06Ll(aSi xapaKTepHcth,Ka k()cTeii cKeJieTa weH,

1YJj0Bull(a n xsocTa

Ilo3soHotiHblii · CTOJI6 -'-.columna. vertebralis -:-- CJiy>KHT xapaKTepHbIM npH3Ha1'oM ,11,;rn no)l.nma xop;11;0BhIX verteb1 ata, BKJ1ioqaiomero phl6 . pt.- sees, SeMHOBO,llHblX -amphibia, ITTH.II. - aves H MJICKOIIHTaIOIUHX - mam­

maJia:. OH BhlnoJIHHeT poJih ocHoBMoro CTep2KHH TeJia, rrepeKHHyToro Me2K.llY rpy,11,HLIMH H TaJOBhIMH KoHetrnocr>tM:H BH.n:e apKH, H cJiy2KHT oprci HOM uea- TpaJIH30BaHHOro ynpaBJieHH5I .ll.BH>KeHHHMH 2KHBOTHoro. '

a

B cocraB no3BOHoqHoro CTOJI6a BXO.D.HT no3BOHKH, KOTophle aapH.D. .c

H3 aKOB HMeIOT cneuH HqHhJe OTJIH·

'l!l'l.ff , B TOM qHcJie H BH,llOBhle, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HX MeCTOnOJI02KeHHH H cpyHK-

21. HOHaJibHhIX OTilpaBJieHHii (pHC. 10; Ta6JI. 7) . . . .

Bo3BOHOK vetlebia (rpeq. sponqylus) * pacnoJiaraeTcH B Me.D.HaH­

Hoii nJIOCKOCTH H. no CBOeMy cTpoeHHIO OTHOCHTCH K KopoTKHM, CHMMeTpHq­

HbIM KOCTHM CMeIIIaHHoro CTpoeHHH (pHC. ll -14) . KaJK,ll.bIH no3BOHOK HMeeT TeJio, JJ..yry, napHhle .:(cycTaBHhle, nonepeqHhle, cocueBH.llHhle, .D.o6aBoqHbie,

reMaJihHhle) H OJI.HR HenapHhlH -(OCTHCThIH) OTpocTKH. .llyra Il03BOHKa, coe­ lJ..HHHHCh c TeJioM, 06pa3yeT no3BOHoqlioe oTBepcni:e -for. vertebrale (6) . CoBoKynHocTh no;rnoHoqHhIX oTBepcTHH B noaBolloqHHKe o6paayeT no3BoHotJ-· ·

• Orcro.zr.a o.cnaJieHHe R03BOHKa -spondylitis.

40

•no s K CrpmirnKoay (1980).

!Jhlit: KaHaJI -canlis vertebra is, npocrHpaIOIII.HHCH .ZI.O yposHH nepsblx hoc· TOBblX Il03BO,HKOB H o6ecneqHsaIOIII.HH ea.ZJ.e)lrnyIO aarn.HTY CilHHHOro ,Moara. DpH 1iaJIHqHH reJia H .ZJ.ym noasoHOK eaahlsaercH HCTHHHhlM · .ve1feb1 ae v e• rae, npH OTCYTCTBHH O.ZJ.HO_H .H3 9THX qacreii -JIO>KHblM ..;,_ vrtebrae spuria

' aTJlaHT, KOToporo TeJIO 3aMeHeHo - BeHTpaJibHOH .ZJ.yroit:, H XBOCTOBble Il03•

PHc. 11, CrpoeHHe KOCTHor-0 cerMeilTa

I - r pyJJ,Holl KOCTHblll cerMeHT cnepeJJ.H; II - JI.Ba .rpy.11.H1i1x noaBoHKa c neeoA crop-oHY=, · 11I - nollCHH'IH ll noaBOHOK caaJJ,H; 1 - caput vertebrae; 2 fossa vertebrae; 3 cor• pus- vertebrae; 4 - crlsta ventralis; 5 -- arc\lS' vertebrale; 6 -- for. vertebrale; 7 for, intervertebrale; 8 focisura vertebralis cranialis et 8' caudalis; 9 - proc. articularls,

• cranialis et 9' - caudalis; ·10 _; proc. spinosus; 11 ..... proc. transversus; 12 _; proc. mamillarls; 13 - proc. transversus (nollcHH11H'or_o· noaeoilKa); 14 - proc. accessorius (Ha nollCHH'IHYX nos)3oHKax); 15 -fovea costalls cranialis et 15' - caudalis; ' 16 - fovea

  • , c9stalis transversalls. . · •- , · _

41

9

I

P11c. 12. IlleiiHbie no3BoHKH (THTIH'!Hble):

J cooaKH; II CBHHhH; 111 KopoBbl; I V JJOllla.zi;H; 1 caput vertebrae; 2 fossa vertebrae; 7' -for. vertebrale l aterale; 9 - proc. articularis cranialis et 9' - caudalis; JO - proc. spinosus; 11 - proc. transversus; 12 - proc. mamillaris; 13' -

proc costaHs, 17 for transwersariu m.

T e JI o no3BOHKa - corpus vertebrae (pttc. 11) - HBJIHeTcH ero ocHc;>BOH H MOT 6blTb TpexpaHHOH, upR3MlfrHqecKOH l}lopMbI, ecJIH Ha ero BeHTpaJibHOH D?BepxHOCTH BhicTynaeT BeHTpaJihHbIH rpe6eHh,- crista ventralis, a npH ero OTCYTCTBHH - UHJIHH,lJ.pHqecKOH HJIH HeCKOJihKO ynJIOIUeHHOH B .u.opcoBeHTQaJib-

HOM aanpaw1emrn.

Ha nepe.u.HeM KoHue TeJia - extremitas cranialis pacnoJiaraeTcH r o -

JI o B K a - caput vertebrae (1), a Ha aa.u.HeM - extremitas caudalis - H M - K a no3BORKa fossa vertebrae (2); I OJIOBKa H HMKa oc96eHilo qeTKo Bhipa:H<e­

Hhl mimei'IHbIX Il03BOHKax, qro CBH3aHO c 60JibllieH IlO.llBH:H<HOCTbIO B 9TOM OT­

,lleJie. Ha KpaHHaJihHOM H Kay.naJihHOM KciHuax TeJia r .ll.HbIXt no3BOHKOB c Ka:H<-

OH CTOpOHbl BH,lJ.Hbl He OJihllllle yrny JieHHH - KpaHHaJibHaH H Kay.naJibHaH p e 6 e p· H bl e HMKH - fovea costalis cranialis et caudalis (15₁ 15') .ll.JIH co- IJJieHeHHH c roJIOBKOH pe6pa. . . .

;u y r a noaBoHKa - arcus vertebrale (5) - no.u.pa3.nem1etcH Ha n JI a c­

T H H K y - lamina arcus vertebrae - H .U.Be H o * K H - pediculus arcus

vertebrae, KOTOpbIMH .u.yra npHKpeilJIHe'.I'CH . K TeJiy Il03BOHKa. y OCHOBaHHH

.lJ.YrH HMeIOTCH . K p a H H a JI b H a H . H K a y .u a JI 'h H a Sl B bl p e 3 K H -:-­ incisura vertebralis cranialis et caudalis (8, 8'), KOTOphle nptt coe.uHHeHHH .LI.Byx

no3BOHKOB o6paayIOT M e 2K n o 3 .a o H o q H o e oTBepcn1e for intenrer-

tebrale (7), CJiy:tKaruee ,lJ.JIH npoxo2K,lJ.eHHH COHHHOM03fOBJ'>IX HepBOB H KpOBeHoc­ HhIX cocy.noB. Kay.naJihHaH no3BOHoqHaH Bb1peaKa 06b1<rno 6oJiee rJiy6oKasi.

y poraroro CKOTa B rpYJIHOM OTlleJie OHa OTropo:lKeHa KOCTHOH nepeMbllIKOM B

caMOCTOHTeJibHOe OTBepcTHe. y CBHHbH B .u.opcoBeHTpaJibHOM HanpaBJieHHH npoxo.U.HT ,lJ.OilOJIHHTeJibHOe JI a T e p a JI b H 0 e Il03BOHQqHoe OTBepcTHe -:­ for. vertebrale lateral e (plic I 2, I 5 7') OT l(painrn.111:.IJ;oro Ii Kay,s.aJih!ioro KpaeB .LI.YrH no3BOHKa OTXO.LI.HT . napHbie .c y c T a B H bl e, HJIH .lI. y r 0 B bl e, oTpocTKH - proc. articularis, s. zygapophysis cranialis et caudalis (9, 9:), KOTOpbie 06pa3yJOT cycraBHOe COeJ{liHe1rne MeLK){y COCHHMH H03BOHK8MH. DpocTpaHCTBO, 3aKJIIOqeHHoe r,fe}K.lly KpaHMH .llYf .LI.Byx coce.LI.HHX Il03BOHKOB,

