12. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are the legal effects of marriage?

2. What is the difference between 'domicile' and 'residence'?

Text 4

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS BETWEEN MAN AND WIFE

Marriage is a contract, but the courts will not enforce the contract between husband and wife. For instance, if the woman was persuaded to marry the man because he said he was wealthy, she cannot sue him for misrepresentation if he lied about his supposed wealth.

The courts will not interfere with a working marriage. So, if a husband arranges to meet his wife at twelve o'clock but she does not keep the appointment, he cannot hold her liable for the losses and expenses he has suffered. This is all part of the wear and tear of marriage. The courts will intervene only if the couple clearly intended a legal relationship to follow on from an agreement, such as when they are discussing a business matter.

178

Different considerations arise if the marriage is breaking down. If it is no longer a working marriage the courts will intervene in extreme situations. So, if the couple decided to separate and drew up a separation agreement, the courts would probably enforce it if one of the parties did not carry out his or her part of the bargain (although the court could override the terms of the agreement if it was unfair).

Notes

contractual — договорный

obligations — обязательства

enforce — проводить в жизнь, оказывать давление

sue smb — возбуждать дело против кого-л.

misrepresentation — искажение, неправильное представление

supposed — предполагаемый

wealth — богатство, благосостояние

working — действующий

arrange - договориться

appointment — встреча, свидание

hold smb liable - считать ответственным кого-л.

losses — потери

expenses — затраты

suffer — зд. понести

wear and tear of — издержки, передряги

intervene — вмешиваться

considerations — соображения

break down — развалиться

separation agreement — раздельное жительство супругов

carry out — выполнять

bargain — сделка

override the terms - не принимать во Внимание, отвергать условия

unfair — несправедливый

Упражнения

13. Объясните по английски следующие понятия.

a working marriage; misrepresentation; to override the terms of the agreement; to keep the appointment

*14. Соотнесите слова в левой колонке с их определениями в правой.

1. to enforce a. termination of relationship between husband

2. to sue and wife by mutual agreement or judicial decree

3. to break down b. to carry out effectively

A. separation c. to seek justice or right from a person by legal

process d. to become inoperative or ineffective

15. Ответьте на вопросы.

\. Do the courts interfere with a working marriage? (give an example) '2.. Who could override the terms of the separation agreement if it was unfair?

GLOSSARY

arranged marriage — брак по договоренности, по расчету

authority — власть

t?argain - сделка

l?igamy — бигамия, двоеженство

C^hild Benefit — пособие на ребенка

t^laim — претендовать

commit a criminal offence — совершить уголовное деяние (проступок)

contractual - договорный

conviction — осуждение, признание виновным

country court - местный суд графства (в Англии) или округа (в США)

<-ourt of appeal — апелляционный суд

t-ustody — опека

tJecree of divorce — постановление суда о разводе

domicile — постоянное место жительства, юридический адрес

(Juress — принуждение

enforce — приводить в жизнь, оказывать давление

lye entitled to — иметь право

forged — подделанный, фальшивый

fraudulent — обманный, мошеннический

[yold smb liable — считать ответственным кого-л.

invalidate — делать недействительным

i$sue an application - подать заявление, прошение

legal/illegal - законный/незаконный

magistrates' court - суд магистра (в Англии)

maliciously — предумышленно

цзап and wife — муж и жена

misrepresentation — искажение

ifullity — аннулирование

ijull and void — потерявший законную силу

obligations — обязательства

ostracism - остракизм, изгнание из общества

override the terms — отвергать условия

parental arrangement - договоренность между родителями

presumption - презумпция

be prosecuted - подвергаться судебному преследованию

prosecution — судебное преследование

protection from violence — защита от насилия

punish — наказывать

registrar of marriages — регистратор

rights of succession — права наследования

residence — местожительство, местопребывания

separation agreement - раздельное проживание супругов

sue smb — возбуждать дело против кого-л.

taxes — налоги

through legislation — в судебном порядке

be valid; invalid — быть действительным; быть недействительным

void - аннулировать, делать недействительным

warrant officer — служащий, определяющий законен ли брак

working marriage — действующий брак

Ключи

1.1. treat smb; 2. married couples; 3. responsibility for; 4. labor shortage, 5. Catholic Church; 6. are allowed; 7. consequently; 8. vote in elections; 9. raise taxes; 10. be dependent upon; 11. financial support; 12. strong powers; 13. transfer private property; 14. consider

11. la; 2b; 3b; 4a

14. lb; 2c; 3d; 4a

Unit 6 Banking Law

Text 1

WHAT IS A BANK?

In the broadest sense, a bank is a financial intermediary that performs one or more of the following functions: safeguards and transfers funds, lends or facilitates lending, guarantees creditworthiness, and exchanges money. These services are provided by such institutions as commercial banks, central banks, savings banks, trust companies, finance companies, life insurers, and investment bankers.

A narrower and more common definition of a bank is a financial intermediary that accepts, transfers, and, most important, creates deposits. This includes such depository institutions as central banks, commercial banks, savings and loan associations, and mutual savings banks.

Banks are most frequently organized in corporate form and are owned either by private individuals, governments, or a combination of private and government interests. Although noncorporate banks, that is, single proprietorships and partnerships, are found in other countries, since 1863 all federally chartered banks in the USA must be corporations. Only a few states permit formation of noncorporate banks. All countries subject their banks, however owned, to government regulation and supervision, normally implemented by central banking authorities.

Notes

intermediary — посредник

safeguard — сохранять

transfer — переводить

facilitate — облегчать

creditworthiness — платежеспособность

commercial bank - коммерческий банк

central bank — центральный банк

savings bank — сберегательный банк

trust company — трастовая компания

investment banker — инвестиционный банкир

deposit — вклад клиента в кредитном учреждении в виде дене1

или ценных бумаг

depository institution — депозитное учреждение savings and loan association — ссудно-сберегательная ассоциация

(США)

mutual savings bank — взаимно-сберегательный банк corporate form - в виде корпорации proprietorship — собственность partnership — товарищество-ассоциация

federally chartered banks — коммерческие банки, зарегистрирован­ные на федеральном уровне subject — подвергать implement — осуществлять

Упражнения

*1. Соотнесите слова в левой колонке с их определениями в правой.

1. to facilitate a. to hand over the possession to smb.

2. to safeguard b. to cause to undergo or experience; to expose»

3. to transfer c. to carry smth. into effect

4. to subject d. to protect, to guard

5. to implement e. to make easy, lessen the difficulty

*2. Укажите, в каком из приведенных значений данные слова употребляй ются в тексте.

1. deposit a. money that is put or stored for safekeeping

b. part payment of money that is or will be owed с layer of solid matter left behind (often buried in the" earth) after having been naturally accumulated

2. trust a. assured reliance on smb. or smth.

b. responsibility

с property held and managed by one or more persons for the benefit of another or others

3. chartered a. established by charter

b. certified

с hired, rented or leased

* 3. Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями.

1. A trust company can be called a bank in the broadest sense of this word.

2. Investment bankers, life insurers and commercial banks are all depository institutions.

3. Banks are seldom organized in corporate form.

4. Banks are sometimes owned by a combination of private and government interests.

5. All federally chartered banks must'be corporations since 1963.

6. No country has ever tried to regulate the activities of the banks.