- •О. М. Ільченко
- •Introduction 3
- •4 Introduction
- •Позначення, якi зустрiчаються у книзi
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •6 Contents
- •8 Chapter 1
- •Types of Science Products
- •10 Chapter
- •12 Chapter 1
- •Grammar: articles and their usage
- •General usage of articles:
- •14 Chapter 1 articles used with certain expressions
- •Articles with proper names
- •16 Chapter 1
- •18 Chapter 1
- •20 Chapter 1
- •22 Chapter 1
- •Noteworthy
- •24 Chapter 2
- •26 Chapter 2 grammar: expression of quantity.
- •I. Large quantity
- •Other expressions denoting large quantity:
- •II. Small quantity
- •28 Chapter 2
- •Other expressions:
- •Mind other expressions:
- •30 Chapter 2
- •Borrowed plural forms:
- •32 Chapter 2
- •By learning the prefixes you will understand the meaning of words.
- •34 Chapter 2
- •36 Chapter 2
- •38 Chapter 2
- •Noteworthy
- •40 Chapter 3
- •42 Chapter 3 grammar: system of tenses
- •44 Chapter 3 simple future (Future Indefinite)
- •46 Chapter 3
- •48 Chapter 3
- •Sequence of Tenses (Reported Speech)
- •50 Chapters 3
- •52 Chapter 3
- •Comment on these graphs:
- •54 Chapter 3
- •56 Chapter 3
- •Noteworthy
- •58 Chapter 4
- •60 Chapter 4
- •Grammar: structure of english sentence
- •62 Chapter 4
- •Logical connectors
- •Additional Information
- •64 Chapter 4
- •Exemplification
- •Summary
- •Contrast
- •66 Chapter 4
- •Purpose
- •Concession
- •68 Chapter 4 reason, cause and effect (result)
- •Expression of comparison
- •70 Chapter 4
- •Double comparative
- •Irregular formation
- •72 Chapter 4
- •74 Chapter 4
- •76 Chapter 4
- •78 Chapter 4
- •80 Chapter 4 Noteworthy
- •82 Chapter 5
- •84 Chapter 5 grammar: mood. Expression of conditions
- •Semantic types of conditional sentences
- •Real conditions
- •Unreal conditions
- •86 Chapter 5
- •Other expressions denoting conditions:
- •88 Chapter 5
- •90 Chapter 5
- •92 Chapter 5
- •94 Chapter 5
- •Noteworthy:
- •Internet
- •98 Chapter 6
- •100 Chapters
- •102 Chapters grammar: modal verbs and their equivalents (phrasal modals)
- •Modal verbs
- •104 Chapter 6
- •106 Chapter 6
- •108 Chapter6
- •110 Chapter 6
- •Acronyms and Initialisms
- •112 Chapter 6
- •114 Chapter 6
- •Noteworthy
- •116 Chapter 6
- •Interactive Multimedia English Suffixes
- •118 Chapter 7
- •Translate Ukrainian sentences, then match the two columns:
- •120 Chapter 7 grammar: the passive voice
- •Subject object
- •The passive is usually used:
- •1. Indirect Passive:
- •2. Prepositional Passive
- •122 Chapter 7 Other ways of expressing passive:
- •The passive is usually found with the following verbs and set phrases:
- •124 Chapter7
- •126 Chapter 7
- •Adjective suffixes
- •Verb suffixes
- •Noun suffixes
- •1. Make nouns from these words:
- •2. Make verbs from these words:
- •3. Make adjectives from these words:
- •128 Chapter7
- •130 Chapter 7
- •134 Chapter 8 grammar: verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the Verbs) participle
- •Verbals are:
- •Participle
- •Perfect Participle
- •Participles in a Sentence (a,b,c)
- •136 Chapters
- •Participal constructions
- •138 Chapters other constructions
- •140 Chapter 8
- •142 Chapter 8
- •144 Chapter 8
- •Noteworthy
- •146 Chapter 8
- •Alchemy
- •148 Chapter 9
- •Fossil fuels
- •150 Chapter 9
- •World Energy Consumption — 1970
- •154 Chapter 9 Constructions with the Infinitive
- •156 Chapter 9
- •158 Chapter 9
- •1. Green Products
- •160 Chapter 9
- •162 Chapter 9
- •164 Chapter 9
- •Noteworthy
- •166 Chapter 10
- •168 Chapter 10
- •170 Chapter 10
- •Constructions with gerund
- •172 Chapter 10
- •174 Chapter 10
- •I scored highest in _____________________________________
- •Intelligent manufacturing system
- •176 Chapter 10
- •178 Chapter 10
- •Noteworthy
- •How to Speak in Public
- •184 Chapter 11 grammar: emphasis
- •186 Chapter 11
- •188 Chapter 11
- •The Ax Story
- •A checklist for information age
- •190 Chapter 11
- •192 Chapter 11
- •II about you
- •196 Appendix II
- •198 Appendix III
- •Abstract (a short summary of a paper)
- •За змістом та методами дослідження
- •200 Appendix IV
- •Conference mini-vocabulary
- •202 Appendix IV
- •Basic criteria regarding the level of papers
- •Registration form
- •Please complete in block letters (type or print)
- •204 Appendix V
- •Tips on resume writing
- •Types of questions
- •1. General questions
- •2. Special question
- •3. Alternative questions
- •206 Appendix VI
- •4. Disjunctive questions
- •Verbs make and do
- •208 Appendix VIII
- •Irregular verbs
- •210 Appendix IX, X
- •Frequency scale
- •Probability scale
- •Toefl: first steps
- •Tips on Section 1
- •212 Appendix XI
- •214 Appendix XI
- •Tips on Section 2
- •Checklist for Section 2
- •218 Appendix XI
- •Test of written English (twe)
- •Tips on twe
- •Sample essay
- •220 Final Test Final Test
- •120 Questions
- •I. Read the passage and choose the one best answer to each question.