·Ha3bIBaeTcH M e 2K .u. y r o B bl M - spatium interarcuale. CycTaBHhle noBepx­

Hocru KpaHEia bHbIX cyCTEIBHbIX OTpOcTKOB o6paeubi ;H;OpeaJibHO HJIH ;ll;Of>CO- ' Me,nHaJibHo, · a Ha Kay.LI.aJibHhlX - BeHTpaJibHO HJIH ·BeHTpoJiaTepaJihHO. B rpy.n­

HOM OT,lJ.eJie, r.l{e IlO.LI.BH2KHOCTb Me)K.u.y Il03BOHKaMH He3HaqHTeJibHa, cycTaBHble m·pocTKli HJIH KQPOTKH0, HJIH OIHI npTBBJiellbl TCTJibKO eyeTaBHOIMM cpacerKa- MH, pacnoJiara10m.HMHCH Henocpe.ncTBeHHO Ha .nyroBoi'I aJiacTHHKe. Ha noHc­ HHqHblX Il03BOHKaX (pHc. 16) y poraToro CKOTa H CBHHbH KpaHHaJibHble cycTaB­ Hbie·OTpOCTKH HMeIOT CHJibHO BOrHYTYIO cycTaBHYIO noBepX!JOCTb (9), KOTopaH B BH.LI.e MycjJTbI OXBaTbIBaeT Kay.naJibHblH cycTaBHofI· OTpOCTOK, ,o6ecneqHBaH TeM caMblM npoqHoe coe,UHHeHHe coce,lJ.HHX Il03BOHKOB.

OT .LI.OpcaJibHOH noBepxHOCTH .ll.YrH Il03BOHKa BBepx OTXO.l{HT 0 c T H c T bl H:

' OTpoTOK - proc. spinosus (/0), HMeIOIIJ.HH HaH60JibllIYI0 ,lJ.JIHHy y nepBbIX 5-8

• rpy.U.Hb1x ao3BOHKOB (pttc. 15) H BXO.llHlll.HH B KocTHYIO ocHoBy xoJIKH. CooKy oT

-HO)KKH .u.yrn OTXO.LI.il:T a o a e p e q H bl ii ·oTpocToK - proc. transversus (//),

42

KOTOpb!H Ha rpy.llHbIX nC>3BOHKax HMeeT nonepeqHope6epHyIO HMKY - fovea costalis transversalis (/6) .llJIH coqJieHeHHH c 6yropKOM pe6pa. B ,llpyrHx OT.D.e­ JJax no3BOHoqHoro cToJI6a nonepeqHb1e oTpocTKH fJI.HBaIOTCH c PY.D.MMeHTaMH pe6ep. HaqH:HaH c 3-ro no 6-li Ha meliHbIX no3BOHKax roMoJiorn pe6ep npe,llcTaB­ JJeHbI p e 6 e p H bl M H OTpOCTKaMH - proc. ·costarius (/8); Ha 6-M rneii:HOM Il03BOHKe, KpoMe Toro, HMeeTCH BeHTpaJibHaH 1 IlJiaCTHHKa - lamina ventralis.. Me2K.llY nonepeqHblM oTpocTKOM H TeJIOM 2-6-x meliHblx no3BOHKOB npoxo.l{HT nonepeqHoe oTBepcrne - for. transversari um (/7). · '

Ha .aopcaJibIIOf1 noaepxnocnr nonepeqnblx (n rpnoM), HJIH na KpaIHaJib

HblX (B IlOHCHHqHoM}, HJIH Ha Kay.l{aJibHbIX (B meHHOM) cycTaBHb!X ·OTpOCTKaX

16. acnoJiaralQJ'CH He6oJibmHe c o c u e B H .D. H bl e oTpocTRH - proc. mamilla-

y XHIIJ.HblX Ha IlOHCHH'lHblX Il03BOHK aX (pHc. 16) c Kay.D.aJibHOro KpaH OCHO­ BaHHH .llyrH no3BOHKa OTXO.D.HT .D. o 6 a B o q H. bl li o'i'pocTOK - proc. accessori-

. .

Ha scex no3BOHKOB HaH6oJihllIHe oT.irnqmi B cTpoeHHH HMeIOT nepBbie .l{:da H 7-li meHHblH, KpecTuOBbie H XBOCTOBbie Il03BOHKH.

2. weHHbIH II03BOH.c;>K, HJIH a 'I JI a H T atlas (pHC. 13),' HMeeT KOJlhue-

BH.llHYIO QlopMy, qTo o6ecneqHsaeT 60Jibmy10 no.D.BH2KHOCTb roJIOBbI. Ha arnaHTe pa3JIHqaIOT ,llopcaJibHYIO (/} H seHTpaJibHYIO (2) .llYrH - arcus dorsalis et ventra- lis c .llOpcaJibHbIM H BeHTpaJibHhlM 6yrpaMH - tuberculum dorsale et ventrale, H3 KOTOpbIX noCJie.l{HHH HMeeT 60.TibllIYIO BeJIHqHHY·

·c6oKy aTJiaHTa pacnoJiaraIOTCH K p bIJI b H -'--- ala atlantis (6), npe,llcTaB- JIHIOW.He co6oli BH.l{OH3MeHeHHbie nonepeqHbie H cycTaBHbie OTpOCTKH, KOTOpb1e,

cpaciaHcb Me2K.llY co6oli, cocTaBJIHIOT 6 o K o B y IO Macey -·massa lateralis n03BOHKa. c BeHTp aJibHOH i;iosepxHOCTH KpbIJibeB aTJiaHTa HaXO,ll.HTCH H M K a - Iossa atlantts. Ha KpaHHaJibHOM K:oHue no3BOHK a HMeeTcH peJibeqmaH napHaH

6

PHc. 13. ATJJaIT:

Co aKH; - CBHHbH (c Kay.zi;aJJbHoii CTopOHb!); ff I -KopoBh!; IV -J!Ollla,ZJ;H (c .zi;opcaJJ bHOii n oBepx­ HOCTH); V - J!Ollla,ZJ;H (C BeHTpaJJbHOH IlCJBep XHOCTH);

VI . OBUh!; Vff - K?3hl (c .zi;opcaJJbHoii noBepxHoc­ TH), 1 - arcus dorsahs; 2 - arcus ventralis· 3 - tu bercul um dorsale; 4 - t u bercul um ventral · 5 - fovea dentis; 6 - ala atlantis (proc. · transvrsus)· 7 -:-- fovea articul11ris atlantis et 8 - caudalis· 9· _:_ foss? atl antis; 10 -foramen al are; JO' - inisura

• alans; 11 -for. transversarium; 12 - for. interver­

tebrale.

43

• PHc. 14. OceaoU: no3BoHoK:

l co6aKH; II CBHHhH; i ll KopOBfi!i I V JIOllla.zi;H; V oBhl; VI K03hl; 1 ..:.. dens axis;· 2 -fossa vertebrae; 3 -crista axis (proe. spinosus); 4 -crista ventral is, 5 - fades articularis ventralis et 5' - dorsalis, 6 - for. transversarium, 7 - for. inter-

vertehral e, 8 proc trasversus

.

c y c T a B H a $1 HMKa - fovea· articularis atlantis (7) -.U.JIH coe.zvrnemrn c

MbIW;eJIKBMH 3aTbIJIOtfHOM KOC nl, a 'na KayAaJlbHOM KOHue . napHaH 6oJJee IlJIOC- KaH Kay.u.aJihHaH cycTaBHaH HMKa - fovea articularis ·caudalis (8). Ha nepe.D.­ HeM,KOHue Kpb!JIIeB aTJiaHTa HaXO.llHTCH K p bl JI 0 B 0 e OTBepcTHe - for. alare (10), coe.n.mrn10w;eeeH c MeMnoaBdHoqHhlM oTBepcTHe¥ 2KeJio6oM. cooaKH KpbI-

JIOBoe oTBepcTHe aaMeHeHo B hi p e a K o- ii - ineisura alaris (10'). Ha Kay.D;aJib­

HclM KOHUe KpbJJiheB y JIOIIIa,llH, co6aKH H CBHHbH HMeeTCH nonepeqHoe OTBepcn e

. (fl), BeAyll(ee B KpbIJIOByIO HMKy. Ha BHyTpeHHeH IlOBepxHOCTH BeHTpaJibHOH

. .llYrH y Bcex 1KHBOTHb!X Bbipa.»reHO y·r JI y 6 JI e H H e ,lJ.JIH ay6oBH.lI.HOro OTpOCT­

• Ka 2-ro noaBoHJrn - fovea dentis (5). · . ·

2-:ii meiiHhI:ii, HJIH o c e B o ii, Il<93BOHOK axis (pHc. 14) xapaKTepH- ayeTcH 3HaqHTeJibHSIMH pq3MepaMH TeJia, ,HaJIHqHeM Ha nepe,nHeM KOHue ay6o­

