Dpobo,zuiwhe dyth, doakopkoBblE h kopkoBbl e l(ehtPbl

. 3PHtEJibHOro AHAJIH3ATOPA

CTposommme uyrn: sp11Te111>1toro aHaJIH3aTOpa paSil;eJH!IOTCSI ·Ha nep11<flep11- tJecKHe H u.eHTpaJibHhie. llepu¢eput.tecKue nymu Hati:HHaIOTCH B cenaTKe rJiaaa. CTepBhIH HeiipOH o6pa30BaH HeHp03IlHTeJIHeM (naJIOtIKH H K0JI6tIKH), BTOpOH HeHpoH 6Bnon5IpHhIMn K.Jle'l'KaMH raIINIH:H eeTtlaTKl'I, ipern:101 aenpuH MYJih- THDOJI.s:IpHhlMH KJieTKaMH raHrJIHH apHTMhHOro Hepsa. Hx HeiipHThI<flopMHpyroT 3PHTeJihHbIH Heps.

DocJie SJHITMhnoro nepe1q>eeTa ehiasma opticum apmeJihHbie HepBhl o6oHx rJiaa nepexo)l.s:IT B apHTMhHble TPaKThl - tractus opticus, B cocTaBe KOTOphrX HMelOTC51 npHMbie npoBO.l(.SilIJ,He nyTH H3 JiaTepaJibHbIX OT.l(eJIOB ceTtia­ TOK r.naSHhlX :H6,JIOI{ H nepeKpe1.t1;eHHhle Il)'Tll 113 Me.u.naJihHbIX (lT.l(CJJOB ceTti:aTOK •

.TaKHM o6pa30M, Ka)K.l(bIH 3pHTeJlbHb!H TpaKT co.n;ep2KHT BOJJOKHa H3 o60HX fJia3.

3THM .nocTHraeTC.s:I Jiyti:IIIee Kati:ecTBO apeHHH (CTepeocKonHt:rHOCTb). BOJIOKHa 3pHTMbIIbIX rpaKTOB 3aKaHti:Irnaro1C>1 B 'tpex nepBHtIHhIX (nO.l(KOpKOBbIX) 3pH-

TeJlbHb X u.eHTPax; a) B JiaTepaJibHb!X KOJieHti:aThIX Te.n:ax; 6) B Kay,naJihHhlX

. H.npax 3pHTeJlhHbIX 6yrpOB - ·utvi,nar am1s - H B B Ha3aJibHhlX XOJIMax

tieTBepOXOJIMH51.

J13 neper.rnCJieHHhlX ne BHtIHhlX u.eHT- poB npOHCXO.l(51T ti:eTBepTble HeiipOHhl, o6- paayrow.He qeHmpallbHbte npoeoaRw,ue ny­ mu 3pHTeJibHOfO aHaJIH3aTO a HC. 290 .

3 JiaTepaJibHOro KOJieHtiaTOfO Te.Jta (H H3 Kay.n;aJihHhlX 51,nep 3PHTeJihHbIX 6yrpoB) tJeTBepThle Hell OHbl n e alOT M B KOpKOBbie 3pHTeJlbHbie u.eHTpbl aaTblJIOtI­

HOH .l(OJJH KOpbI noJiyIIIapHii. Ha Ha3aJib­ Hh X XOJJMOB ti:eTB OXO

HeiipuHhI¢opMHpy10r tractus tectospinalis, no KOTOpOMy HMilYJibChl nepe.naroTC5I: a)

494

ft

PHc. 290. Dpoao.zvnu!fe nyTH 3pHTeJibHoro aHa· JIH3aTopa (no Alverdes):

1 -,noJie 3peHHH; 2 - xpycTaJIHK; 3 - ceTtiaT­ Ka; 4 - 3pHTeJibHbIH Hepa; 5 - nepeKpecT 3pH· TeJibHbIX Hepaoa; 6 - 3PHTeJibHbIH TpaKT; 7 - Kay.11,aJibHOe H.11, po 3PHTeJlbHOrO 6yrpa; 8 - JJa­ TepaJibHOe KOJieH'!aToe TeJio; 9 - pocTpaJJbHhle XOJ!Mbl '!eTBepoXOJIMHH; 10 - ueHTpaJibHblH 3pH­ TeJibHbIH nyTb; 11 - Kapa 38Tb!JIO'IHOH .11,0JIH

nJiam.a.

