- •О. М. Ільченко
- •Introduction 3
- •4 Introduction
- •Позначення, якi зустрiчаються у книзi
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •6 Contents
- •8 Chapter 1
- •Types of Science Products
- •10 Chapter
- •12 Chapter 1
- •Grammar: articles and their usage
- •General usage of articles:
- •14 Chapter 1 articles used with certain expressions
- •Articles with proper names
- •16 Chapter 1
- •18 Chapter 1
- •20 Chapter 1
- •22 Chapter 1
- •Noteworthy
- •24 Chapter 2
- •26 Chapter 2 grammar: expression of quantity.
- •I. Large quantity
- •Other expressions denoting large quantity:
- •II. Small quantity
- •28 Chapter 2
- •Other expressions:
- •Mind other expressions:
- •30 Chapter 2
- •Borrowed plural forms:
- •32 Chapter 2
- •By learning the prefixes you will understand the meaning of words.
- •34 Chapter 2
- •36 Chapter 2
- •38 Chapter 2
- •Noteworthy
- •40 Chapter 3
- •42 Chapter 3 grammar: system of tenses
- •44 Chapter 3 simple future (Future Indefinite)
- •46 Chapter 3
- •48 Chapter 3
- •Sequence of Tenses (Reported Speech)
- •50 Chapters 3
- •52 Chapter 3
- •Comment on these graphs:
- •54 Chapter 3
- •56 Chapter 3
- •Noteworthy
- •58 Chapter 4
- •60 Chapter 4
- •Grammar: structure of english sentence
- •62 Chapter 4
- •Logical connectors
- •Additional Information
- •64 Chapter 4
- •Exemplification
- •Summary
- •Contrast
- •66 Chapter 4
- •Purpose
- •Concession
- •68 Chapter 4 reason, cause and effect (result)
- •Expression of comparison
- •70 Chapter 4
- •Double comparative
- •Irregular formation
- •72 Chapter 4
- •74 Chapter 4
- •76 Chapter 4
- •78 Chapter 4
- •80 Chapter 4 Noteworthy
- •82 Chapter 5
- •84 Chapter 5 grammar: mood. Expression of conditions
- •Semantic types of conditional sentences
- •Real conditions
- •Unreal conditions
- •86 Chapter 5
- •Other expressions denoting conditions:
- •88 Chapter 5
- •90 Chapter 5
- •92 Chapter 5
- •94 Chapter 5
- •Noteworthy:
- •Internet
- •98 Chapter 6
- •100 Chapters
- •102 Chapters grammar: modal verbs and their equivalents (phrasal modals)
- •Modal verbs
- •104 Chapter 6
- •106 Chapter 6
- •108 Chapter6
- •110 Chapter 6
- •Acronyms and Initialisms
- •112 Chapter 6
- •114 Chapter 6
- •Noteworthy
- •116 Chapter 6
- •Interactive Multimedia English Suffixes
- •118 Chapter 7
- •Translate Ukrainian sentences, then match the two columns:
- •120 Chapter 7 grammar: the passive voice
- •Subject object
- •The passive is usually used:
- •1. Indirect Passive:
- •2. Prepositional Passive
- •122 Chapter 7 Other ways of expressing passive:
- •The passive is usually found with the following verbs and set phrases:
- •124 Chapter7
- •126 Chapter 7
- •Adjective suffixes
- •Verb suffixes
- •Noun suffixes
- •1. Make nouns from these words:
- •2. Make verbs from these words:
- •3. Make adjectives from these words:
- •128 Chapter7
- •130 Chapter 7
- •134 Chapter 8 grammar: verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the Verbs) participle
- •Verbals are:
- •Participle
- •Perfect Participle
- •Participles in a Sentence (a,b,c)
- •136 Chapters
- •Participal constructions
- •138 Chapters other constructions
- •140 Chapter 8
- •142 Chapter 8
- •144 Chapter 8
- •Noteworthy
- •146 Chapter 8
- •Alchemy
- •148 Chapter 9
- •Fossil fuels
- •150 Chapter 9
- •World Energy Consumption — 1970
- •154 Chapter 9 Constructions with the Infinitive
- •156 Chapter 9
- •158 Chapter 9
- •1. Green Products
- •160 Chapter 9
- •162 Chapter 9
- •164 Chapter 9
- •Noteworthy
- •166 Chapter 10
- •168 Chapter 10
- •170 Chapter 10
- •Constructions with gerund
- •172 Chapter 10
- •174 Chapter 10
- •I scored highest in _____________________________________
- •Intelligent manufacturing system
- •176 Chapter 10
- •178 Chapter 10
- •Noteworthy
- •How to Speak in Public
- •184 Chapter 11 grammar: emphasis
- •186 Chapter 11
- •188 Chapter 11
- •The Ax Story
- •A checklist for information age
- •190 Chapter 11
- •192 Chapter 11
- •II about you
- •196 Appendix II
- •198 Appendix III
- •Abstract (a short summary of a paper)
- •За змістом та методами дослідження
- •200 Appendix IV
- •Conference mini-vocabulary
- •202 Appendix IV
- •Basic criteria regarding the level of papers
- •Registration form
- •Please complete in block letters (type or print)
- •204 Appendix V
- •Tips on resume writing
- •Types of questions
- •1. General questions
- •2. Special question
- •3. Alternative questions
- •206 Appendix VI
- •4. Disjunctive questions
- •Verbs make and do
- •208 Appendix VIII
- •Irregular verbs
- •210 Appendix IX, X
- •Frequency scale
- •Probability scale
- •Toefl: first steps
- •Tips on Section 1
- •212 Appendix XI
- •214 Appendix XI
- •Tips on Section 2
- •Checklist for Section 2
- •218 Appendix XI
- •Test of written English (twe)
- •Tips on twe
- •Sample essay
- •220 Final Test Final Test
- •120 Questions
- •I. Read the passage and choose the one best answer to each question.