BH,llHoro BhH:;:'fyna, HJIH 3 y 6 a.- dens (/) c B e.H T p a JI b H 0 H c y c T a B -

H o :H noBepxHOCThlO . fac1es arflculans ventralis. ·

OcrncThIH. oTpoeTOK B BH.lI.e rpe6HH. Ha Kay.D;aJihHOMi<:pae .nyrH nosBoHKa

HaXO,lI.HTCH, .lI. 0 p c a JI b H a H c c T a B. H a H . noBe XHOCTb _,.. facies arti- cu ans orsa IS a BeHTpaJibHOH noBepXHOCTH; TeJia y MHOrH-lC }KlfBOTHbIX xoporno Bb!pa1KeH :eeHTpaJibHbIM rpe6eHb. Kay..zi;aJibHaH HMKa nosaoHKa pMbeQl­ HaH; KpaHHaJihHaH nosBQHoqif.aH BbipesKa, KpoMe XHIUHhJx, npe11craBJieHa Me)!{-

. 44

JIOM H no3Bottoqttoi'I .nyroli no3BOHoqHoe oTBepcTne Be.11.eT B KpecTQOBbIH K/;l.HaJI­ canalis sacralis, KOTopbii'I cy:arnBaeTcH K K'<ly.n;pJihHOMY KOHU,Y KpecTna. Ha Bep­ xyrnKe KpeCTQOBOH KOCTH BbICTynaIOT Kay.11.aJlbHble cycTaBH'hie OTpOCTKH.·Ilone­ peqHhie OTpOCTKH, CJIHBaHCb Me:H<.11.Y co6oii, o6paayIOT 6oKOBOH (6), a CJIHBiimeCH ocTHCThie oTpocTKH -.nopcaJihHhIH (8) r:pe6HH - crista sacralis lateralis . et dorsalis. Me}K,n;y HHMH npOXO,LJ.HT npc;>Me)f{yTOqHbl H rpe6eHb - crista sacralis

intermedia (9"). Bol':oBoii rpe6eHb Ha KpaHHaJibHOM KoHue Kpecrn;a pac1UHperu yTOJIIQeH, o6paayH KpblJIO KpeCTQOBOH KOCTH - ala ossis' sacri (5), c YIHKOBH.ll HOH nosepxnocTblO ' f acies auricularis ' (7).

Me.tKrro;;iBoHoqHJ;. e oTBepcTHH Ha .nopcaJihHOH noBepxHOCTH: OTKpbIBaIOTCH .

.11.opc.JihHhIMH KpecTQOBhIMH . oTBepcTH MH - for. sacralia dorsalia (4), a ua BeHrpaJibHOM . . T330BbIMl;'I KpecTI.tOBbIMH OTBepcntHMH for. Sacralia pclvit1a, KOTOpb1e pacnoJiara10TcH no KOHUM nonepeqHhIX JIHHHH -:-- liniae transversae,

yKa3bIBalOIQllX rpaHHilbI Me:H<.n;y· cpoCllIHMHCH TeJiaMH Il03SOHKOS. .

X B O C I 0 B bl C H03BOHKH (pee. 18) JIHlllb B HattaJie OMa COXf>BH:ffIOT Bee OCHOBHhle npH3HaKH HCTHHHblX Il03BOHKOB, Tor.11.a KaK K KOHilY O.T.11.e.na OT HHX OCTalOTCH O,I(HH Te.Ila H TO. .B CHJibtfO H3MeHeHHOM BH.11.e. .

Ha BeHTpaJibHo:ii nosepxaocrn nepsblx 1pex nu3BOHKOB SblcrynaIOT napH!Jle r e M a JI h H hie oTpOCTKH - proc. hemalis, Ko1'opb1e y KpynHoro poraroro CKOTa, coe)J.HHHHCb BeHTpaJibHbIMH KOHQaMH, o6paayrot reMa.7IbHble .nyrH; y

XHIQHbIX, HaqHHaH c 3-ro .11.0 8-ro, XBOCTOBble IIQ3BOHKH JiMeIOT napHhle l'eMaJib· Hhle K0CToqKH, coe,ii:HHHIOIQHecH Me:H<.u.y co6oii B V-06paaHy10 KOCTotiKy·, KOTopaH CBOHMH KOHQaMH npHcoe.11.HHHeTC,H K reMaJibHblM OT OCTKaM, o6pa3yH K 0 T ,..

H y 10 .r e M a JI h H y 1e .11. y r y - os ·arcus ema 1s.

fpyJlHaB KJieTKa - thorax - c rpy.n.Hoii · nOJIOCThlO (cavum thoracis) o6pa3oBaiia rpy.11.IthIMH rro3BOHKaMH, pe6paMH H rpy.p.HHoii. B u.e.noM oHa Hano- MHHaeT KOHyc c yce'leHHOH BepllIHHOH, r.rr.e pactJ:OJiaraeTC.HK p a H H a JI b H 0 e 0 T B e p c T H e - apertura thoracis cranialis - H KOCO cpeaaHHOe qcHoBaHHe

.c Kay.n;aJihHhI M oTBepcrHeM rpy.zu;roii KJieTKH - apertura thoracis caudalis. Me.tKpe6epHbi e npocrpaHcTBa - spatium intercostale - 66Jiee illHPOKHe y 2KBaqHblX }KifBOTHhlX JIHllib B IIpOKCHMaJihHbIX OT.11.eJiaX, 1-0r.n;a KaK y .n;pyrHX BH­

.ll,OB }KifBOTHblX OHH 6oJiee paBHOMepHbie.

fpy.n;HaH KJJ:eTKa y ·o.n;HHX }KifBOTHhlx y3Ka5l u J{JimiHaH (cBHHbH, MeJIKHH pora-I,:hIH cKoT), y .11.pyrnx - 6oJiee oKpyrnaH (co6aKa). •

Pe6pa - costae, yqacTByioJ.IiHe B 06pa3oBaHHH 66Kosoii creHKH rpy.n;Hoii IlOJIOCTH, OTHOCHTCH K, .11.JIHHHhIM. H30rHYTblM IlJIOCKHM KOCTHM (pHC• . JJ-19),

KOTOphle .11.opcaJihHbIMH KOHQaMH npHCOe.11.HHHlOTCH . K rpy.n;HblM no3BOHKaM, a BeHrpa.11hHhIMH, qepea rrocpe11crBo pe6epHhIX xpmneH:. - K rpy,nHHe HJIH, ile

.rr.ocTHraH ee, ·.K pe6epHoi'I .11.yre .:. . arcus costalis. 11epBhle Ha3hIBaIOTCH HCTHHHhl MH 1ifJIH cTepHaJihHhIMH - costae verae, s; sternales, ·a BTophle - JIO:H<HhlMH mrn ·acTepHaJibHbIMH costae spuriae, s asteri;iales. · . · .

Pe6epuaB KOCTb - os costale - HMeer Teno .:.._ corpus costae. (5} - li ){Ba KOHQa. Ha .11.opcaJihHOM KORI.le Te.na pacnoJiara10TcH roJioBKa - caput costae -:

H 6yropoK tuberculum cast ae (2), ₁ pa3.11.eneHHb1e meliKoli colli1m costae (3). CycrnBHaH. n01;iepxHoCTb Ha roJIOBKe pe6pa - facies articulari capitis cos­ tae - paa.11.e.neHa rpe6HeM -crista capitis costae -:- Ha .u.Be noJioBHHhl, K0Topb1e oco6enno 11eTKO BhlpIDKeHhl Ha nepeitHHX pe6pax y Kpy1rn:hlx :lKHBOTHhIX fpe- 6eHh·roJioBKlf · pe6pa nepexo.n;HT Ha .u.opcaJihHYIO nosepxHoCTh rnei'IKif pe6pa -:-

erista colli cos.t:ae. · ,

Ha 6yropKe pe6pa c MC;ll;UaJIuoli noBepxHocrn pacnoJiaraeTC.R cycia1rnas

noBepxttocrh -facies articularis tuberculi costae• . HH:H<e (5yropKa Ha aa.11.HeM pae Te.Ila P,e6pa BblJJ;eJIHeTCH yroJI pe6pa - angulus.costae, KOTOPhlH oco6e1rno tieTKo Bblpa:H<eH y _:,10u:ra.u.u. B.n;oJih Kay.n;oMe.U.HaJihHoro KpaH pe6pa npoxo.nHT

)l{Mo6 -:- sulcus costae, B KpropoM pacnoJiaraI<)TCH cocy.11.hl H HepBbL BeHTp{IJib·

. HblH KOHeQ pe6pa mepoxoBaT H coe,Z(!;IHHeTc.ff c .pe6epHbIM' xpHIQOM. y CBHHbH H pora,Toro CKOTa BeHTpaJibHhle KOHU.hi nepBbIX pep noKpbITbl cycraBHblM XpH­

