International trade organizations, conferences and treaties

A large number of organizations exist that affect the multinational markets for goods, services, and investments.

GATT 1994 and WTO. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) is a multilateral treaty subscribed to by 125 member governments. It consists of the original 1947 GATT, numerous multilateral agreements negotiated since 1947, the Uruguay Round Agreements, and the agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO). On January 1,1995, the WTO took over responsibility of the former GATT organization. Since 1947 and the end of the World War II era, the goal of the GATT has been to liberalize world trade and make it secure for furthering economic growth and human development.

The GATT is based on the fundamental principles of (1) trade without discrimination and (2) protection through tariffs. The principle of trade without discrimination is embodied in its most favored nation clause. All member countries grant each other equal treatment. All member countries are equal and share the benefits of any moves toward lower trade barriers. Exceptions to this basic rule are allowed in regard to the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Special preferences are also granted to developing countries. The second basic principle is protection for domestic industry, which should be extended essentially through a tariff, not through other commercial measures. The aim of this rale is to make the extent of protection clear and to make competition possible.

The new WTO provides a Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) to enable member countries to resolve trade disputes. The DSB appoints panels to hear disputes concerning allegations of GATT agreement violations. If a GATT agreement violation is found and not removed by the offending country, trade sanctions authorized by a panel may be imposed on that country in an amount equal to the economic injury caused by the violation.

Notes

GATT — the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade — Соглашение

по таможенным тарифам и торговле WTO - the World Trade Organization (of the United Nations) -

Организация ООН по международной торговле или ВТО (Всемирная торговая организация)

multilateral — многосторонний

subscribe to - подписывать (документ)

negotiate — вести переговоры

The Uruguay Round Agreements - Уругвайский раунд

establish - учредить, основать

take over — взять на себя (ответственность, обязанности)

liberalize — делать либеральным, свободным

world trade — международная торговля

secure - безопасный; гарантированный; режимный

further — способствовать

human development — развитие гуманитарное™

embody - воплощать

most favored nation — режим наибольшего благоприятствований

стране

equal treatment - равное обращение с; одинаковый режим in regard to — в отношении, относительно EU - the European Union — Европейский Союз (ЕС) NAFTA - the North American Free Trade Agreement - Североаме­риканское соглашение о свободе торговли (НАФТА) preference — предпочтение, преференция, льгота essentially - существенно extent - степень DSB - a Dispute Settlement Body - коллегия по разрешению

споров

enable — позволять, способствовать resolve - разрешать, урегулировать panel — комиссия allegation - заявление, утверждение remove — устранить offending - нарушающий

authorize — разрешать, санкционировать, уполномочивать impose sanctions - вводить санкции injury - вред, ущерб violation — нарушение

Упражнения

*1. Соотнесите слова из левой колонки с их английскими эквивалентами в правой.

I. многосторонний a. lower trade barriers

договор b. a GATT agreement violation

2. способствовать росту с. to authorize trade sanctions экономики и развитию d. to further economic growth and гуманитарности human development

3. пункт в договоре е. to resolve trade disputes

о режиме наибольшего f. to appoint panels to hear disputers

благоприятствования g. a multilateral treaty

какой-либо стране h. to grant each other equal treatment

4. предоставлять друг i. most favored nation treatment другу одинаковый режим j. to grant preferences to development

5. более низкие торговые countries барьеры

6. предоставлять льготы развивающимся странам

7. урегулировать торговые споры

8. назначать комиссии для выслушивания споров

9. нарушение Соглашения по таможенным тарифам и торговле

10. разрешать введение торговых санкций

*2. Заполните пропуски данными словами.

violation, domestic, imposed, preference, subscribe, offending

1. Please your name to the document.

2. Some employers give to non-smokers.

3. The military exercises are a clear. of the treaty.

4. That company pulled the advertisements from the

country's airwaves and publications.

5. Many countries economic sanctions on South Africa

during apartheid.

6. The airline serves mainly. routes.

*3. Соотнесите слова в левой колонке с их определениями в правой.

1. market a. involving several different countries,

2. multilateral companies, etc.

3. treaty b. relating to business and the buying and selling

4. commercial of goods and services

5. to authorize с to give official or legal permission for something

6. to resolve d. to settle; to find a satisfactory way of dealing with a problem or difficulty

e. the total amount of trade in a particular kind of goods

f. a formal agreement between two or more countries or governments, or the document of this agreement