- •О. М. Ільченко
- •Introduction 3
- •4 Introduction
- •Позначення, якi зустрiчаються у книзi
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •6 Contents
- •8 Chapter 1
- •Types of Science Products
- •10 Chapter
- •12 Chapter 1
- •Grammar: articles and their usage
- •General usage of articles:
- •14 Chapter 1 articles used with certain expressions
- •Articles with proper names
- •16 Chapter 1
- •18 Chapter 1
- •20 Chapter 1
- •22 Chapter 1
- •Noteworthy
- •24 Chapter 2
- •26 Chapter 2 grammar: expression of quantity.
- •I. Large quantity
- •Other expressions denoting large quantity:
- •II. Small quantity
- •28 Chapter 2
- •Other expressions:
- •Mind other expressions:
- •30 Chapter 2
- •Borrowed plural forms:
- •32 Chapter 2
- •By learning the prefixes you will understand the meaning of words.
- •34 Chapter 2
- •36 Chapter 2
- •38 Chapter 2
- •Noteworthy
- •40 Chapter 3
- •42 Chapter 3 grammar: system of tenses
- •44 Chapter 3 simple future (Future Indefinite)
- •46 Chapter 3
- •48 Chapter 3
- •Sequence of Tenses (Reported Speech)
- •50 Chapters 3
- •52 Chapter 3
- •Comment on these graphs:
- •54 Chapter 3
- •56 Chapter 3
- •Noteworthy
- •58 Chapter 4
- •60 Chapter 4
- •Grammar: structure of english sentence
- •62 Chapter 4
- •Logical connectors
- •Additional Information
- •64 Chapter 4
- •Exemplification
- •Summary
- •Contrast
- •66 Chapter 4
- •Purpose
- •Concession
- •68 Chapter 4 reason, cause and effect (result)
- •Expression of comparison
- •70 Chapter 4
- •Double comparative
- •Irregular formation
- •72 Chapter 4
- •74 Chapter 4
- •76 Chapter 4
- •78 Chapter 4
- •80 Chapter 4 Noteworthy
- •82 Chapter 5
- •84 Chapter 5 grammar: mood. Expression of conditions
- •Semantic types of conditional sentences
- •Real conditions
- •Unreal conditions
- •86 Chapter 5
- •Other expressions denoting conditions:
- •88 Chapter 5
- •90 Chapter 5
- •92 Chapter 5
- •94 Chapter 5
- •Noteworthy:
- •Internet
- •98 Chapter 6
- •100 Chapters
- •102 Chapters grammar: modal verbs and their equivalents (phrasal modals)
- •Modal verbs
- •104 Chapter 6
- •106 Chapter 6
- •108 Chapter6
- •110 Chapter 6
- •Acronyms and Initialisms
- •112 Chapter 6
- •114 Chapter 6
- •Noteworthy
- •116 Chapter 6
- •Interactive Multimedia English Suffixes
- •118 Chapter 7
- •Translate Ukrainian sentences, then match the two columns:
- •120 Chapter 7 grammar: the passive voice
- •Subject object
- •The passive is usually used:
- •1. Indirect Passive:
- •2. Prepositional Passive
- •122 Chapter 7 Other ways of expressing passive:
- •The passive is usually found with the following verbs and set phrases:
- •124 Chapter7
- •126 Chapter 7
- •Adjective suffixes
- •Verb suffixes
- •Noun suffixes
- •1. Make nouns from these words:
- •2. Make verbs from these words:
- •3. Make adjectives from these words:
- •128 Chapter7
- •130 Chapter 7
- •134 Chapter 8 grammar: verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the Verbs) participle
- •Verbals are:
- •Participle
- •Perfect Participle
- •Participles in a Sentence (a,b,c)
- •136 Chapters
- •Participal constructions
- •138 Chapters other constructions
- •140 Chapter 8
- •142 Chapter 8
- •144 Chapter 8
- •Noteworthy
- •146 Chapter 8
- •Alchemy
- •148 Chapter 9
- •Fossil fuels
- •150 Chapter 9
- •World Energy Consumption — 1970
- •154 Chapter 9 Constructions with the Infinitive
- •156 Chapter 9
- •158 Chapter 9
- •1. Green Products
- •160 Chapter 9
- •162 Chapter 9
- •164 Chapter 9
- •Noteworthy
- •166 Chapter 10
- •168 Chapter 10
- •170 Chapter 10
- •Constructions with gerund
- •172 Chapter 10
- •174 Chapter 10
- •I scored highest in _____________________________________
- •Intelligent manufacturing system
- •176 Chapter 10
- •178 Chapter 10
- •Noteworthy
- •How to Speak in Public
- •184 Chapter 11 grammar: emphasis
- •186 Chapter 11
- •188 Chapter 11
- •The Ax Story
- •A checklist for information age
- •190 Chapter 11
- •192 Chapter 11
- •II about you
- •196 Appendix II
- •198 Appendix III
- •Abstract (a short summary of a paper)
- •За змістом та методами дослідження
- •200 Appendix IV
- •Conference mini-vocabulary
- •202 Appendix IV
- •Basic criteria regarding the level of papers
- •Registration form
- •Please complete in block letters (type or print)
- •204 Appendix V
- •Tips on resume writing
- •Types of questions
- •1. General questions
- •2. Special question
- •3. Alternative questions
- •206 Appendix VI
- •4. Disjunctive questions
- •Verbs make and do
- •208 Appendix VIII
- •Irregular verbs
- •210 Appendix IX, X
- •Frequency scale
- •Probability scale
- •Toefl: first steps
- •Tips on Section 1
- •212 Appendix XI
- •214 Appendix XI
- •Tips on Section 2
- •Checklist for Section 2
- •218 Appendix XI
- •Test of written English (twe)
- •Tips on twe
- •Sample essay
- •220 Final Test Final Test
- •120 Questions
- •I. Read the passage and choose the one best answer to each question.