- •II. Complete the following sentences
- •222 Final Test
- •224 Final Test
- •226 Final Test
- •III. Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.
- •228 Final Test
- •230 Final Test
- •232 Final Test
- •234 Answer key answer key chapter 1
- •Chapter 2
- •Chapter 3
- •236 Answer key
- •Chapter 4
- •Chapter 5
- •Chapter 6
- •238 Answer key chapter 7
- •Chapter 8
- •Chapter 9
- •Chapter 10
- •Chapter 11
- •240 Answer key
- •Final test
- •241 Л1тература
- •Словники
- •Навчальне видання Ільченко Ольга Михайлівна Англійська мова для науковців
46 Chapter 3
Exercise 6. Choose the correct form of the verb from the parentheses:
1. When Melissa arrived everyone (was studying / studied),
2. At three o'clock she (was studying / studied).
3. At. this time tomorrow we (wi]l be taking / will take) the test.
4. I (will call / am calling) you one of these days.
5. John (was reading / read) while Mary (was watching / watched) TV.
|
Simple Past «at a certain time in the past» |
Present Perfect «in the past but related in some way to the present» | ||||
|
Express: | |||||
|
1. events that took place at a definite time in the past: We discussed it yesterday. Ми обговорили це учора.
tense markers |
1. actions happened at an indefinite time in the past: We have already discussed it. Ми вже обговорили це (колись раніше).
tense markers | ||||
|
|
in 1990 when X was 20 as a child yesterday last year / month the day before yesterday long ago once upon a time the other day (цими) днями (по відношенню до минулого) this morning (the morning is over) eventually / finally at that time 2 hours ago / later (for the) first / last time |
|
|
lately / recently / of late / in recent years (останнім часом) up to now so far already never ever . since in the past yet during the past 2 days |
|
|
|
| ||||
|
2. events that lasted for a time in continue to the present: He taught at Harvard for 10 years before he came here. Він викладав у Гарварді протягом 10 років перед тим, як переїхав сюди (він більше там не викладає). |
2. situations that began in the past, the past: He has attended the university for 3 years. Він навчався в університеті протягом 3 років (i зараз продовжує навчатися там). Не has lived in Germany since 1992 (he still lives there). Biн проживає у Германії з 1992 року (i зараз також). MIND: since is used to indicate the beginning of the time period; for is used to indicate duration of time. | ||||
|
3. habitual or repeated events: She studied English every day until she passed the test. Вона вчила англійську щодня, доки не склала іспит. |
3. actions completed in the past but related to the present: John has applied for several job openings and now he's waiting for the results. Джон подав заявку на кілька вакансій i зараз очікує на результати. | ||||
Chapter 3 47
|
4. past mental perceptions or emotions: She always knew what she wanted. Вона завжди знала, чого прагне. |
|
|
NOTE used to and be used to ...ing/noun | |
|
*used to describes habits, regular activities, states in the past that no longer exist now; *be used to ...ing/noun means «be accustomed to», «have a habit» He used to work at the university. Раніше він працював в університеті. He is used to working at the university. Biн звик працювати в утверситеті. Or: He is used to his present job. Biн звик до своєї теперішньої роботи. |
Еxercise 7. Choose the correct form of the verb from the parentheses:
1. They (bought / have bought) a dictionary the other day.
2. Laura (has taken / took) the test.
3. During the last week I (read / have read) 2 books.
4. They (have translated / translated) the article already.
5. We (didn't finish / haven't finished) the project yet.
6. He (arrived / has arrived) the day before yesterday.
7. I (haven't seen / didn't see) him recently.
Exercise 8. Choose the one option that is closest in meaning to the original sentence.
1. John used to travel a lot.
a. He traveled a lot in the past, now he doesn't.
b. He is accustomed to traveling.
2. Doris isn't used to working so hard.
a. In the past she worked very much but now she doesn't.
b. She isn't in the habit of working so hard.
3. Marilyn is used to this climate.
a. Marilyn is accustomed to this climate.
b. In the past Marilyn liked this climate,
4. These students are used to studying for exams in the library.
a. They always study for exams in the library.
b. In the past they went to the library to study.
5. He used to jog every other day.
a. He always jogs every other day.
b. He doesn't jog every other day anymore.