:W,oM. ·

,lJ.JIHHa H WHpHHa pe6ep yBeJIHqHBalOTCH B Kay.n;aJibHOM nanpaBJIHHH JJ;O

45

7-8-ro pe6pa, a saTeM y6bIBaJOT. 11epBoe pe6po caMoe KopoTKoe H npHMoe, m.i;eeT HaH6oJiee pMbe<fmble roJIOBKH H 6yropKH, KopoTKyIO rnei'!Ky H yToJiru.eH­ Hhlii BeHTPaJibHbIH' KOHeu. KpHBH3Ha pe6ep yBeJµ!qHBaeTCH c nepBoro pe6pa JJ.O nocJieJJ.Hero. . _

, Pe6epHbie xpmrrn HCTHHHbIX pe6ep cycTaBHbIMH cpaceTKaMH coeJJ.HHHIOTCH c cycTaBHbIMH HMKaM rpyJJ.HHbl. X:pHW.H ·acTepHaJihHbIX pe6ep K BeHTpaJibHOMY KOHUY HCTOHqaIOTCH H, HaKJiaJJ.blBaHcb OJJ.HH Ha JJ.pyroli, BMeCTe c TeJIOM IlOCJie.D.­

Hero pe6pa_ 06pasy10T pe6epHy19 JJ.yry c Bb pa2KeHHbIM Ha Heii yrnoM - angu- lus arcuum coslalium• .HHorJJ.a BCTpeqa10TcH CfJJIIOKTYHPYIDW.He pe6pa costae fluctuans, - CB060JJ.HO 3aKaHqHBaIOw.HecH B MbIIIIUaX 6pIOIIIHOH CTeHKH.

fpyJlHHa - sternum '(pHc. 20), COeJJ.HHHH BeHTpaJibHbie KOHUbI e6e ' 06· JibHYIO CTeHKY rpyJJ.HOH IlOJIOCTH. Ha COCTOHT .H3 pyKdHTKH,

TeJia H MeqeBH,ll.Horo OTpOCTKa;

P y K o H T K a rpyJJ.HHbl - manubrium sterni (1) - acnoJiaraeTcH cne-

,ll.H OT MeCTa npHKpenJieHHH BTopoii napbI pe6epHb!X xpHru.eii H MO:H<eT 6b!Tb ycHJieHa xpHIIJ.OM pyKOHTKH - cartilago manubrii, KoTopbili y JIOIIIaJJ.H HOCHT Ha3BaHHe COKO./!Ka (a).

T e JI 0 rpyJJ.HHbI corpus sterni (2) COCTOHT H3 HecKOJibKHX (5 . 7)

cerMeHTOB - sternebra, COeJlHHeHHbIX Me:H<JJ.Y co6oii HJIH XPHIIJ.eBOH (y MOJIO,ll.b!X

>KHBOTHblx), HJIH KOcTaoif (y B3pocJJ:brx) TKaHbIO. Ha rpaHHue coe11HHeHHH cer- MeHTOB pacnoJiaraIOTCH pe6epHbie BblpesKH -incisura costales· (5) - JJ.JIH co- qJieHemh1 c pe6epBbIMH xpHIIJ.aMH. ·- ,_,

M e q e B H JI. H bl ii oTpocToK proc; xiphoideus (3) - pacn01raraeTcs no3a,ll.H nocJieJJ.Heii riapbIrpy.D.HHHb X pe6ep, cy>KHBaeTCH Kay.D.aJibHO H OKaHqHBa-

eTCH MeqeBHJJ.HbIM xpHW.eM - cartilago xiphoidea (4). ·

BeJJ.oean xapaKTepucn-1Ka cKeJieTa wee, TYJIOBHU\a - H xeocTa

.

'

WeiiHhle Il03BOHKH vertebrae eervicales (pHC 12 14) COCTaBJUIIOT OCHOBY rneH, BbIIlOJiHHIOIIJ.YIO poJib MOIIJ.HOro OJJ.HODJieqero pbrqara, Ha ne­ peJJ.}feM KOHUe KOToporo KpenHTCH roJioBa. HecMOTpH Ha 3HaqHTeJibHbie

pa3JIHqHH B lIJIHHe llieH, y BCex M,!IPKOmITaIOmHx (:3a ile60JU:illIHM HCKJIIOTJeIIUe?.f) HMeeTCH 7 rneftHbIX Il03BOHKOB.. .

y pocamoeo CKOma IIIeHHble Il03BOHKH MaccHBHbie, KOpOTKHe, c BblpeHHOH roJioBKOH H HMKoH: OcwcTbie oxpocTKM ua Kouu,ax yTOJillI;eHbI. BeHTpaJibHbIH

rpe6eHb oTcyTcTByeT. Ha 6-M nbsBOHKe HMeeTCH CHJibHO Bbrpa>KeHHaH BeHT­ paJibHaH nJiacTHHKa. ArnaHT (pifc. 13) HMeeT MaccHBHble KpbIJibH. KphlJIOBaH HMKa Me.1qrns, uouepetnme OTBepcrne oTCyTcTsyeT, HMmi sy6a saHHMaer noJio- BHHy BeHTpaJibHOH JJ.yrH. 3y6 oceBoro Il03BOHKa (pHc. 14) UHJIHH,ll.pHqecK:oH <flop­ Mbl; JJ.OpcaJibHbIH rpe6eHb HMeeT BHJJ. KBaJJ.paTHOH nJiaCTHHKH.

y CBllHbU llleMHhle .H03BOIHm Ma'CCUBHble, HO -KopO'l'KHe. ;llyrn II03BOHKOB yaKHe, Me>KJJ.YfOBhle npocTpaHcTBa IIIHpOKHe. OcTHCThie oTpocTKH yaKHe H JJ.JIHHHble. Pe6epHble OTpOCTKH IIIHpoKHe H HanpaBJieHbI BeHTpaJibHO. y OCHOBa-

HR H nonepermoro O'f,POCTKa B ;Z1,opcosettrpaJibIIOM IlanpaB;reHHH npoXDAHT ooKo­ Boe noaBoao9Hoe OTBepcTHe - for. vertebrale laterale. BeHTpaJihHbIH rpe6eHh oTcyTCTByer. Y aTJiaHTa Kph JihH Y3KHe, MaccHBHhle; Kpb!JIOBaH HMKa nJiocKaH;

aonepeqnoe oTBepcrHe pacnoJiaI ae1rn Ha. Kay,n:aJJbHoM Kpae KpbIJia. 3y60BH,n:- HaH HMKa rJJ:y6oKaH. .UopcaJibHbIH 6yrop nmpoKHH, BeHTpaJibHbIH - JJ.JIHHHbIH H 'HapalilJieH BeHTpoK:ayJJ.aJihHO. 3y6 ocesoro noaBoHKa KpyrnhIH, Tynoii. Kpa- nnaJihHhle eye ral3Ilble -or poc'I'RH BeRTpaJihHo pasoow.eHbl. OcTHCTb!H oTpocToK BhICOKHH c K'paHHaJibHb!M cKocoM. HMeeTcH .KpaHHaJibHoe Me2KnoaBoHoqHoe oT­ BepcTHe. 11onepeqHb!H OTpOCTOK KOpoTKHH.

Y AOu.taiJu llieiiHh1e noaBOHKH MOIIJ.Hble, JJ.JIHHHhie. OcTHCThrH: o-TpocToK rne­

poxoBaTb!H. BeHTpaJibHhie rpe6HH (KpoMe 6-ro nosBoHka) Bh1pa2KeHhI cHJibHO. Ha 6-M IIIeiiHoM nosBoHKe He6oJihIIIaH BeHTpaJibHaH nJiacTHHKa H IIIHpoKoe 110 nepeqHoe OTBepCTHe. y aTJI3HTa TOHKHe, OKpyrJioH <flopMbl Kpb!JibH, HeCKOJibKO pasBepHyTble B K3YJJ.OBeHTp3JibHOM HanpaBJieHHH H c sarnyTh!MH BHH3 KpaH­ MH, qTo yBeJIHtiHBaeT pasMephl Kpb1JI0Boii HMKH. 11onepeq:Hoe oTBepcTHe pacno-

46

Pnc. 15. f py.zi;Hh!e no3BOHKH:

I - co6aKH; 11 -cBHHhH; 111 '--- Ko,poah!; IV -JJowaAH; 1 - caput vertebrae; 2 - fossa vertebrae; fl - corpus vertebrae; 4 - crista ven tralis; 7' - for; vertebrale laterale; 8' -... incisura vertebralis caudalis; 9' - proc. articul aris caudalis; JO - prqc. . spinosus; 11 - proc. transversus; 12 - proc. mamillaris; 15 - fovea costalis cranialis et 15' -

caudalis; 16 - fovea costalis transversalis. · .