- •II. Complete the following sentences
- •222 Final Test
- •224 Final Test
- •226 Final Test
- •III. Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.
- •228 Final Test
- •230 Final Test
- •232 Final Test
- •234 Answer key answer key chapter 1
- •Chapter 2
- •Chapter 3
- •236 Answer key
- •Chapter 4
- •Chapter 5
- •Chapter 6
- •238 Answer key chapter 7
- •Chapter 8
- •Chapter 9
- •Chapter 10
- •Chapter 11
- •240 Answer key
- •Final test
- •241 Л1тература
- •Словники
- •Навчальне видання Ільченко Ольга Михайлівна Англійська мова для науковців
154 Chapter 9 Constructions with the Infinitive
Subjective Підмет з інфінітивом He is known to be a reliable person. Відомо, що він надійна людина. / Biн, як відомо, надійна людина. The article is said to be very interesting. Кажуть, що це дуже цікава стаття. / Ця стаття, кажуть, дуже цікава. She is expected to come. Очікують, що вона прийде. |
to know to think |
Objective Додаток з інфінітивом I know him to be a reliable person. Я знаю, що він надійна людина. We consider this problem to be of great inportance. Ми вважаемо, що це надзвичайно важлива проблема. They reported him to win the prize. Повідомили, що він здобув премію. | ||
to consider to believe |
вважати | |||
to suppose to find виявляти to say to report повідомляти to expect очікувати to state констатувати | ||||
to see to watch to observe |
спостерігати |
to be likely ймовірно to be unlikely малоймовірно to be sure напевне та після Participle II |
to allow to permit to enable |
дозволяти | ||||||||
He is |
(un)likely sure |
to come |
| |||||||
(Мало)ймовірно, що він прийде. Bін обов'язково прийде. Only the methods known from practical experience to be reliable have been used. Було використано лише тi методи, котрі, як відомо з практичного досвіду, є надійними. |
This device enables accurate measurements to be carried out. Цей прилад дозволяє зробити точні виміри. | |||||||||
to happen to chance |
ставатися |
to want to wish to desire
to like to love |
бажати | |||||||
to seem to appear |
здаватися | |||||||||
to prove to turn out |
виявлятися | |||||||||
He seems to know the rule. Здається, він знає це правило. |
Do you want me to help? Ви хочете, щоб я допоміг? | |||||||||
It turned out to be a |
success. failure. |
| ||||||||
Це виявилося |
успіхом невдачею. |
|
They should be made to comply with safety regulations. Їх треба примусити підкоритися правилам безпеки. |
to make* — примушувати; зробити так, щоб... |
* Teachers should make their students study. Вчителі повинні зробити так, щоб їхні учні вчилися. |
_____________________________________________________________
* When the verb make is passive, its complement is infinitive WITH to, when active — infinitive WITHOUT to.
Chapter 9 155
For+to+Infinitive Construction
I explain it for you to understand,
Я поясню це, щоб/аби ви зрозум1ли.
There is not enough time for this article to be published this year.
Недостатньо часу для того, аби ця стаття вийшла друком цього року.
That was for him to decide.
Це повинен був вирішити він. (Порівняйте: *It was up to him).
NOTE
Bare Infinitive (інфінітив без to) Do NOT use to:
1. after modal and auxiliary verbs: I don't Ø understand you. Я не розумію вас. If one can't Ø have what one loves, one must Ø love what one has. Якщо не маєш того, що любиш, люби те, що маєш.
2. after let, would rather, had better, make (active), and in the sentences beginning with Why: Let us Ø be. friends. Давайте будемо друзями. I would rather not Ø do it. Я ліпше цього не робитиму. What makes you Ø think so? Що примушує вас думати саме так? Why not Ø come? Чому б не прийти? |
NOTE
Split Infinitive (розщеплений інфінітив) Really, I want to understand you. Спавді, я хочу зрозумгги вас. I want to really understand you. Я справді хочу зрозумгги вас. |
NOTE
Sometimes to can be used INSTEAD of the infinitive: I would not do it even if I wanted to. I would not do it even if I wanted to do it. Я б не зробив цього, навіть якщо б i хотів (це зробити). — Would you like some tea? — I'd | love to. I like to. — Ви хотіли б випити чаю? — З задоволенням.
BUT:
Mind the verb try: — Can you do this? — I'll try. — Ви можете це зробити? — Спробую. |