- •Preface
- •Acknowledgements
- •Contents
- •2.1 Introduction and a Short History of Black Holes
- •2.2 The Kruskal Extension of Schwarzschild Space-Time
- •2.2.1 Analysis of the Rindler Space-Time
- •2.2.2 Applying the Same Procedure to the Schwarzschild Metric
- •2.2.3 A First Analysis of Kruskal Space-Time
- •2.3 Basic Concepts about Future, Past and Causality
- •2.3.1 The Light-Cone
- •2.3.2 Future and Past of Events and Regions
- •Achronal Sets
- •Time-Orientability
- •Domains of Dependence
- •Cauchy surfaces
- •2.4.1 Conformal Mapping of Minkowski Space into the Einstein Static Universe
- •2.4.2 Asymptotic Flatness
- •2.5 The Causal Boundary of Kruskal Space-Time
- •References
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 The Kerr-Newman Metric
- •3.2.1 Riemann and Ricci Curvatures of the Kerr-Newman Metric
- •3.3 The Static Limit in Kerr-Newman Space-Time
- •Static Observers
- •3.4 The Horizon and the Ergosphere
- •The Horizon Area
- •3.5 Geodesics of the Kerr Metric
- •3.5.2 The Hamilton-Jacobi Equation and the Carter Constant
- •3.5.3 Reduction to First Order Equations
- •3.5.4 The Exact Solution of the Schwarzschild Orbit Equation as an Application
- •3.5.5 About Explicit Kerr Geodesics
- •3.6 The Kerr Black Hole and the Laws of Thermodynamics
- •3.6.1 The Penrose Mechanism
- •3.6.2 The Bekenstein Hawking Entropy and Hawking Radiation
- •References
- •4.1 Historical Introduction to Modern Cosmology
- •4.2 The Universe Is a Dynamical System
- •4.3 Expansion of the Universe
- •4.3.1 Why the Night is Dark and Olbers Paradox
- •4.3.2 Hubble, the Galaxies and the Great Debate
- •4.3.4 The Big Bang
- •4.4 The Cosmological Principle
- •4.5 The Cosmic Background Radiation
- •4.6 The New Scenario of the Inflationary Universe
- •4.7 The End of the Second Millennium and the Dawn of the Third Bring Great News in Cosmology
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Mathematical Interlude: Isometries and the Geometry of Coset Manifolds
- •5.2.1 Isometries and Killing Vector Fields
- •5.2.2 Coset Manifolds
- •5.2.3 The Geometry of Coset Manifolds
- •5.2.3.1 Infinitesimal Transformations and Killing Vectors
- •5.2.3.2 Vielbeins, Connections and Metrics on G/H
- •5.2.3.3 Lie Derivatives
- •5.2.3.4 Invariant Metrics on Coset Manifolds
- •5.2.3.5 For Spheres and Pseudo-Spheres
- •5.3 Homogeneity Without Isotropy: What Might Happen
- •5.3.1 Bianchi Spaces and Kasner Metrics
- •5.3.1.1 Bianchi Type I and Kasner Metrics
- •5.3.2.1 A Ricci Flat Bianchi II Metric
- •5.3.3 Einstein Equation and Matter for This Billiard
- •5.3.4 The Same Billiard with Some Matter Content
- •5.3.5 Three-Space Geometry of This Toy Model
- •5.4 The Standard Cosmological Model: Isotropic and Homogeneous Metrics
- •5.4.1 Viewing the Coset Manifolds as Group Manifolds
- •5.5 Friedman Equations for the Scale Factor and the Equation of State
- •5.5.1 Proof of the Cosmological Red-Shift
- •5.5.2 Solution of the Cosmological Differential Equations for Dust and Radiation Without a Cosmological Constant
- •5.5.3 Embedding Cosmologies into de Sitter Space
- •5.6 General Consequences of Friedman Equations
- •5.6.1 Particle Horizon
- •5.6.2 Event Horizon
- •5.6.3 Red-Shift Distances
- •5.7 Conceptual Problems of the Standard Cosmological Model
- •5.8 Cosmic Evolution with a Scalar Field: The Basis for Inflation
- •5.8.1 de Sitter Solution
- •5.8.2 Slow-Rolling Approximate Solutions
- •5.8.2.1 Number of e-Folds
- •5.9 Primordial Perturbations of the Cosmological Metric and of the Inflaton
- •5.9.1 The Conformal Frame
- •5.9.2 Deriving the Equations for the Perturbation
- •5.9.2.1 Meaning of the Propagation Equation
- •5.9.2.2 Evaluation of the Effective Mass Term in the Slow Roll Approximation
- •5.9.2.3 Derivation of the Propagation Equation
- •5.9.3 Quantization of the Scalar Degree of Freedom
- •5.9.4 Calculation of the Power Spectrum in the Two Regimes
- •5.9.4.1 Short Wave-Lengths
- •5.9.4.2 Long Wave-Lengths