JiaraeTCH Ha .n:opcaJib!fOH nosepxHOCTH Kpb JibeB. 5!MKa 3y6a 3HHMaeT IlOJIOBV.­

Hy aeHTpa 11bHou: AYrR Oceaou: uo3BOHOK KopoTKHH u BhlcoKHH aa cYer cHJibHo

pa3BHTOro OCTHCToro oTpOCTKa; 3y60BH)tHb!H. OTpOCTOK Tyrroii.

Y co6axu rneiiHh e no3BOHKH .UJIHHHhle, c nJiocKHMH toJIOBKoii H HMKoii.

IloaB0Ho ¹IHhle ,a.yrli lliHpoKHe. OcTHCTbliil oTpocToK Ha 3-M no:rnomce oTCyTCrny-

eT, a Ha ocTaJihHh X nocTeneHHo yseJIHl!HBaeTcH K nocJie.n:HeMy noaBOHKy. Kphl­ JihH aTJiaHTa nJIOCKHe, .n:opcaJibHaH .n:yra 11mpoKaH H 6ea 6yropKa. BMecTo Kphl- · JIOBOPO O'fBepC'flHl HMee'feH' Kpb!JIOBaH Bhlpea1m. loneperiHoe OTBepcTHe OTKpbi- BaeTCH B IlJIOCKYIO Kpb!JIOBYIO HMKy. OceBoii Il03BOHOK ,LI.JIHHHb H, HMeeT MOIII.Hb!H

.n:opcaJihHh1ii rpe6eHh c KJIIOBOBHJlHh M Bh CTynoM H Kay.n:aJibHh M pacruHpeHHeM c cycra.8Hb1Mjf cpacerKaMH. 3y 6o.8HHbiM O'ff)OCTOK UlfJUfUplftl&KOll cpopMbl u HecKoJibKo HaorHyT ssepx. BeHTpaJibHaH cycTaBHaH nosepxHocTh 9JIJIHncoH.n:­ Hoii cpopMhI. Me2KnoaBOHOl!Hh1e Bbipe3KH rJiy6oKHe. BeHTpaJibHhIH rpe6eHb lleT- KO B@palKeH Ha KaymwhHOM KuHue IeJia II03BOHKa. .

7-H: rueHHb!H Il03BOHOK y poraTOtO CKOTa HMeeT SblCOKHH OCTHCTb!H OTpoc­

TOK, KOTOpb!H y co6aKH 111HJIOBH,LJ.HOH cpopMbIH y JIOlla)tH Bblpa)f{eH CJia6o. fo- JIOBKa H HMKa y CBHHbH H co6aKH IIJIOCKHe, y J!Olli3,LJ.H H puia!UIO CKura peJib­ ecpHbie. BeHTpaJibHh H rpe6eHh HJIH oTcyTcTByeT, HJIH cJia6o Bb pa)f{eH (y JIO­

ma;n.H).

Ipy]J.Hble no3eoHKH vertebrae thorac1cae (pHC. 15) B ROJIHqecrne

12-19 yqacTByIOT B o6paaoBaHi H rpy,ZJ,HOH KJieTKH, xapaKTepH3YIOTCH KOpOT­ KHMH TeJiaMH If CHJibHO Bbipa2KeHHblMH OCTHCTb!MH OTpOCTKaMH' KOTOpb!e BMec- Te c xpmrr.aMH JIOIIaTKH COCTaBJIHIOT OCTOB XOJIKH •. OcTHCTh e OTpOCTKH HMef9T

Kay.n.o.n:opcaJibHb!H HaKJIOH, yMeHblllaIOIII.HHCH K nocJie.l{HHM rpy;i:Hh!M Il03BOHKaM. flo3BOHOK, HMeIOIII.HH BepTHKaJihHOe IIOJIO)f{eHHe OCTHCTOtO OTpOCTKa, ·Ha3h!Ba­

eTCH ,ZJ,HacpparnailbHh M HJIH aHTHKJIHHaJibHhIM - vertebt_:a anticlinalis. Y no­

cJie.n:y10III.Hx py.n:Hhlx noaBoHKOB ocTHCThre oTpocTKH HMeIOT .n:opcoKpaHHaJibHoe HarrpaBJieHHe. · ·

Ha TeJia,x rpyHh X no3BOHKOB oporno Bb1pa2KeHhI no .n:se napb1 pe6epHb!X

HMOK. florrepel!Hh e OTpOCTKH KopoTKHe. H HMelOT Ha ce6e norrepel!Hh e pe6epH:b e HMKH )tJIH COl!JieHeHHH c 6yropKOM pe6pa H He6oJibl,11He COCII.eBH)lHhle OTpocTI;:H.

47

CyCTaBHbie orpocTKH xopowo BhlpaJKeHhl J18ri:ti> Fia nepaoM HIroCJle.D:HHX 1PYAHhlX Il03BOHKax, Tor.na KaK Ha .npyrnx !J03BOHKaX OHH npe,ncTaBJieHhl cycTaBHblMH cpa­ CeTKaMH, pacno.naraIO:UllfMHCH ·eenocpe,ncTBeHHO Ha IlOiBOHOHHblX . .n;yrax. ' Y p020mlJ20 CKOma r.py,nHbtx nosaoHKOB 13 (14). Hx reJia CBQeii ,ll;JIHiioi'I npe­ BOCXOMT WHpHHy, HMeIOT bKpyrno-BOrHyTyIO no"BepXHOCTb co CJiaOo Bhlpam:e'H­ HblMH I'OJIOBKOH H HMKOH. Pe6epHhle }IMKH o6WHpHhle, HO ynJIOineHHhle. nonepeq­

Hl>le. pe6epHble HM, oco6eHHO H,a. nepBbIX Il03BOHKaX, ce)J.JIQBH,nHoii <l>opMbl. 0cTHCThle orpOCTIUI nmpoKHe, c 3aocrpeHHhlMH KpaeilaJibHhIMH H KaYA3JibHblMH KpaHMH, cKollleHhl Kay.naJJ:bHO, 3a HCKJIIOQeHHeM nocJieAHe , KoropblH HBJIHeTCH aH'tHKJiH;HaJibH M. .

48

y CBbU rpy)J.HbIX Il03BOHKOB 14-15 (16), J(JIHHa HX TeJI nocrenel\Ho y6hl2.

BaeT•. 0cTHCTble OTpOCTKH. (nepBhle :I'PH HMelOT KpaHHO)J.OpcaJlbHoe Hanpasneirne) nJiacTHHtra.Thle H poKHe. Ha'llHHaH c · nepeoro no3BOHa. NJHHa CTblX

OTPOCTICOB yMeHbWaeTCH B Kay)J.aJU>HoM uanpaBJieHHH; aHTHKJIHHaJibHLRd iI03·

BOHKOM HBJUIErrcH 11-ii:. B OCHOBaRHH .Iionepeqeoro OTPOCTKa npOXO.$T JI"Te· paJJb.Hoe OTBepcme. Ha IlOCJie)J.HHX nHTR Il03BOHKaX Kay.i\a,n:bHble CycTaBHl:lle

OTpOCTKlf HMeIOT UHJIHH)ij)Oo6pa3Hl>Je <PaceTKH. - .

y llOwaiJU rpy.lJ.H.blX 003BOHKOB 18. (19). 3a C11eT BeHTpaJibHbIX rpeOijeff HX . TCJia npHQMaTH'reCKOH cflopMbl. y. ocmCTLIX OTJ>OCTKOB pacUIHpeHHblH aa)J.HHH

Kpali H 6yJiaBOBHJlHoe yroJii.neHHe Ha JJ.OpcaJibHOM Kom.i:e. Hx J(JIHHa' yBeJm"i:HBa­ eTCH .n.o 5-ro, a aaTeM 1;1ocreneHHO yMeHbIDaeTCH. AHTHKJIHHaJibHbIM Q03BOHKOM

-'IBJUieTCH 1-!wH (l5-f1).

y co6alcu rpy,ZI.Hble Il03BOHKH B KOJIHQecTBe 13 (pe)J.KO 12) ,HMelOT oyrJible

OCTHCn.Je OTpOCTKH, y KoTOphix Ha nepe)J.HHX D03BoHKaX xapaKTepHbIH ll81;'H6 H He<;KOJibKO y rcmtneHHble KOHI.tbl. HocJie;ztHHe HOSBOHKH xapakrepH3ytOTIJll aaocT peHHbIMH OCTHCrbIMH orpocrKaMH. y 11-ro, aHTHKJIHHaJibHOfO f!03BOHKa OCTHC­

TbIH OTpOCTOK caMbili KopoTKHH, rpeyronbHOH <J>opMbI. Ha nOCJie)J.HHX D03BOH­ KaX xoporno BblpalKeHISJ eye IaBii:l>Ie, COCD.eBH;nHble H . ;no6aBO'lllhie OTJ>OCTIU!.