ua MOTOpHbie KJieTKH BeHTpaJibHblX CTOJI60B weiiHorpy,nHOH ti:aCTH CilHHHOrO M03ra (3TH KJieTKH npe.n;cTaBJ15IIOT co6oii HeHpOHhl, ti:epea KOTOpbie ocyw.ecTB­ J15IIOTC5I peq)JleKTOpHhle .l(BM:>KeHH51 roJIOBhIH rneM) H 6) Ha KJieTKH H.n;ep TPeThe­ ro, 11eTBepToro H rnecToro .n;BMraTeJihHhlX uepBOB rJia3HhlX MhllIIIJ.. HaaaJih­ HhlMH XOJIM8MH ti:eTBepOXOJIMHH npH yti:aCTHH HeiipOHOB, 38JIO:>KeHHhlX B napa­ CHMil3THti:ecKOM 51,npe 51Ky6oBMti:a (3.n;MHrepa - BecT<t>aJ151) H B pecHHti:HOM ya­ Jie, ynpaBJl5IIOTC51 TaK:>Ke peqmeKTOpHbie COKpaw.eHm:J CcpHHKTepa apati:Ka H peCHHlIHOfO TeJia.

Ctatoa kyctHq ec kha a har h3atop

CTaToaKycTMti:ecKHH aHaJIM3aTop, HJIH paBHOBeCHhlH H CJiyXOBOH aHaJIH­ aaTopbI, cocTOHT Ma: 1) peu.,emopHoro annapaTa, npeJJ.cTaBJieHHOro npeMBepHo­

y.nMTKOBh M opraHOM: 2) npoBOlUllllHX nyTeii H. 3) Il O.l(KOpKOBbI X H KOpKOBblX

u.eHTpOB.

PaaBHTHe cTaToaKycTMttecKoro auaJIH3aTopa. 4yBCTBO paBHoBeCH51 o6y­ c.noBneHo .n;eiicTBMeM CM.n nnKeCTH. B cocTaB opraHa paBHOBecH51 (cTaTMti:ecKoro opraHa) BXO.l(HT cneu.MaJIH3HpOBaHHble ti:yBCTBHTeJihHble KJieTKH, CHa6:>KeHHble ynpyrnMH BOJIOCK8MH, H l13BeCTK0Bble . KpHCT8JIJIHKH - CT8T0JlHThl, KOTOpb!e

)J.2B5IT Ha ll:yBCTBJ:ITPJibHb! P BOUOCKJJ If pa3}lpa)KaIOT ti:yBCTBHTeJibHbi e KJieTKH.

CTarnti:eCKHe opraHhIJIHilih MHor.na pacnoJiaraIOTC51 Ha nosepxHOCTH TeJia B BH.l(e 5IMOK (pHC. 291, 292-13'), npe,ncTaBJI5IIOllJ.HX co6oii nyab!pbKH - CTaTOIJ.HC­

Thl; ua HX CTeHKaX pa3Mern:eHhI ll:YBCTBlfTeJihHb!P KUeTKlf, a CTaTO,UHTbl HaXOil5fTC51 B nOJIOCTH cTaTOU.HCTa. Oprr H3MeHeHHH noJio:>KeHHH TeJia cTaTOJIHThl paa.n;pa:>Ka•

IOT pa3JIHti:Hbie rpynnhl KJieTOK.

¥ xop,n:OBLIX, aa HCKJII0¹IeHHeM JiaHu.ern:1:1Ka, cyw.ecTBy!QT napHbJe CTaTO-

PHc. 291. CxeMa paasHTHH roJJosHoro. Moara H peu,errropos aHaJJH3aTopos (no A. H. Cesep­ 'u,osy):

I , Jl , 111 rr ocJJe)l.osaTeJJbHhle CTa)l.HH paasHTHR; 1 roJJOBHoii Moa1, 2 1Jrn3Kll recce s CIIHHHOM M03re; 3 -rrepSH'IHhle 'IYSCTSHTeJJbHble KJJeTKH c HX s<j><j>epeHTHhIMH OT­ p0CTK3MH; 4 -)l.SHraTeJJbHhle Hepshl; 5 - HerrapHall 060HllTeJJbHall IIJJaKO)l.a; 5' - rrepsble 060Hl!TeJibHble l!MKH; 6 - 060Hl!TeJJbHhIH Heps; 7 - rrepe)l.HHii Mosr; 7' - o60Hl!TeJibHhlii Moar; 7" - rr poMelKYTO'IHblii Mosr; 8 - rJiaaHoii rryahlpb c rJia3KaMH fecce; 8' - rJiaa­ Hoii 6oKaJI c 'IYSCTSHTeJibHhIMH KJieTK aMH H HapylKHblM IIHrMeHTHblM CJIOeM; 9 - npo-