- •5.9.4.3 Gluing the Long and Short Wave-Length Solutions Together
- •5.9.4.4 The Spectral Index
- •5.10 The Anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Background
- •5.10.1 The Sachs-Wolfe Effect
- •5.10.2 The Two-Point Temperature Correlation Function
- •5.10.3 Conclusive Remarks on CMB Anisotropies
- •References
- •6.1 Historical Outline and Introduction
- •6.1.1 Fermionic Strings and the Birth of Supersymmetry
- •6.1.2 Supersymmetry
- •6.1.3 Supergravity
- •6.2 Algebro-Geometric Structure of Supergravity
- •6.3 Free Differential Algebras
- •6.3.1 Chevalley Cohomology
- •Contraction and Lie Derivative
- •Definition of FDA
- •Classification of FDA and the Analogue of Levi Theorem: Minimal Versus Contractible Algebras
- •6.4 The Super FDA of M Theory and Its Cohomological Structure
- •6.4.1 The Minimal FDA of M-Theory and Cohomology
- •6.4.2 FDA Equivalence with Larger (Super) Lie Algebras
- •6.5 The Principle of Rheonomy
- •6.5.1 The Flow Chart for the Construction of a Supergravity Theory
- •6.6 Summary of Supergravities
- •Type IIA Super-Poicaré Algebra in the String Frame
- •The FDA Extension of the Type IIA Superalgebra in the String Frame
- •The Bianchi Identities
- •6.7.1 Rheonomic Parameterizations of the Type IIA Curvatures in the String Frame
- •Bosonic Curvatures
- •Fermionic Curvatures
- •6.7.2 Field Equations of Type IIA Supergravity in the String Frame
- •6.8 Type IIB Supergravity
- •SL(2, R) Lie Algebra
- •Coset Representative of SL(2, R)/O(2) in the Solvable Parameterization
- •The SU(1, 1)/U(1) Vielbein and Connection
- •6.8.2 The Free Differential Algebra, the Supergravity Fields and the Curvatures
- •The Curvatures of the Free Differential Algebra in the Complex Basis
- •The Curvatures of the Free Differential Algebra in the Real Basis
- •6.8.3 The Bosonic Field Equations and the Standard Form of the Bosonic Action
- •6.9 About Solutions
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction and Conceptual Outline
- •7.2 p-Branes as World Volume Gauge-Theories
- •7.4 The New First Order Formalism
- •7.4.1 An Alternative to the Polyakov Action for p-Branes
- •7.6 The D3-Brane: Summary
- •7.9 Domain Walls in Diverse Space-Time Dimensions
- •7.9.1 The Randall Sundrum Mechanism
- •7.9.2 The Conformal Gauge for Domain Walls
- •7.10 Conclusion on This Brane Bestiary
- •References
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Supergravity and Homogeneous Scalar Manifolds G/H
- •8.2.3 Scalar Manifolds of Maximal Supergravities in Diverse Dimensions
- •8.3 Duality Symmetries in Even Dimensions
- •8.3.1 The Kinetic Matrix N and Symplectic Embeddings
- •8.3.2 Symplectic Embeddings in General
- •8.5 Summary of Special Kähler Geometry
- •8.5.1 Hodge-Kähler Manifolds
- •8.5.2 Connection on the Line Bundle
- •8.5.3 Special Kähler Manifolds
- •8.6 Supergravities in Five Dimension and More Scalar Geometries
- •8.6.1 Very Special Geometry
- •8.6.3 Quaternionic Geometry
- •8.6.4 Quaternionic, Versus HyperKähler Manifolds
- •References
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Black Holes Once Again
- •9.2.2 The Oxidation Rules
- •Orbit of Solutions
- •The Schwarzschild Case
- •The Extremal Reissner Nordström Case
- •Curvature of the Extremal Spaces
- •9.2.4 Attractor Mechanism, the Entropy and Other Special Geometry Invariants
- •9.2.5 Critical Points of the Geodesic Potential and Attractors
- •At BPS Attractor Points
- •At Non-BPS Attractor Points of Type I
- •At Non-BPS Attractor Points of Type II
- •9.2.6.2 The Quartic Invariant
- •9.2.7.1 An Explicit Example of Exact Regular BPS Solution
- •The Metric
- •The Scalar Field
- •The Electromagnetic Fields
- •The Fixed Scalars at Horizon and the Entropy
- •The Metric
- •The Scalar Field
- •The Electromagnetic Fields
- •The Fixed Scalars at Horizon and the Entropy
- •9.2.9 Resuming the Discussion of Critical Points
- •Non-BPS Case
- •BPS Case
- •9.2.10 An Example of a Small Black Hole
- •The Metric
- •The Complex Scalar Field
- •The Electromagnetic Fields
