19. Сверяясь с текстом, скажите, в каком значении употребляются в тексте приведенные ниже слова, и переведите предложения, в которых они встречаются, на русский язык.

statement; stipulation; remedy; machinery; provision

*20. Найдите в тексте синонимы следующих слов и переведите предложения, в которых они встречаются, на русский язык.

1. deal/bargain

2. condition/provision

3. excessive/unnecessary

4. to despute/oppose

5. to deduct/take away

21. Составьте предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания и переведите предложения на русский язык.

to enforce an agreement; to determine remedies; to break the contract terms; to provide information; draft contract; operation of contract

22. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What does a contract consist of?

2. What do the terms of a contract determine?

3. When can a contract be void?

4. How can an ostensibly vague agreement be enforced?

5. What is a "Parole Evidence Rule"?

6. What are the main exceptions to the parole evidence rule?

Text 6

REPRESENTATION AND TERMS

Statements made by the parties in the course of negotiations leading up to the formation of the contract are classified by the court as either repre­sentations or terms. A representation is a statement which induces the con­tract but does not form part of it, whereas a term is a promise or undertaking that is a part of the contract itself. If a representation proves to be false, the remedy will lie in an action for misrepresentation, whereas if a term is bro­ken the remedy will lie in an action for breach of contract. In some cases, a misrepresentation later becomes incorporated into the contract as a term. In such a case the injured party will have two causes of action: one for mis­representation and the other for breach.

Whether a statement is a representation or a term is primarily a question of intention. If the parties have indicated that a statement is to be regarded as a term, the court will implement their intention. In other cases, the follow­ing guidelines may be applied:

1. A statement is not likely to be a term if the person making the state­ment asks the other party to check or verify it, as where the seller of a boat

stated that it was sound but asked the buyer to have it surveyed. If the state­ment is made with intention of preventing the other from finding a defect and succeeds in this, the court may consider it to be a term.

Where there is a distinct interval of time between the making of the state­ment and conclusion of the contract, this may indicate that the parties do not intend the statement to be a term.

2. A statement is likely to be a term if it is such that the injured party would not have entered into the contract had it not been made.

3. Where one of the parties possesses superior knowledge and skill relat­ ing to the subject-matter, the court may conclude that any statement made by such a party is a term.

4. Where the agreement has'been reduced to a written document, state­ ments appearing in the written contract will normally be regarded as terms. Subject to the matters discussed above, statements excluded from the writ­ ten contract are likely to be regarded as representations. Nevertheless, the court will look to the intention of the parties to see whether they intended a contract partly written and partly oral.

Notes

statement — заявление, изложение, утверждение representation — только сообщение/информация induce - вызывать; индуктировать; побуждать undetaking — обязательство, гарантия

undertake — обязываться; брать на себя remedy — средство судебной защиты; средство защиты права action — иск; судебное преследование misrepresentation — введение в заблуждение incorporate — включать; инкорпорировать, предоставлять права

юридического лица injured party — пострадавшая сторона cause of action — основание для предъявления иска

have a cause of action — иметь основания для предъявления иска intention — намерение, умысел, цель indicate — показывать, указывать implement — выполнять, осуществлять guideline — деректива verify — проверять, выверять, сверять

verification — проверка, подтверждение survey — осматривать conclusion of a contract - заключение договора

conclude a contract — заключать договор subject-matter - предмет спора, договора и т.д.

ил

conclude (about) — решать, делать вывод be reduce to written document — быть составленным в качестве

письменного документа

Упражнения

*23. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний.

1. заключение контракта; 2. в ходе переговоров; составлять часть контракта; 3. обязательство; 4. введение в заблуждение; 5. средство судебной защиты; 6. иметь основания для предъявления иска; 7. выполнять намерения; 8. пострадавшая сторона

*24. Соотнесите слова в левой колонке с их определениями в правой.

1. intention a. the process of taking a case or a claim to a

2. undertaking court of law

3. to implement b. something that you plan to do

statement с to find out if a fact, statement, etc., is true or

4. to survey correct

5. action d. to inspect or examine the condition of

6. to verify somethinng

e. a promise to do something

f. to take action or make changes that you have officially decidedshould happen

25. Сверяясь с текстом, вставьте пропущенные предлоги и переведите выражения на русский язык.

the cause of negotiations; the remedy will lie an action

misrepresentation; a misrepresantation later becomes incorporated

the contract; the injured party will have two causes

action: one misrepresentation and the other breach;

the statement is made intention preventing the other

finding a

defect; succeeds ; the agreement has been reduced a written

document.