' spa'!Hall '13CTb KOlKH; 9' - porosHu,a; JO - CKJiepa; 11 - xpycTaJJHK; 12 - 3pHTeJJbHhlii Heps; 13 -'IYSCTSHTeJJbHble KJieTKH opraHa 6oKOSOH JIHHllH; 13' - cJiyxosaH HMKa; 13"­ cJiyxosall IIJiaKO)l.a; 13"' - CJiyxosoii rr yahlpeK (cTaTOIJ,HCT); 14 - a<j><j>epeHTHble OTpOCTKH 'IYSCTSHTeJibHhIX KJieToK; 14' - cJiyxosoii Heps; 15 - CKeJJeTHaH KarrcyJia; 16 - cp'e)l,HHH

Moar; 17 -sa)l.HHii Mosr.

'495

PHc. 292. PasBHTHe nepeROH'laToro na6HpHHTa

A CJiyxoaas n.&aKQJla; E . - CJIYXoBaH HMKa; B, F cJ1yxosoli nyahlpeK B paspese;

P.. E -·o6pasosaHHe noJiyKpyJKHhlX KaHaJioB H YJIHTKH; )I( - nepenoH'!aTh!H Jia6HpHHT pb16bl; 3 - nepe1IOH'l8THH.Jia6HpHHT M.leKOilHT810UJ.ero; 1 - 9HOJIHM!f>aTH'leCKHH npoToK;·

5 oBaJI:&Hhlif H 6 xpyrnhlif MeWO'IKH; 5', 6' paaHosecHhle nHTHa; 7 noJiyKpy:lK- Hble KBHBJibl; 8 -33'13I OK YJJHTKH; a· Jiareua; 8" YJIHTKa; 9 aMnyJia; H pas­

pe3 2M;IlYJib1: 1 - KynyJIH; 2 - Heifpo9nHTeJIHA; 2' - ero BOJIOCKH; 3 - rpe6eHb 3MUYJihl;

4 - He (IlyHKTHpOM noKa3aHo CMeW.eHHe Kynym,i npH .ltBH:lKeHHH.)

IJ,l:ICTbl. y HaseMHbIX :>Kl:IBOTHbIX opraHhl paBHOBec1:151 coe.n;1:1H5IIOTC5I c opraHaMH CJiyxa B e.n;1:1HhlH annapaT. y BO.l(HhlX :>Kl:IBOTHb X ti:yBCTBl:!Te.JlbHbie KJieTKl:I Ha 60- KOBOi' HOBepXHOCTM iena o6pa3yIOT OOKaJIOBl:l.l(Hhle opraHhl 60KOBOH Jil:IHl:ll:I (13).

<l>yHKU.1:151 l:IX 3aKJIJOti:aeTC5I B BOcnp1:15ITl:ll:I HOpMaJibHOro IlOJIO:>KeH1:15.I Te.na B npo­ CTPaHCTBe B cocro.s:IHl:ll:I Il0K05I l:IJIH .l(BI:1:>KeHI:15.I. qaCTb opraHOB 60KOBOH Jll:IHl:ll:I, KOTOphle y np·e)l.KOB no:!BoHoti:HbIX pacnoJiaraJIHCb no 6oKaM roJIOBHoro Moara B B1:1.n;e CJiyxoBhlX fIJiaKo.n;, norpya1:1JI1:1Cb B rny6b Te.na. CHati:aJia OHi:! 06paao­ BaJI1:1 5IMKl:I Ha KO:>Ke. 3aT OTBepCT1:15.I 5.IMOK 3aMKHYJil:l<;b, clflopM1:1poBaJIC5I no.n­

KO:>KHhlH nyab1peK - CTaTOU.l:ICT, .HanOJIHeHHhlH :>KH.l(KOCTbIO. Heps STOH ti:aCTH opraHa 60K0BOH Jil:IHl:IH OT.l{e.JJl:IJIC5I OT OCTa.11-bHhlX HepBOB c o6pasoBaH1:1eM HOBOro

peu.enTOpa, socnp1:1HHMaio ero MexaH1:1ti:ecK1:1e 1:1sMeHeH1:15.1

1

BHTl:IIO BHYTPeHHt}ro yxa 1:1 cJiyxoiloro Hepsa.