- •The Charges
- •Structure of the Charges and Attractor Mechanism
- •9.2.11 Behavior of the Riemann Tensor in Regular Solutions
- •9.3.4 The SO(8) Spinor Bundle and the Holonomy Tensor
- •9.3.5 The Well Adapted Basis of Gamma Matrices
- •9.3.6 The so(8)-Connection and the Holonomy Tensor
- •9.3.7 The Holonomy Tensor and Superspace
- •9.3.8 Gauged Maurer Cartan 1-Forms of OSp(8|4)
- •9.3.9 Killing Spinors of the AdS4 Manifold
- •9.3.10 Supergauge Completion in Mini Superspace
- •9.3.11 The 3-Form
- •9.4.1 Maurer Cartan Forms of OSp(6|4)
- •9.4.2 Explicit Construction of the P3 Geometry
- •9.4.3 The Compactification Ansatz
- •9.4.4 Killing Spinors on P3
- •9.4.5 Gauge Completion in Mini Superspace
- •9.4.6 Gauge Completion of the B[2] Form
- •9.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •10.1 The Legacy of Volume 1
- •10.2 The Story Told in Volume 2
- •Appendix A: Spinors and Gamma Matrix Algebra
- •A.2 The Clifford Algebra
- •A.2.1 Even Dimensions
- •A.2.2 Odd Dimensions
- •A.3 The Charge Conjugation Matrix
- •A.4 Majorana, Weyl and Majorana-Weyl Spinors
- •Appendix B: Auxiliary Tools for p-Brane Actions
- •B.1 Notations and Conventions
- •Appendix C: Auxiliary Information About Some Superalgebras
- •C.1.1 The Superalgebra
- •C.2 The Relevant Supercosets and Their Relation
- •C.2.1 Finite Supergroup Elements
- •C.4 An so(6) Inversion Formula
- •Appendix D: MATHEMATICA Package NOVAMANIFOLDA
- •Coset Manifolds (Euclidian Signature)
- •Instructions for the Use
- •Description of the Main Commands of RUNCOSET
- •Structure Constants for CP2
- •Spheres
- •N010 Coset
- •RUNCOSET Package (Euclidian Signature)
- •Main
- •Spin Connection and Curvature Routines
- •Routine Curvapack
- •Routine Curvapackgen
- •Contorsion Routine for Mixed Vielbeins
- •Calculation of the Contorsion for General Manifolds
- •Calculation for Cartan Maurer Equations and Vielbein Differentials (Euclidian Signature)
- •Routine Thoft
- •AdS Space in Four Dimensions (Minkowski Signature)
- •Lie Algebra of SO(2, 3) and Killing Metric
- •Solvable Subalgebra Generating the Coset and Construction of the Vielbein
- •Killing Vectors
- •Trigonometric Coordinates
- •Test of Killing Vectors
- •MANIFOLDPROVA
- •The 4-Dimensional Coset CP2
- •Calculation of the (Pseudo-)Riemannian Geometry of a Kasner Metric in Vielbein Formalism
- •References
- •Index
9.5 Conclusions |
403 |
Similarly, using the inversion formula (C.4.3) presented in appendix we can write:
AP3 = −2Bα τ α + |
4e Bαβ τ αβ − |
4e Bαβ Kαβ K |
(9.4.72) |
||
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
where {Bαβ , Bα } are the connection and vielbein of the internal coset manifold P3. Relying once again on the inversion formulae discussed in Appendix C.4 we
conclude that we can rewrite (9.4.51)–(9.4.55) as follows:
Ψ x|A = Φx|A |
(9.4.73) |
V a = Ea |
(9.4.74) |
V α = Eα |
(9.4.75) |
ωab = Eab |
(9.4.76) |
ωαβ = Eαβ |
(9.4.77) |
where the objects introduced above are the Maurer Cartan forms on the supercoset (9.4.2) according to:
Σ = L−1 dL
= 2 |
− 41 Eabγab − 2eγa γ5Ea |
|
|
|
|
Φ |
|
|
|
3 |
|||
|
|
|
α |
|
1 |
αβ |
|
|
1 |
αβ |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
4ieΦγ5 |
τ α − |
τ αβ + |
|
||||||||||
|
2eE |
4 B |
|
4 E |
|
Kαβ K |
(9.4.78)
Consequently the gauge completion of the B[2] form becomes:
B[2] = |
1 |
τ 7) Φ |
|
4e Φ(1 |
(9.4.79) |
9.5 Conclusions
As we stressed in the introduction to the present very long chapter, the topics we might still address in this context are both numerous, relevant and challenging. We might discuss instanton solutions, compactifications on Calabi-Yau manifolds, the generic strategy of harmonic analysis to derive the spectra of given compactifications, toroidal compactifications with brane wrapping, D-brane solutions with conifolds sitting in the transverse dimensions to the brane and much more. Obviously there is neither room nor enough mathematical background in order to develop such topics and therefore it is time to stop.
