9. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the difference between joining the European Community and joining many other international organizations (like the United Nations, for example)?

2. Why does the UK government treat a breach of international law more seriously than most other governments in the World?

3. What is the reason for widespread discrepancy in use of the terms "European Community" and "European Union"?

Text 4

THE COURT OF JUSTICE

The Court of Justice has been one of the most important champions of European integration but has pursued this cause largely out of the public eye. While media and political attention has focused on the Commission of the Council of Ministers the Court has quietly gone about its business, working far away from the political fray in its Luxembourg headquarters.

Its job is to rule on interpretations of the treaties and EU laws, and to ensure that national and European laws and international agreements being considered by the EU meet the terms and the spirit of the treaties. It can rule on the constitutionality of all EU law, gives rulings to national courts in cases where there are questions about the meaning of EU law, and rules in disputes involving EU institutions, member states individuals and corporations. The Court's role has been vital to the development of the EU: without a body of law capable of uniform interpretation and application, the EU would have no authority and its lecisions and polices would be arbitrary and largely meaningless.

fotes

the European Court of Justice - Европейский Суд (Суд Евро­пейского общества)

European integration — европейская интеграция the Council of Ministers — Совет Министров political fray - политическая драка headquarters — штаб-квартира ensure — обеспечивать meet the terms and the spirit of the treaties — отвечать условиям

и духу договоров rule — постановить

member states — государства-члены (Европейского Союза) body of law — правовая организация uniform interpretation — единообразное толкование arbitrary — произвольный

Упражнения

*10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний.

1. европейская интеграция; 2. условия и дух договоров; 3. постанов­ления суда; 4. толкование законов; 5. важное, необходимое для развития чего-л.

*11. Составте словосочетания, используя слова из обеих колонок.

1. champions of a. decisions

2. integrations of b. development

3. arbitrary с integration

4. a body of d. treaties

5. member e. law

6. vital to f. states

12. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. How can you prove that the Court of Justice has been one of the most important champions of European integration?

2. Why do you think Luxembourg is the ideal place for the headquarters of the Court of Justice?

3. How can you sum up the main aims and tasks of the European Court of Justice?

Text 5

THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Article 38 provides that the European Court of Human Rights shau u. л

of a number of judges equal to that of the Members of the Council of Europe. No two judges may be nationals of the same state.

Under Article 39 the members of the court shall be elected by the Consultative Assembly by a majority of the votes cast from a list of persons nominated by the members of the Council of Europe. The candidates shall be of high moral character and must either possess the qualifications required for appointment to high judicial office or be jurists of recognized competence. Members of the court are elected for nine years.

Article 43 provides that for the consideration of each case brought before it the court shall consist of a chamber composed of seven judges. There shall sit as an ex officio member of the chamber, the judge who is a national of any state party concerned, or, if there is none, a person of its choice who shall sit in the capacity of judge.

Only the High Contracting Parties and the Commission have the right to bring a case before the court. An individual applicant cannot initiate proceedings or plead his case.

Under Article 45 the jurisdiction of the court shall extend to all cases concerning the interpretation and application of the present convention which the High Contracting Parties or the Commission shall refer to it, providing that the High Contracting Parties have declared that they recognize as compulsory the jurisdiction of the court in all matters concerning the interpretation and application of the present convention.

Notes

provide — обусловливать

elect — выбирать

majority of the votes — большинство голосов

the Council of Europe — Европейский Совет

high judicial office - высокая судебная инстанция

chamber — палата

ex officio — по должности

extend to — распространяться на

compulsory — обязательный

Упражнения

*13. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. юристы с признанным уровнем профессионализма; 2. высоко­нравственный (кандидат); 3. рассмотрение каждого дела; 4. высокие договаривающиеся стороны; 5. представлять дело в суде.

*14. Составте словосочетания, используя слова из обеих колонок.

1. a majority of a. competence

2. recognized b. proceedings

3. state c. one's case

4. to initiate d. party

5. to plead e. the votes

*"15. Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями.

1. Any number of judges may be nationals of the same State.

2. Members of the European Court of Human Rights are elected for 7 years.

3. The court shall consist of a chamber composed of 7 judges.

4. Anyone can initiate proceedings or plead his case.

5. It is not necessary for the Contracting Parties to recognize as compulsory the jurisdiction of the court in all matters concerning the interpretation and application of the present convention.

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Text 6

THE HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENSE

The notion of individual accountability for crimes against humanity can be fully grasped only in connection with the international human rights doctrine and other recent developments in the structure and process of international law. Particularly relevant, in this respect, is the notion of obligations which are not owed to any particular state but to the international community. This, in turn, entails that every state has a legal interest in their fulfilment. The pre-eminence of these obligations over others, in light of their content, stipulates a hierarchy of values in the international legal system in which norms concerning the protection of fundamental human rights certainly enjoy the highest-ranking status. The persuasive force of the argument is reinforced by the emergence of a set of norms from which no derogation is ever admitted under international law. The importance of certain rules and principles to the international community is such that any unilateral action or international agreement which violates them is absolutely prohibited. Elementary logic supports this conclusion, as the law cannot tolerate acts which run against its very foundation. There is hardly any doubt that genocide, apartheid, torture and, when committed on a large scale or as a matter of state policy, murder, arbitrary detention and enforced disappearance of individuals can be legitimately included in the list.

All the above mentioned notions prove the existence of an international public order based on a commonality of core values and interests which are regarded as fundamental by the international community as a whole.

Notes

crime against humanity — преступление против человечества human rights — права человека obligations — обязательства legal interest — юридический интерес highest-ranking status — самый высокий статус force of the argument — сила довода, аргумента derogation - умаление unilateral action — одностороннее действие violate — нарушать tolerate acts — допускать действия run against — действовать против torture — пытка

arbitrary detention — произвольное, незаконное содержание под стражей

commonality — общность

core values — основные ценности

Упражнения

*16. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты данных слов и слово­сочетаний.

1. может быть полностью понято; 2. особо важным в этом отношении является; 3. в свою очередь ведет за собой (связано с); 4. превосходство чего-либо над чём-л.; 5. усиленный чем-либо; 6. широкомасштабно; 7. признавать что-л. в качестве осново-полагающих моментов

*17. Соотнесите слова и словосочетания с их синонимами.

1. can be understood a. to enjoy the status

2. important b. the emergence of

3. to possess the status с the law cannot tolerate acts

4. the appearance of d. relevant

5. the law cannot stand acts e. can be grasped

6. basic f. elementary