496

ti:TO np1:1se.no K pas­

CTaT011.1:1cr nepBoHaCJaJibHO coo6w.aJic.s1 c BHewHeii cpe.n.oii ti:epe3 3HJ1.0- JI1:1MclJaT1:1ti:eqmii npoTOK, KOT<?PbIH BnoCJie.l(CTBHH CTaJI 3aKaHti:1:1BaTbC5I . CJieno.

Oti:eHb paHo B pSI,ny no3BOHOti:HbIX CTaTOIJ.HCT no.n;pa3.l(e.riSieTC5.I Ha .n;Ba ·oT.n;eJia - Ha OBaJihHbIH 1:1 KpyrnhlH Mewoti:KH (5, 6). Hati:1:1Ha.s:I c pb16, B cTeHKax oBaJibHOro

Mernoti:Ka no.s:IBJIHIOTC.s:I TPH KlipMaHoo6pa3HhlX Bhln.s:Iti:1:1BaH1:1H B TPex B31UIMHO­ nepneH,n1:1KyJI51pHhlX nJIOCKOcrnx. B pesyJibTaTe cpacTaHHSI 1:1 n.OCJie.n;ylOlll,ero paccacb!BaHHSI u.eHTpaJihHbIX yti:aCTKOB 3THX Bhln.s:Iti:1:1BaH1:1H c6pa3yi<>TC" TPH

noJiyKpy:>KHhlX KaHaJia. B KpyrnoM Mewoti:Ke B03HHKaeT O.J\HO B11m5.1q1:1srume, 1:1Me10mee cpOpMy 6yTh!JIOqKH, JiaieHa (8'). T Ha3eMitblX >KHB6ilTHblX (KpOKOAHJibl, nTHIJ.hl If o.n.Honpoxo.n;Hb1e) JiareHa npeBpaw.aeTC51 B ymrrKy - opraH CJiyxa B B1:1.n;e CJia6o 1:13ornyroI1 Tpy6oti:KH. Y )K1:1Bopo.nm11.1:1x MJieKon11Ta10lll.MX YJIHTKa CHJihHO pa3paCTaeTC5.I 1:1 o6pa3yeT HeCKOJibKO c1mpaJibHblX 3aBJ1TKOB (y eXM}l;HbI

1/2 BHTKa, y e:>Ka 1 ¹12. y KHT006pa3Hb!X 1 ¹/2-2, y Kp0.11HK2 2 ¹

/2,

y co6aKH

1:1 KOWKH 3, y :>KBati:HblX 3 ¹/2 BHTKa). Ha CTeHKaX OBaJibHOfO 1:1 KpyrJioro Me- II,IOtJ:KOB 1:1 JiareHbl HaXO)l,5iTC5I paBHOBeCHbie Il5ITHa 1:13 cryBCl'BlileJibffblX K.J1eTOK co CTaT0KOH1:15.IMH (cTaTOJI1:1TaM1:1), • T. e. MeJIKHMH KpHCTaJIJU!KaMH yrneKHCJIOH

H3BecTH. OH1:1 cJiy:>KaT .l(JI.s:I socnp1:1SIT1:1H H3MeHeH1:1ii noJiomemrn roJIOBbl. KpoMe

. Toro, B aMnyJiaX IlOJIYKPY:>KHb!X KaHaJIOB 1:1MeIOTC5.I paBHOBecHbie rpe6HH (S)

6e3 CTaTOKOHHH. CTocJie.l(Hf e CJJy:>KaT .l(JI.s:I BOCilpH5.ITH5.I H3MeHeHf H B CKOpOCTl:I

.l(BH:>KeHHSI HJIH Bpam.eHH.s:I. . .