We just hope that our reader has been able to follow our arguments up to this point. If this has happened, starting from the first intuitions about Lorentz symmetry in the first chapter of the first volume he has made a long and adventurous trip to
404 |
9 Supergravity: An Anthology of Solutions |
the frontiers of current research in gravitational theories, little by little absorbing a remarkable wealth of geometrical lore and of consciousness about its physical meaning.
Hopefully our reader should by now be convinced that the geometrical seeds first implanted in the XIXth century by Gauss and Riemann, not only inspired Einstein and, through his mind, produced a beautiful and so far fully verified theory, but have still a lot to say about Gravity. Whether supersymmetric or not, Gravitation is certainly the most fundamental interaction among the fundamental ones, it governs the structure of the Universe and it is a manifestation of Geometry. Which geometry the humans will still debate for a long time.
References
1.Ferrara, S., Kallosh, R.: Supersymmetry and attractors. Phys. Rev. D 54, 1514–1524 (1996). hep-th/9602136
2.Ferrara, S., Kallosh, R., Strominger, A.: N = 2 extremal black holes. Phys. Rev. D 52, 5412– 5416 (1995). hep-th/9508072
3.Breitenlohner, P., Maison, D., Gibbons, G.W.: Four-dimensional black holes from KaluzaKlein theories. Commun. Math. Phys. 120, 295 (1988)
4.Ferrara, S., Sabharwal, S.: Quaternionic manifolds for type II superstring vacua of Calabi-Yau spaces. Nucl. Phys. B 332, 317 (1990)
5.Bergshoeff, E., Chemissany, W., Ploegh, A., Trigiante, M., Van Riet, T.: Generating geodesic flows and supergravity solutions. Nucl. Phys. B 812, 343 (2009). arXiv:0806.2310
6.Gibbons, G.W., Kallosh, R., Kol, B.: Moduli, scalar charges, and the first law of black hole thermodynamics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4992–4995 (1996). hep-th/9607108
7.Goldstein, K., Iizuka, N., Jena, R.P., Trivedi, S.P.: Non-supersymmetric attractors. Phys. Rev. D 72, 124021 (2005). arXiv:hep-th/0507096
8.Tripathy, P.K., Trivedi, S.P.: Non-supersymmetric attractors in string theory. J. High Energy Phys. 0603, 022 (2006). arXiv:hep-th/0511117
9.Kallosh, R.: New attractors. J. High Energy Phys. 0512, 022 (2005). arXiv:hep-th/0510024
10.Giryavets, A.: New attractors and area codes. J. High Energy Phys. 0603, 020 (2006). arXiv:hep-th/0511215
11.Kallosh, R., Sivanandam, N., Soroush, M.: The non-BPS black hole attractor equation. J. High Energy Phys. 0603, 060 (2006). arXiv:hep-th/0602005
12.Bellucci, S., Ferrara, S., Marrani, A.: On some properties of the attractor equations. Phys. Lett. B 635, 172 (2006). arXiv:hep-th/0602161
13.Bellucci, S., Ferrara, S., Gunaydin, M., Marrani, A.: Charge orbits of symmetric special geometries and attractors. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 21, 5043–5098 (2006). hep-th/0606209
14.Andrianopoli, L., D’Auria, R., Ferrara, S., Trigiante, M.: Extremal black holes in supergravity. Lect. Notes Phys. 737, 661–727 (2008). hep-th/0611345
15.Frè, P., Gargiulo, F., Rulik, K., Trigiante, M.: The general pattern of Kac Moody extensions in supergravity and the issue of cosmic billiards. Nucl. Phys. B 741, 42 (2006). arXiv:hep-th/0507249
16.Frè, P., Sorin, A.S.: The arrow of time and the Weyl group: All supergravity billiards are integrable. Nucl. Phys. B 815, 430 (2009). arXiv:0710.1059