- •II. Complete the following sentences
- •222 Final Test
- •224 Final Test
- •226 Final Test
- •III. Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.
- •228 Final Test
- •230 Final Test
- •232 Final Test
- •234 Answer key answer key chapter 1
- •Chapter 2
- •Chapter 3
- •236 Answer key
- •Chapter 4
- •Chapter 5
- •Chapter 6
- •238 Answer key chapter 7
- •Chapter 8
- •Chapter 9
- •Chapter 10
- •Chapter 11
- •240 Answer key
- •Final test
- •241 Л1тература
- •Словники
- •Навчальне видання Ільченко Ольга Михайлівна Англійська мова для науковців
168 Chapter 10
GRAMMAR: VERBALS GERUND
|
|
active |
passive |
|
Simple (Indefinite) Perfect |
using having used |
being used having been used |
GERUNDS and NOUNS ending ...ing
|
NO plural ending Writing poetry is difficult. |
Take plural ending I have read some of his writings recently. |
PREPOSITIONS are often used
|
BEFORE Gerunds I am fond of cooking. |
AFTER Nouns The cooking of your sister is better than mine. |
GERUNDS and INFINITIVES
|
express something real, fulfilled I tried closing the door. (MEANING: I closed the door). I forgot mailing the letter. (MEANING: I mailed the letter, but I can't remember when). |
express something hypothetical, unfulfilled I tried to close the door. (MEANING: I didn't close the door). I forgot to mail the letter. (MEANING: I didn't mail the letter). |
ARE USED WITH THE FOLLOWING VERBS:
|
enjoy avoid consider appreciate forgive postpone put-off : quit suggest admit deny go on keep on |
hope want expect afford |
BOTH Infinitive and Gerund are used with
(dis)like
begin start
continue
stop
remember
forget
try
|
They like continued |
working hard to work hard |
Chapter 10 169
USE GERUND WITH THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSIONS
|
I am |
capable of (здатний) fond of (подобатися) accustomed to (призвичаїтися) interested in (цікавитися) successful in (досягати успіху) afraid of (боятися) tired of (втомитися) |
doing a lot of work |
|
I have no |
excuse (вибачення) reason for (причина) possibility of (можливість) |
coming so late |
|
They |
succeed in (мати успіх) insist on (наполягати на) think of (думати про) thank for (дякувати) object to заперечувати, виступати проти
* rely on * count on розраховувати
* feel like * don't mind не бути проти |
getting a job |
|
It's |
* worth * worthwhile варто
* not worth(while) * no use не варто |
postponing the meeting |
170 Chapter 10
|
They |
* can't help * can't resist не могти не
* can't stand * can't bear ненавидіти |
doing nothing |
|
We |
* look forward to з нетерпінням чекати
Would you mind* Чи не могли б ви ...
*/найбільш ввічлива форма прохання/ |
hearing from you
coming later? |
GERUND in a Sentence
|
Subject Підмет
Part of Predicate
Object Додаток
Attribute Означення
Adverbial modifiers Обставини |
Reading books is useful. Читати книги — корисно. Carrying out this task is of great importance. Дуже важливо виконати це завдання. Виконання цього завдання має велике значення. His favorite pastime is listening to music. | |
|
How about What about |
postponing the test? | |
|
He insisted on translating the text. Він наполягав на перекладі тексту. Ann likes studying foreign languages. Енн подобається вивчати іноземні мови.
There are two reasons for discussing the problem. Існують дві причини для обговорення проблеми. The boiling temperature of water is 100 С. Температура кипіння води — 100 С. (ПОР1ВНЯЙТЕ: boiling water (Participle I) — вода, шо кипить)
On entering the room, he greeted everyone. Зайшовши до кімнати, він привітав ycix присутніх. After discussing the problem they arrived at important conclusions. Після обговорення проблеми вони дійшли важливих висновків. | ||
Chapter 10 171