UonCHH'IHble namil(H - vertebrae lumbales (pHc. 16) - xapaKTepH·

ayIOTCH npHaHaKaMH, 06eerreq1rna10MH. STOMY OT.lJ.eJIY 60JibWYIO rrpo'ltfOcTb H 3HaQHTeJibHy10 no.nBli>KRocTb. B KOJmqec1Be 6 (p01a1blii cKor, JJottia;ZJ;h), 7 (co6a

Ka, CBHHbH) OHH OTJIHQaIOTCH 6o.nee MOilUlhlMH TeJiaMH ·co CJia6o· Bblpa}KeHHbIMH rOJioBKaMH u HMKaMH. OcTHCThle oTpocTKH nJiacTHHQaThl, o.nuHaKoBOH ·shtCOTbl H nmpHHbl. flonepeqHble oTpocTKH TaK>Ke ri.nacTHH11aTbI u WHpmme.

y poeamozo CKOma TeJia Il03BOHKOB ,llJIHHHhie c BeHTpaJibHblMH rpe6H5iMH, .

B cepe,ZI.HHe cy2KeHbl. Y KpaHHaJibHbIX cyc:rasHhlx orpocTKOB }KeJio6oBaTI:ile ¢a· CeTKH, y Ka)'.l{aJibHbIX UHJIHH)J.pH11ecKHe noaepeQHble OTPOCTKH pacttoJrnra . IOTCH ropH30HTaJibHO, HMeIOT H3pe3aHHOH cpopMbl bcTpble KpaH H HaH6o.ii:bUIYIO

JJ;JIHH 3-ro u 4-ro no3BOHKOB. Kay.naJibHhle no3BoHdQHble BhlpeaKH rJiyOOKHe.

y CBWtbU IlOHCHHQHble Il03BOHKH HMeIOT >KeJIO ' Ba'tble aceTKH Ha iq:iaHH­ aJibHhlX cycTaBHb!X OTpOCTKaX. flonepetrnble OTPOCTKH yBeJIH'DfBaIOT CBOIO .n,JIH­

-uy B Kay,llaJibHOM HanpaBJJ:eHHH, Ha KoHuax H30rHyTbIBeHTpaJibHO H y CHOBa- HHH HMeIOT nonepeQHble OTBepcTHH, KOTOpble Ha Il e,ZJ.HHX . Il03BOHKaX 3aMeHH·

IOTCH Kay,naJibHblMH BhlpesKaMH: CocneBH.llHble OTpoCTKH xopQWO Bblpa>Ke'IIbl.

y AOwaiJU TeJia Il03BOHKOB. KopoTkHe, BeHTpaJI.bHbIH rpe6eHb - ecTb Ha nepBbIX Tpex no3BOHKax. flonepE:qHble OTpbcTKH y nepe,ZI.HHX no3BOHKOB oTK'Jio­ HeHbl Kay.11;aJibHo, a y 3a.z(HHX - KpaHHaJibHo. Ha nonepeqHbIX oTpOCTKax .llBYX

llQCJIHHX Il03BOHKOB RMeIDTCH cycTaBHble cpaceTKH JIJIH COQJleHeHHSI'. MeEJJ.Y co-

OOH H IlOCJie,ZJ.Hero Il03BOHKa c KpbIJibHMH KpecTua. y sepxOBbIX nopO.!l JIOWal(eH MO>KeT t'5bITb 5 IlOHCHHQHb X IJ03BOHKOB sa CQeT qpHcoe)lHHeijHJI rrepooro IlOHC- mremoro no3SOHKa K rpyJtHOMY ox,ne.ny · '

Y co6axu Ha TeJiax BeHTpaJibHhle rpe6HH OTCYTCTBYIOT. 0cTHCTble oTpOCTKH

.l(JIHHHble. florrepeQHble·oTpOCTKH CHJibHO OrKJIOHeHbl BeHTpoKpaaHaJibHO, )J.JIHHa .

y. eocJie,anu:x no3soHKOB uaHoO.llblllasi. Cocu;eBHAHhle oTpOCTKH BblcoKue Me)Kny cycTaBHbIMH H nonepeQHbIMH OTpOCTKaMH Ha .Kay.naJibHOM Kpae II03BOHKa Bbl­ c:rynaIOT 1l06aBOQHhre OTpOCTKH, HanpaBJieHJible JiarepoKay,ziaJibHO.

. KpeeTf.\OBhle nooaonKu vertebrae sactales . (pHc. l s _Koznn1ecrse

3-5 CJIY>KaT MeCToM npHKpenJJeHHH IlO)J.B3JJ;OWHblX KOCTeH T 3a . H nonoMy y . BCeX >KHBOTHbIX pirno cpacTaIOTCH Me>K.ny OOOOH B' OJlHY o6i.nyi0 KpeCTUOBYIO KOC 1h, HJJlf KpeC'ren. · . ·.

. Y p02(Ull020 CKOma KpecTeU, o6pa30BaH 5 (4) Il03BOHKaMH, cpa TalOIUHMHCH

B 3--:3,5-JieTHeM oospacre. OcTHCThle OTpOCTKH CJIHJIHCb B rpe6eHb c yro.Jimee­ HhlM ceo6o.11;HhlM KpaeM. TaaoBaH nosepxBOCTb BOrH)'Ta, Ha Heli 06lllHpHh1e Ta· aoBhle ofsepcTHH, p·aa.lleneHHble npo.noJibHblM COCYJlHCTbIM >KeJIOOOM. JlarepaJib­ HbIH rpe6eHh WHpOKHH, c TOHKHMH HepoBHhlMH iq>aHMH. KpbIJlbH KpecTUoBOA KOCTH pa3BePHYTbI B JiaTepO.llopcaJibHOM HanpaBJieHHH.

Y' CBUHbU Kpecreu o6paaosaH 4-MH no3BOHKaMH, cpacTaIOJ.nHMHCH B 003pac­

re 11/2 JIT. 0cTHCTbJe OTpOCTKH -OTCYTCTBYJOT, Me.»<)J.fOBble npocTpaHCTBa ,·slfa-

49

cies auricularis; 8 - crista sacr is mediana; 8' - proc. spinosus; 9 - proc. articul aris

. cranialis et 9' -caudalis.

tIJ1Te.1u.Hwe. Kpamrn.JihHhle cycTaBllhle oTpocTKH LKo6oBaThle, ay){aJibHhle - BhlpaLKeHhl xopomo .Ha nOCJie;.tHeM no3BOHKe. Kphl.JibH Kpecrn:a pa3BepHyThI B

naTepltKay.-a.JII>HQM nanpaBJieHHH.

y lll'JtuaOU CJI0BilIHecH 5 KpecTI.{OBhlX II03BOHKOB xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI o6oco6-

JieHHhIMH, HHor,a;q pa'3){BoeHHhlMH Ha KoHn:ax OCTHCTbIM:H OTpOCTKaMH. Ta30BaH noeepXH•CTb It.JI6CK3J . J\pWib>l rq>eern:o®R ROcnt .JieJKaT B ropH30HTaJibHOII

nJiocK•cTH H HMelOT ymKoBH.ztHYIO noBepxHocTh, HanpaBJieHHYIO ){opca,nbHo.

Y COOOJCU B o6pa30BaHHH KpeC'fl.{OBOH KOCTH yqacTBYIOT 3 Il 03BOHKa, KO-

Tophle cpacTaro1cH im::amy· co6oA B Bo3pacTe 6 Mee. OcTHCThle oTpocTKH cJIHBa­ IOTCH T•JI»KO CBQHMH OCHOBaHHHMH. YHIKOBH){Hb e cycTaBHhie IlOBepXHOCTH Ha­

npaBJieHJ.I JiaTepaJibHO. KpaHHaJihHhle cycTaBHhle oTpocTKH npe){cTaBJieHhI .JIHlllh cycraBHliIMH cpaceTKaMH. Kay){a.JihHhle cycTaBHhle oTpOCTKH BhlpaLKeHhl. Ta;m­ BaH nonepxHOCTh BoreyTa, Ha Heli ){Be nonepeqHhle JJHHHli.