17.Frè, P., Sorin, A.S.: The integration algorithm for nilpotent orbits of G/H lax systems: For extremal black holes. arXiv:0903.3771
18.Frè, P., Sorin, A.S., Trigiante, M.: Integrability of supergravity black holes and new tensor classifiers of regular and nilpotent orbits. arXiv:1103.0848 [hep-th]
References |
405 |
19.D’Auria, R., Frè, P.: BPS black-holes in supergravity: Duality groups, p-branes, central charges and entropy. In: Frè, P., Gorini, V., Magli, G., Moschella, U. (eds.) Classical and Quantum Black Holes, pp. 137–272. IOP Publishing, Bristol (1999)
20.Ceresole, A., Ferrara, S., Marrani, A.: Small N = 2 extremal black holes in special geometry. arXiv:1006.2007v1
21.Ceresole, A., Dall’Agata, G., Ferrara, S., Yeranyan, A.: First order flows for N = 2 extremal black holes and duality invariants. arXiv:0908.1110v2
22.Kaste, P., Minasian, R., Tommasiello, A.: Supersymmetric M-theory compactifications with fluxes on seven manifolds with G-structures. J. High Energy Phys. 0307, 004 (2003). arXiv:hep-th/0303127
23.Castellani, L., D’Auria, R., Frè, P.: SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) from D = 11 supergravity. Nucl. Phys. B 239, 610 (1984)
24.Freund, P.G.O., Rubin, M.A.: Dynamics of dimensional reduction. Phys. Lett. B 97, 233 (1980)
25.Bilal, A., Derendinger, J.P., Sfetsos, K.: (Weak) G2 holonomy from self duality, flux and supersymmetry. Nucl. Phys. B 628, 112 (2002). arXiv:hep-th/0111274
26.D’Auria, R., Frè, P.: On the fermion mass spectrum of Kaluza Klein supergravity. Ann. Phys. 157, 1 (1984)
27.Englert, F.: Spontaneous compactification of 11-dimensional supergravity. Phys. Lett. B 119, 339 (1982)
28.Awada, M.A., Duff, M.J., Pope, C.N.: N = 8 supergravity breaks down to N = 1. Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 294 (1983)
29.D’Auria, R., Frè, P., van Nieuwenhuizen, P.: N = 2 matter coupled supergravity from compactification on a coset G/H possessing an additional killing vector. Phys. Lett. B 136, 347 (1984)
30.Castellani, L., Romans, L.J.: N = 3 and N = 1 supersymmetry in a new class of solutions for D = 11 supergravity. Nucl. Phys. B 238, 683 (1984)
31.Castellani, L., Romans, L.J., Warner, N.P.: A classification of compactifying solutions for D = 11 supergravity. Nucl. Phys. B 241, 429 (1984)
32.Freedman, D.Z., Nicolai, H.: Multiplet shortening in Osp(N |4). Nucl. Phys. B 237, 342 (1984)
33.Ceresole, A., Frè, P., Nicolai, H.: Multiplet structure and spectra of N = 2 compactifications. Class. Quantum Gravity 2, 133 (1985)
34.Casher, A., Englert, F., Nicolai, H., Rooman, M.: The mass spectrum of supergravity on the round seven sphere. Nucl. Phys. B 243, 173 (1984)
35.Duff, M.J., Nisson, B.E.W., Pope, C.N.: Kaluza Klein supergravity. Phys. Rep. 130, 1 (1986)
36.Billó, M., Fabbri, D., Frè, P., Merlatti, P., Zaffaroni, A.: Shadow multiplets in AdS(4)/CFT(3) and the super-Higgs mechanism. Nucl. Phys. B 591, 139 (2000). arXiv:hep-th/0005220
37.Billó, M., Fabbri, D., Frè, P., Merlatti, P., Zaffaroni, A.: Rings of short N = 3 superfields in three dimensions and M-theory on AdS4 × N (0,1,0) . Class. Quantum Gravity 18, 1269 (2001). arXiv:hep-th/0005219
38.Frè, P., Gualtieri, L., Termonia, P.: The structure of N = 3 multiplets in AdS4 and the complete Osp(3|4) × SU(3) spectrum of M-theory on AdS4 × N (0,1,0) . Phys. Lett. B 471, 27 (1999).
