210 Appendix IX, X

IX

Frequency scale

always

nearly always, almost always

usually, generally, normally, regularly («on most occasions»)

frequently, often («on many occasions»)

sometimes («on some occasions»)

rarely, seldom («on few occasions»)

hardly (scarcely) ever («almost never»)

never

x

Probability scale

It is highly probable

There is high probability

In all probability

It is probable

In all likelihood

It is very likely

More than likely

It is likely

It is very possible

It is possible

It is not impossible

It is not unlikely

It is not very probable

It is not very likely

It is unlikely

Appendix XI 211

XI

Toefl: first steps

The TOEFL test, developed in 1964 is intended to evaluate the English proficiency of nonnative speakers who wish to study in colleges or universities in English- speaking countries.

Over 600000 students take the test each year in more than 170 countries.

Section 1 — Listening Comprehension measures the ability to recognize and understand English as it is spoken in North America.

Section 2 — Structure and Written Expression measures the ability to recognize important grammatical points in English.

Section 3 — Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension measures the ability to understand the meaning of words and phrases in written English as well as reading comprehension of passages from various academic subjects.

Tips on Section 1

The problems tested include vocabulary and structures that are most frequently used in English as it is spoken in North America.

Part А складається з питань, половина яких передає інформацію прямо та недвозначно. Проте друга половина питань може передавати непряму пораду, пропозицто i т.і, або містити фразеологічний (ідіоматичний) зворот. Такі більш складні структури складають уже 2/3 у Part В. Головною складністю Part С є обсяг текстів. Наведемо декілька прикладів:

Part A.

Приклад 1

Ви почуете: Не tasted the coffee. Вам треба вибрати одну з відповідей:

(A) Не took the whole fee

(B) Не tried the beverage

(C) The coffee was hot

(D) He had a test last week

Правильна відповідь — В. Не tried the beverage є власне перефразуванням:

to taste — to try; coffee як один з видів beverages.

Приклад 2

Ви почуете: What are you going to do tomorrow? Відповіді:

(A) What are your plans for tomorrow?

(B) Will it rain tomorrow?

(C) What are you doing in the morning?

(D) Will you close the door?

Правильна відповідь — А, зворот to be going to передає плани на майбутне.

Приклад 3

Ви почуете: Isn't it an incredible journey! Відповіді:

(A) The journey is not very interesting.

(B) The journey is really amazing.

(C) I can't believe it's George.

(D) I don't like traveling.

Правильна відповідь — В, зазначена фраза — своєрідне риторичне питання (за змістом) та вигук (за формою).

212 Appendix XI

Ще калька прикладів перефразування —

every other year — every two years;

in a day — the day after tomorrow;

as soon as you graduate — after your graduation:

There was a two-fold increase — the increase doubled. Перевіряється знання таких зворотів, як, наприклад,

used to та to be used to ...ing:

Janis used to work hard — she worked hard in the past:

Janis isn't used to working so hard — she isn't accustomed to hard work (she has no habit)

умовних речень (звороти I wish ..., If only ...),

емфатичних зворотів (типу She herself didn't know what to do — she didn't know what to do, she had no idea what to do, або Never have you done such a thing - this is tlie first time you have done it.)

Part B.

Приклад 1

— What a nice picture! Did you paint it yourself, Sue?

— Well, it was my mother's idea, but I had John do it.

Who painted the picture?

Відповіді:

(A) John's brother

(B) Sue's mother

(C) John

(D) Sue

Аби дата правильну відповідь — С — необхідно знати зворот to have / get something done. someone do something.

Приклад 2

— I'm thirsty.

— Could you bring some cold water? What does the woman offer the man to do?

(A) Bring some water (правильна в1дпов1дь)

(B) Close the door

(C) Bring some wine

(D) Call her on Thursday

Також можливі запитання типу:

What is the woman's (man's) occupation?

Where does this conversation (most probably) take place/occur?

Наприклад,

— We'd like something for dessert.

— How about our house specialty — raspberry pie?

Where does the conversation (most probably) take place/occur?:

(A) In a supermarket

(B) In the garden

(C) In a restaurant (правильна відповідь)

(D) In the street

Певну складність становлять питания типу «What does the woman / man mean?» «What do we learn from the conversation?», «What could be inferred from this conversation?», «What does the woman/man imply?», коли питають про те, що мається на увазі, про що непрямо йдеться.

Appendix XI 213

— The weather is perfect. Will you go to the beach?

— I guess so.

What does the woman mean?

(A) She doesn't like the weather

(B) She will probably go to the beach

(C) She doesn't agree with the man

(D) She thinks it's too hot

Правильна відповідь — В, вирази І guess so, I think so, I wouldn't say no to ... передають непряму згоду.

Окремо слід наголосити на розрізненні фразеологічних зворотів:

— I don't know whether Mark is kidding or not.

— He is always pulling my leg, too. What do we learn from a man's response?

(A) He thinks Mark is a good kid

(B) He has long legs

(C) He doesn't know if it is true

(D) He says Mark makes playful fun of him as well

Аби дати правильну відповідь D треба знати значення виразів to make fun, to kid, to pull someone's leg (обманювати).

Наведемо декілька типових фразеолопчних зворотів:

— Can we postpone this test? — That is out of the question! — Do you often cry? — Once in a blue moon! — Are you here on vacation? — Actually, I'm going to stay here for good. — Why are you learning Spanish? — I think it will be useful in the long run. — Will you come to dance tonight? — I'm looking forward to it! — Sorry, I'm late. — Never mind. — It was a swell party! — It sure was! або — You bet! — Boy, it's hot! — You can say that again. — I do like your room! — I still need some chairs to fit the bill. — Do you live on campus? — No, I don't. — I can't concentrate on this work! — Take your time. — I would rather not do it. — It's up to you.

i.e. impossible i.e. almost never i.e. permanently, forever i.e. in the distant future i.e. want it happen in future i.e. don't worry, it's OK i.e. Sure! Of course! Ще б пак! Авжеж! i.e. I completely agree with you. i.e. really i.e. to match to live on campus — жити у студентському мiстечку to live off campus — жити за його межами i.e. don't hurry i.e. prefer i.e. The decision is yours