9. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Name the original six EEC member countries.

2. By the entry of what countries did the membership expand?

3. Name four main institutions that make up the formal structure of the EU. What are their functions?

4. Are there any advantages that EU countries enjoy? Give your grounds.

5. What goals did the Masticate Treaty set of for the EU?

10. Расскажите, что вы знаете о Европейском Союзе, употребив юридическую лексику.

to establish; to remove trade and economic barriers; member countries; to unify; to ratify; a regional trading group; to sign; entry; to implement decisions; policy guidelines; to violate EU law; to have an advisory legislative role; limited veto powers; the judicial aim; courts; to eliminate internal barriers; to amend; monetary and political union; to set goals of something for somebody

Text3

NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement among Mexico, Canada, and the United States, effective January 1, 1994. It

included Mexico in the arrangements previously initiated under the U.S. -Canada Free Trade Agreement of 1989. NAFTA eliminates all tariffs among the three countries. Side agreements exist to prevent the exploitation of Mexico's lower environmental and labor standards. Products are qualified for NAFTA tariff preferences only if they originate in one or more of the three member countries. NAFTA does not create a common labor market.

IMF-World Bank. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created after World War II by a group of nations meeting in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The Articles of Agreement of the IMF state that the purpose is "to facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade" and to "shorten the duration and lessen the disequilibrium in the international balance of payments of members." The IMF administers a complex lending system. A country can borrow money from other IMF members or from the IMF by means of special drawing rights (SDRs) sufficient to permit that country to maintain the stability of its currency's relationship to other world currencies. The Bretton Woods conference also set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) to facilitate the lending of money by capital surplus countries - such as the United States - to countries needing economic help and wanting foreign investments after World War II.

OPEC

The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a producer cartel or combination. One of its main goals was to raise the taxes and royalties earned from crude oil production. Another major goal was to take control over production and exploration from the major oil companies.

Notes

arrangement — договоренность, соглашение; устройство the US — Canada Free Trade Agreement — Соглашение о свободе

торговли между США и Канадой eliminate — устранять, уничтожать, упразднить side — зд. дополнительный prevent - предотвратить, помешать qualified — правомочный, отвечающий требованиям originate — возникать, происходить labor market — рынок рабочей силы

IMF - the International Monetary Fund - Международный

валютный фонд (МВФ)

state - заявлять, сообщать, утверждать, констатировать facilitate — способствовать shorten — сократить duration — длительность, продолжительность

lessen — уменьшить

disequilibrium — неустойчивость, потеря равновесия balance of payments — платежный баланс lend - давать в долг, ссужать borrow — брать в долг, заимствовать special drawing rights — особые права заимствования stability - стабильность, устойчивость

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) - Всемирный банк реконструкции и развития capital surplus countries — страны, имеющие избыток капитала OPEC - the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - Орга­низация стран-экспортеров нефти — ОПЕК cartel — картель combination - союз; монополистическое объединение (картель,

синдикат)

raise taxes — собирать налоги royalty - лицензионный платеж, арендная плата за право

разработки надр exploration - исследование, изучение

Упражнения

*11. Соотнесите словосочетания из левой колонки с их английскими эквивалентами в правой.

1. вступивший в силу a. capital surplus countries 1 января 1994 г. b. side agreements

2. по соглашению с. to raise the taxes and royalties

3. отменить d. the disequilibrium in the international balance все тарифы of payment

4. дополнительные е. to facilitate the expansion соглашения f. to eliminate all tariffs

5. помешать g. to prevent exploitation эксплуатации h. effective January 1, 1994

6. учредить фонд i. under the agreement

7. способствовать j. to create a fund расширению

8. нестабильность в международном платежном балансе

9. страны, имеющие избыток капитала

10. собирать налоги и арендную плату

*12. Заполните пропуски данными словами.

ensure, capital, facilitate, lent, qualified, standards

1. Air quality. vary from state to state.

2. The purchaser must be legally. to own a gun.

3. All the necessary steps were taken to their safety.

4. The recycling industry is making huge investments in equipment.

5. Dividing students into small groups usually helps discussion.

6. U. S. banks billions of dollars to developing countries in the

1970s.

*13. Укажите, в каком из приведенных значений данное слово употреб­ляется в тексте.

1. agreement

a. a situation in which people have the same opinion as each other

b. an official document that people sign to show they accept something

2. common

a. happening often and to many people, or in many places

b. shared by several people or groups

3. to borrow

a. to use something that belongs to someone else and give it back to them later

b. to take or copy someone's ideas, words, etc. and use them in your own work, language etc.

4. fund

a. an organization that's responsible for collecting and spending money for a particular purpose

b. an amount of money that is collected and kept for a particular purpose

5. to qualify

a. to have the right to have or do something, or give someone the right to have or do something

6. to eliminate

a. to kill someone in order to prevent them from causing trouble

b. to get rid of something completely