,llJI.s:I Ha3eMHhIX :>KHBOTHbIX xapaKrepHo HaJI1:1l!1:1e cpe.n.Hero yxa B KaqecTBe

.no6aBoti:Horo opraHa, yJiaBJJ1:1BaIOrn.ero 3ByKOBhle BOJIHhI· 1:1 nepe.n;a!Olll,ero 1:1x

KOJie6amrn BO BHyTpeHHee yxo. Cpe.n;Hee yxo npoacxo.n;1:1T 1:13 nepsoii B1:1cu.epaJib- HOH lll,eJIH - 6pb13raJihIJ.a. BHyTPeHHHH OTJI.eJI cpe.n;Hero yxa coxpaHSieT coo6- m.eH1:1e c IlOJIOCTb!O rJIOTKH qepe3 CJiyxosyro Tpy6y, a Hapy:>KHblH OT.l(eJI ero

aKpbrnaerc.s:I 6apa6aHHOii nepenoHKoii. CToCJie.n;mrn coe.n;1:1HS1eTC5.I oco6oii cJiy- XOBOH KOCTOtJ:KOH (CTOJJ61:1K - columella) c OKHOM. npeMBepHH BHyTpeHHero yxa. TaK1:1M o6pa30M KoJJe6aHH5.I 6apa6aHHOH nepenoHKH nepe.n;aIOTC.s:I no neptt-

0KHO YJIHTKH nOSIBJJSieTCSI, HallHHaSI c penTHJJHH, y HHX OHO 3aKpMBaeTC5.I

BHyTpeHHeii 6apa6aHHOH nepenoHKOH, ycHJIHBaIOUI,eH KOJie6aTeJII:>Hbi e ,11:i31:1:>KeHl15.I

y MJieKOilHTaIOlll,llX CTOJIOHK npeBpalll,aeTCSI B CTpeMeti:KO, a 3a cti:eT tJ:eJIIOCT­ HOH (:>Ka6epHQH) .nyrn pa3BttBaIOTCH HaKOBaJibH5I 1:1 MOJIOTOti:eK, KOTOpbie, coe.n1:1- H5U!Cb B II€Rh CJiyXOllMX KOCTOll:eK 3a CYeT .neikTBJJSI zrnyx MaJieHbKHX Mb!WIJ. Hanp.s:IraTeJI.s:I 6apa6aHHOH nepenoHK:i:! 1:1 c.rpeMeHHOH MhlWIJ.hI, ocyrn.ecTBJI.siIOT aKKOMo.nau.1:1IO opraHa CJiyxa.

Bapa6anna:H nepenonKa y 3€MHOllOJ{HMX pacnonarancSI noBepXHOC<rHO,

B TO BpeM.s:I KaK y OCTaJibHbIX :>KHBOTHbIX OHa Jie:>K1:1T·60Jiee. rny6oKO 1:1 K Hell CHa­

py:>KH BeJJ.eT ·Hapy:>KHbIH CJiyxoBOH npoxo.n - npHMHTl:IBHOe mipy:>KHOe yxo, 3a­

WJIUJ.8IOID;ee 6apa6anny10 nepenomry. Do KpaJO H;apyJKHOrO CIIyXOBOro npoxona

y HeKOTOphlX peDTHJIHH Il05.IBJI5.leTC5I CKJ}a.l(Ka KO:>KH, cnoco6cTByIOU1,a.s:I yJiaBJIH­ BaHHIO 3ByKOBbIX BOJIH; . y MJJeKOilHTa!Olll,HX OHa .l(OCT1:1raeT 3,Hati:HTeJibHOfO pasa11mS1, noJiy ti:aer xpnmeson OCTOB H cTaHOBHTC:H yumoli paKOllHHOH. Docne.!l- HSl}l CJiy:>KHT .l(JISI yJiaBJillBaHHH 3ByKOB 1:1 Il03T0MY CHa6:>KeHa 60Jibllil:IM tJ:ttCJIOM

MblUIIJ.. y ..l(HKHX :>KHBOTHbIX, 3a HCKJIIOl!eHHeM CJIOHOB, YWHbie paKOBHHbl,HHKOr­

:na He 6hIBaRJ'I' onyIII.eHHblMH, KaK 3TO 6b!BaeT y ;l(OMBUJHHX JIHIBOTIIblX y H€-

Korophlx nopo.n co6aK, cB1:1Heii 1:1 oBeu.. BeJJ1:1ti:1:1Ha ywHoii paKOBHHhl BJimieT Ha OCTPOTY CJiyxa, oco6emo y HOti:HbIX :>KHBOTHh X. C yMeHhl:lleH1:1eM noJJ.BH:>KHOCTH

YUIHOH paKOBHHbl npQHCXOJLHT PeJ:LYKl.(H>I Mhlmn, ee pasMepoB H <flopMbl ' (y ¹Ie

JIOBeKa). . .