XsecTOBble n&sBOHKH -vertebrae caudales, s. coccygeae (pHc. 18)

PHc. 18. XsocroBlile poasoHKH:

I - coCiaKH; II - caHHhH; II I'-_ KopOBlil; ( V -Jiowa,D.H; 1 -caput vertebrae; 2 ..­

fossa vertebrae; :) - proc. transversus; 4 - proc. articularis cranialis; 5 -arcus verte·

brale; 6 - arcus hemalis. ·

50

B KoJmqecTBe 20-23 (co6aKa, cBHHM ), 18-20 (KpynHhlii: poraTblH CKOT, JIO­ ma)(b) COCTaBJIHIOT OCHOBY XBOCTOBoro OT)(eJia, BhlnOJIHHIOW.ero 3aIIJ.HTHYIO cpyHK­

U:HIO H poJih ceoeo6pa3Horo pyJIH npH 6hlcTphlx nepe)(BHLKeHHHx. Y pa3JIHtJHh X BH)(OB LKHBOTHbIX OT)(eJibHble 3JieMeHThl no3BOHKa coxpaHHIOTCH JIHillb y .neP,BhlX

5-8, B TO BpeMH KaK y OCTaJibHbIX OHH no.zr,eeprJIHCb 3HaqHTeJibHOH. pe,ll;yKn:HH.

CoxpallHIOIII.HeCH TeJia no3BOHKOB B BH)(e KOpOTKHX H TOHKHX CTOJI6HKOBH)(HhlX

o6pa30BaHHH. .

y Kpymw20 pocamoco CKOma ' XI\OCT )(JIHHHbIH 3a cqeT 3HaqHTeJibHOH )(JIHHbl

Ten· no300HKOI1: Py'AMMeHTbI noBoHotJi hfx ;Zty:r xoporno BhlpaLICCIIhI na • nepBwt n03BOHKax; H3 cycTaBHbIX OTpOCTKOB coxpaHHJIHCb TOJibKO KpaHHaJibHhle, ·a nonepeqHhle npHHHJIH cpopMy IDHpOKHX nJiaCTHHoK, 3arHyThIX BeHTpaJibHO. Ha

KpalmaJihHhrx KOiru:ax nepBbIX 9 I 0 no3BOHKOI! c BeH"rpaJtbHOH noeepxHocrir ·

HMeIOTCH .reMaJibHhie OT.POCTKH, ., KOTOpb e oco6eHHO Bbipa)KeHhI Ha nepBbIX 3_:._5 H HHor.l{a MoryT o6pa3oBhlBaTh reMaJibHhle )(yrH.

y C8UHU nepBbie 5 6 no3BOHKOB HMeIO'f 'I'e<lla, Citraible B )(opcoeempaJIBHOM

HanpaBJieHHH, OCTaJibHhie - U:HJIHH)(pHqecKHe.Ilo3BOHOqHbie )(yrn Ha nepe.n;­ HHX no3BOHKaX CMeIIJ.eHbl KainaJibHO H BblXO)(HT 3a npe)(eJihl TeJia no3BOHKa. 0CTHCThle H cy'cTaBHhle OTpOCTKH coxpaHHIOTCH B BH)(e HeOOJibillHX . py)(HMeH• TOB.IlonepeqHbie OTpOCTKH IlIHpOKHe H )(JIHHHble• . feMaJibHble OTpOCTKH OTCYT- CTByIOT. . . . ,

y llOUWiJU XBOCT KOpOTKHH, TeJia. no3BOHKOB KopOTKHe, HO MaCHBHbie H .

U:HJIHH)(pHqecKOH cpopMbI. Ilo3BOHoqHb e )(yrH H nonepeqHble OTpoCTKH eCTb JIHlllb Ha nepBbIX no3BOHKax.

Y qo6aKu nepBhle 5-6 no3BOHKOB HMeIOT ace ocHOBHh e )(eTaJIH. OcTHCThie

oTpocTKH llIHJioBH)(HoH: cpopMhI, 3areyThI Kay)(aJihHo. KpaHHaJihHhie H Kay)(aJib­ Hhle cycrnBHble oTpocTKH BhlpaLKeHhl. · Ha KpaHHaJihHhix cycTaBHhlx oTpOCTKax

BhlCTynaIOT COCU:eBH)(Hble OTpOCTKH'IlonepeqHhle OTROCTKH 3ilaqHTeJihHOH )(JIH­ HhI, HMeIOT Kay)(OBeHTpaJibHOe HanpaBJieHHe H YTOJIW.eHbI Ha KOHn:ax. fe­

MaJibHble ll YrH Ha nepBbIX Il03BOHKaX n pHCOe)l HHHIOTCH K reMaJibHbIM OTQOCTKafyl c nciMOW.bIO cycTaBqHKOB. Y ocTaJibHhlx no3BOHKOB, 3a cqeT py)(HMeHroB reMaJih­ HhIX OTµOCTKC:rn Ha nepe.l(HHX KOHU:aX TeJI no3BOHKOB xapaKTepHaH yTOJIW.eH­

HOCTh, r<oropaa: nocreneHHO yMeHbillaeTCg K nOCJIMHHM n03BOHKaM.

' fpy.11.aaB KJieTKa - thorax -'--- y AOMamHHX MJieKoni:rTa10w.i:rx· HMeeT xa­ paKtepHhle BH)(OBhle OTJIHqHH no CBOeH cpopMe H no CTpoeHHIO OT)(eJibHbIX CeF­

M@HTOB .. Bxo,g;HO€l ornepcn:re rpy.l{HYIO KITeTKY, pacuo.umKeHHoe Me:arn:y nep-

BhIMH pe6parviH, nepBbIM rpy)(HhIM no3BOHKOM H pyKOHTKoH: rpy)(HHhI, y co6aKH OloCpyrJIOH cpopMbI, a y KOnhITHbIX - B cpopMe BepTHKaJibHOro OBaJia cy2KHBaIO­

FOCfl i( BeII'FpaJihHOMY KpaIO. KaYAaJihHOO OTBepCTMe rpy){HOii: KIIeTKli, oopa-

30-BaJrnoe noc.IIe)(HHMH. pe6paMH, nocJie)(HHM rpy)(HbIM no3BOHKOM H MeqeBH)(Hb M oTpOCTKOM, npe.n;crnBJIHeT co6oii comyThIH no)( TynhIM yrnoM oBaJI. BoKoBhie

CTeHKH rpy;n:HoH KJITKH B KpamraJihIIOl qacTH y KOHhITIIblx; )f(lfBOTHbIX CLf(aTbI c

6oKoB, a B Kay)(aJihHoii qacTH 6oJiee oKpyrJihle (oco6eHHo y KpynHoro poraroro CKOTa). y co6aKH 6oKoBaH CTeHKa 6oqKo06pa3HO BhlnyKJiaH. lIIHpHHa MeLKpe6ep­ HblX ,IlpuMeMY lKOB HaXO:llJf TCH B 321.BHCMMOCTH OT KCYJIH<reCTBa, tt!HpHIIbl pe6ep H

CTeneHH HX H30rHyTOCTH.

Peopa - costae (pi:rc. 19) - yqacTByIOT B o6pa3oBaHHH 6oKoBOli cTeHKH

rpy.ll.HOii KJieTKH, HMeIOT xapaioepn@e BH;ZWB!lle pa3Jrnqf:IH KaK no cB9eii ;ll;Jif:IHe H IlIHpHHe, TaK H no creneHH BbipaLKeHHOCTH OT)l.eJihHbIX ,neTaJieH.

. Y Kpymtoco po2am0co cKoma H3 13 nap pe6ep 8 HcTHHHhie. l1Hor.n;a BCTpe

qaeTCH 14-H napa peoep, KOTOphle OTHOCHTC}J K $1 IOKTYHPYI0ll(f!M. 1-e peopo y

)KBaqHbIX npHMOe, U:HJIHH)(pHtfeCKOH . cpopMbI, paCll!HpeHHOe K CTepHaJihHOMY KOHn:y. HaquHaH co 2-H: napbI AO 10-H:, BeHTpaJihHhle KOHU:hIKOCTHoro pe6pa HMe­

IOT cycTaBHbie cpaceTKH )(JIH coqJieHeHHH c COOTBeTCTBYIOW.HM H pe6epHbIMH xpH­

1. MH. llleH:i<a pe6ep )(JIHHHaH, '6yropoK HeceT Ha ce6e ce)(JI-OBH,nHyIO cpaceTKy, TeJio HepaBHoMepHoli ll!HpHHbJ, c HepoBHhIMH ocTphlMl:I KpaHMH. Yrnhl pe6ep xopoll!o BhrpaLKeHhI.

' y .C8UHbt.{ H3 14 (16) nap pe6ep 7 (6-8) HCTHHHble. Pe6pa Y3KHe H HeCKOJib­

KO H30rHYTbI no npO)(OJibHOH OCH. HaqHHaH co 2-ro no 7-H: BeHTpaJibHhle KOHII.bl

51

_ Puc_ 19 Pe6pa (1, 5 H 8-e)·, ,

I - Kopoabl; 11 - nowaA11; /// -aepTe6pa.(lhHbIA KoHeu pe6pa:; 1 - caput costae; 2 -:- tubercul um costae;· 3 - collum. costae; 4 - angul us costae; 5 - corpus costae,; 6 -sulcus costae; 7, - facies muscul aris; 8 - tuberculum m. sea em me 11.

