридическую силу; 6. подлежащее исполнению встречное удовле­ творение; 7. исполненное встречное удовлетворение; 8. двусто­ ронний договор; 9. поставка товаров; 10. предлагать вознаграждение;

II. предоставлять определенную информацию; 12. секретность/ тайна договора; 13. возбуждать иск; 14. нарушение договора; 15. выполнять договорные обещания