arXiv:hep-th/9909188
39. Fabbri, D., Frè, P., Gualtieri, L., Reina, C., Tomasiello, A., Zaffaroni, A., Zampa, A.: 3D superconformal theories from Sasakian seven-manifolds: New nontrivial evidences for AdS(4)/CFT(3). Nucl. Phys. B 577, 547 (2000). arXiv:hep-th/9907219
40.Fabbri, D., Frè, P., Gualtieri, L., Termonia, P.: M-theory on AdS4 × M(111): The complete Osp(2|4) × SU(3) × SU(2) spectrum from harmonic analysis. Nucl. Phys. B 560, 617 (1999). arXiv:hep-th/9903036
41.D’Auria, R., Frè, P.: Universal Bose-Fermi mass-relations in Kaluza-Klein supergravity and harmonic analysis on coset manifolds with killing spinors. Ann. Phys. 162, 372 (1985)
42.Frè, P.: Gaugings and other supergravity tools of p-brane physics. arXiv:hep-th/0102114
406 |
9 Supergravity: An Anthology of Solutions |
43.Frè, P., Grassi, P.A.: Pure spinor formalism for Osp(N |4) backgrounds. arXiv:0807.0044 [hepth]
44.Castellani, L., D’Auria, R., Frè, P.: Supergravity and Superstrings: A Geometric Perspective. World Scientific, Singapore (1991)
45.D’Auria, R., Frè, P., Grassi, P.A., Trigiante, M.: Superstrings on AdS4 × CP3 from supergravity. Phys. Rev. D 79, 086001 (2009). arXiv:0808.1282 [hep-th]
46.Aharony, O., Bergman, O., Jafferis, D.L., Maldacena, J.: N = 6 superconformal Chern- Simons-matter theories, M2-branes and their gravity duals. arXiv:0806.1218 [hep-th]
47.Benna, M., Klebanov, I., Klose, T., Smedback, M.: Superconformal Chern-Simons theories and AdS4/CFT3 correspondence. arXiv:0806.1519 [hep-th]
48.Schwarz, J.H.: Superconformal Chern-Simons theories. J. High Energy Phys. 0411, 078 (2004). arXiv:hep-th/0411077
49.Bagger, J., Lambert, N.: Comments on multiple M2-branes. J. High Energy Phys. 0802, 105 (2008). arXiv:0712.3738 [hep-th]
50.Bagger, J., Lambert, N.: Gauge symmetry and supersymmetry of multiple M2-branes. Phys. Rev. D 77, 065008 (2008). arXiv:0711.0955 [hep-th]
51.Bagger, J., Lambert, N.: Modeling multiple M2’s. Phys. Rev. D 75, 045020 (2007). arXiv:hep-th/0611108
52.Gustavsson, A.: Algebraic structures on parallel M2-branes. arXiv:0709.1260 [hep-th]
53.Gustavsson, A.: Selfdual strings and loop space Nahm equations. J. High Energy Phys. 0804, 083 (2008). arXiv:0802.3456 [hep-th]
54.Distler, J., Mukhi, S., Papageorgakis, C., Van Raamsdonk, M.: M2-branes on M-folds. J. High Energy Phys. 0805, 038 (2008). arXiv:0804.1256 [hep-th]
55.Lambert, N., Tong, D.: Membranes on an orbifold. arXiv:0804.1114 [hep-th]
56.Arutyunov, G., Frolov, S.: Superstrings on AdS4 × CP3 as a coset sigma-model. arXiv:0806.4940 [hep-th]
57.Stefanski, B. Jr.: Green-Schwarz action for type IIA strings on AdS4 × CP3. arXiv:0806.4948 [hep-th]
58.Bonelli, G., Grassi, P.A., Safaai, H.: Exploring pure spinor string theory on AdS4 × CP3. arXiv:0808.1051 [hep-th]
59.Gomis, J., Sorokin, D., Wulff, L.: The complete AdS4 × CP3 superspace for the type IIA superstring and D-branes. J. High Energy Phys. 0903, 015 (2009). arXiv:0811.1566 [hep-th]
60.Frè, P., Grassi, P.A.: Pure spinor formalism for Osp(N |4) backgrounds. arXiv:0807.0044 [hepth]