• J t • ' ' f

HMeIOT cycTaBHhle cJ>aceTKH. Ha pe6epHblX 6yropKaX cycTaBHble q>aceTKH n.noc-

KHej yrJihI pe6ep qeTKO Bblpa.>KeHbl. '

• Y Aoutaifu H.3 -18 (19) nap pe6ep 8 HCTHHHhre. Pe6pa Y3KHe paaaoMepttoH:

n rnpHHhl; IIIeii:Ka pe6pa KopoTKaH, 6yropoK co c.na6oaomywli cycxaBHOH cpace1'- Koii:. Ha TeJie pe6pa xopoIIIo BhlpaLKeH pe6epHbIH iKeJio6. Ha KpaHHaJibHOM Kpae 1-ro pe6pa HMeeTcH 6yropoK JiecTHHfiHoii MhilllU.,hl - tuberculum m. scaleni.

Y co6a.Ku H3 13 nap pe6ep 9 ucmHHhle Peopa ysKue, pa:eiioMepeo oKpyr.Jihle

lf xapaKTepH3yIOTCH 60JihIIIOH KpHBH3Hoii. IIIeiiKa pe6pa .l{JIHIJHag, cpaceTKa 6yropKa BhIIlYKJiaH. .

i'pyAHaa sternum (pHC. 20) yqaC'l'ByeT B Popasoaamrn BeHTpaJibHOH CTeHKH rpy;nndii: KJieTKH H xapaKTepli3YeTCH 3HatIHTeJibHbl H BH.l{OBbIMH pa3- JIHtIHHMH.

JI

P11c, 20. . f py,D.11Ha:

I - co6airn; . I! - CBHH h11;

I ll -Koposbl; IV -no·wa-

. .l{H; v -OBUbI; VI - K03hl;

1 - manubri um sterni; 2 - corpus sterni; 3 - proc. xiphoideum; 4 - cartil ago xiphoidea; 5 - incisssurae costal-es; a - coKOJioK (y

JIOWa,!XH).

52

Y Kpymw20 po2amo20 cKoma rpy.IJ.HHa c:arn:ra B .IJ.OpcoBeHtpaJihHOM Ha!Jpae­ Jiemrn i:r CHJibHO pacumpeHa B Kay.IJ.aJibHQM. PyKoHTKa rpy.IJ.HHhl MaccHBHaH, TpexrpaHHOH cpopMhl, nepe)l.HHM KOHUOM H3orHyTa _BBepx, c TeJIOM coe,n;HHHeTCH

·cycrnBoM. TJio rpy,n;HHhl cocroHT H3 1, cpocumxcH ce'rMeHTOB, ynJiom.eeo H c

BeHTpaJII:.Hoii: noeepxHocTH HeCKOJihKO ooreyio. Ka.y,n;aJihHaH pe6epHaH · Bbipe3Ka

.neoii:HaH H cJiy:arnT ,n;JISI npi:rcoe)l.HHeHH.sJ 7-ii: H 8-ii: naphIpe6epHbIX xpsnu,eii. Me- IIeBH.IJ.Hblii: OTpOCTOK ){JIHHHbIH,'c IllHpOKHM xp5HU.OM Ha KOHI.{e. .

y CBUHbU rpy.IJ.HHa ynJIOIIJ.eHa H QQCTOHT H3 6 cerMeHTOB. 3aocTpeHHaH H

Y.IJ.JUIHeHHaH pyKu51 IKa c 1eJIOM coe :{fU S1e'rcH cycrnBoM.

Y Aomaau rpy,n;HHa cHJlhHO cLKaTa c 6oKoB, cocTOHT HS 6 cerMeHTOB. PyKo- 5ITKa cpameHa c Te:noM, yeeJIHIIeHa 3a ct1eT xp.sima,pyKOHTKH (coKOJIOK), KoTOpblii

npo,n;om1rneTCH Ha BeHTpaJibHyro IlO!ilepXHOCTb TeJia B BH)(e BeH 1paJibHOrO rpe6- HH - crista sterni. Ha TeJie HMeeTc.si 7 nap pe6epHhlX Bhrpe3oK .IJ.JI.sJ cot1JieHeHm1

c pe6epHbI MH xpHmaMH. MelieBHJJ.Hhiii: oTpocroK oTCyTcTByeT H 3aMeHeH nmpo-

KHM, oKpyrnoII cpopMhl MeIIeBH)l.Hb M xp.simoM. .

y co6aKU rpy,n;HHa COCTOHT H3 8 cerMeHTOB tieTbipexrpaHHOH cpopMbI H coe­

)1.HHeHHbIX umpoKHMH cHHXOH)l.po3aMH. PyKOHTKa H Met1eBH.IJ.H1ii: xp.sim HeOOJib- ruHx pa3Mepoti, hJibCKHe i:i c oKpyrJieHHhlMH Kpam.m. -

CKE.IIET fOJIOBbl

'

CKeJieT roJIOBbI cJ1yLKHT BMeCTIIJIHmeM: roJIOBHoro Mo3ra, opraHoB o6oH.si-

HHH 3 eHHH H HBJIHeTCH OCTOBOM' TOBOH H HOCOBOH IlOJIOCTeH, f)l.e pacnoJiara- 'IOTCH HCitiaJibHbie OT)J.eJibl annapaToB nHU:{eBapemrn H )l.bIXaHH.sJ. OJiblllHHCT­ BO KOCTeii: CKeJieTa roJIOBbl IlJlOCKHe ,H coe.n;HH.sJIOTCSI Me2K,n:y co6oii: c IlOMOIIJ.blO

UJBOB HeKQTOpble KOCTH IlHeBMaTH3HpOBaHhl, tITO B 3HalIHTeJibHOH CTeneHH cno- . co6cTByeT yMeHhllleHHIO HX Macchi H yeeJIHtIHBaeT nJioma,n:b .IJ.JI.sJ npHKpenJieHHH Mb UIU roJIOBbl. . . .

CKeJieT'ronoBhl no,hpa3,!\PUS!eTCSl: Ha M03rDBOH li JIHlleBofi OTlieJibl. rpaHHUeii: MeLK,n;y HHMH CJIYLKHT JIIIHHH, npoee,n:elJHa.sJ B cerMeHTaJibHOH IlJIOCKOCTH Kaca­ TeJibHO pocTpaJibHOMY KpalO rJia3HHUhI. BeJIHIIHHa Mo3roBbro H JIHue1:wro OT.IJ.e- · JIOB HaXD,VI_TCH B npRMOR 32BllCllMOCTif QT pa3Mepa ronoBHoro Mo3'ra, CTeneHH

pa3BHTIIH LKeBaTeJihHoro annaparn, B03pacrn LKHBOTHoro, ero BH.IJ.OBoii: H nopo,ll,­ Hoii: npHHa,n:Jie)l{HOCTH; y )l{BalIHblX Ha cpopMy CKeJieTa fOJIOBbl B 3HaqHTeJibHOH CTeHCIIH BJHHHOT BeJmquna H $op porOBhIX OTpOCTKOB. . . .

B cpHJioreI!eTII1IecK9M OTHOlllCHHH CKeJieT rOJIOBhl no cpaBHeHHIO c ,n:pyrnMH OT)l.eJiaMH oceeoro cKeJieTa 6oJiee MOJIO.IJ.Oe o6pa3oBaHHe; Mo3roBoii: H JIHUeBoii: 01:n;eJibl B . caoeM pa3BHTHH HMefOT . xapaKTepnhle O'IJ' IHIIHf.I, o6ycJioBJi'e.HHM@ He- TOIIHHKaMII HX 09pa3oBaHHH, KQTQphle MO}KIJO no,n:pa3,n;eJIHTb Ha TPH rpynnhl:

. 1) KOCTH, pa3B,HBalOU:{HeC.sJ H3 npHMop,n:HaJibHOro (nepBoHaliaJibHOro) qepena -

cranium.p1imo1qiale i:r oKocreHeBaionnte ea xp11m;eBoH .oceoBe, T. e. xon,zi' poreHHo; 2) KOCTH .BTOpHIIHoro npoHCXO)l{)J.eHH.sJ (aoKpOBHble KOCTH), KOTOpble

pa3BHBaIOTCH Henocpe):{CTBeHHO H3 COe)l.HHHTeJiblIOTKaHHOH QCHOBbl, T. e. ,n:ecMo­

reHIIO; 3) i<ocTH, npeoopaayroIIJ.IIecH trn LKa6epHhIX JJ:yI 3a· ctier aaMem,eHMSI ilx

XPHIIJ.eBoii: ocHoBhI KocTHo:ii: TKaHblO ,n:ecMoreHHoro npoHcxoLK,n:eHHH, - BTOpHtI-

. - '

Hble )l.eCMoreHHhle KOCTH.