3Al(ohomephocth xo,ll.A h betbji eh h.Sl cocy)lOb
H&- paHHHX CTa)l.IMIX cocy)l.bl y 3ap0,!1.b IIIa saKJia)l.bIBaIOTcH B BH)l.e ceTH.
c IlOHBJleHHeM TIYJlbCHpyiow.ero cep)l.ua KpOBb B CBOeM pycJJe oKa3bIBaeTCH TIO)!.
HeKOTOpb M )l.aBJleHHeM, CH.ha KOTOporo YBMH4HBa<nCH nponopUHOH3JlbHO Ha-. pacTaHHIO MYCKyJiaTypbI cep,!1.ua. 00)1. B03)1.eHcTBHeM cep,!1.Ua B03HHKaeT TOK KposH no Kpyry H cocy)l.HCTaH ceT& AH'<txPepeHUHPYeTCH Ha apTepHH, c OOJ1ee TOJlCTbIMH CTeHKaMH, H BeHbl - c TOHKHMH CTeHKaMH, a OCTaJibHYIO qactb CeTH
06pasy10T Kanwi.1rn:p1>1. Xo.n. H seTBJieiure octtOBHblX cocyB IIO,ll4J1HeHbl onpe-
)l.MeHHbIM saKoHoMepHOCTHM. CTpHse)l.eM rnasHefiume HS HHX.. ·
-
Cocy.IU>I HJlYT BMecTe c HepsaMH B cocyiJucmo-nepeHblX nyiurox. CTy4KH 33KJIIOI!.eHbI B $acum'1JibHble s.naraJililll;a, O'I KO'IOpt>ix BHy:tpb nyqKa OTXO)l.HT
neperopO)l.KH, pa3)1.eJJHIOW.H )l.pyr OT ,!1.pyra apTepm1, BeHhl H Hepsbl. JlHIIIb B OT)l.eJJbHbIX CJiyqaHX .COCYbl HJIH HepBblCJle)l.YIOT OOOCoOJieHHO B CBH3H C OCOOeH
HOCTflMH ux pasBMTHH. B qacrnocrn,B 10JIOBHOM Musre (Kupa noJJyI1IapHH) ap-
TepHH n seHbl seTBHTCH Ka>K)l.aH no-csoeMy (B. H. KJiocoscKHH).
2. OcHOBHble cocy,l(bl B ooJJaCTH TYJIOBHW.a, roJIOBbl H KOHeqHocre:H Hanpas JIH10'frn .Maeucmpa/l:Jl:Mtl , 'I. e. KpaI4a.HIIIl'IM nyTeM (pHC. 195, 208, 218). B CHJJY
3Toro OCHOBHbie MarHcrpa.IIH Ha TYJIOBHW.e npOXQ)l.HT BeHrpaJibHO OT Il03BOHOq oro CTOJIOa (aoprn, oOW.He COHHbie apTepHH, TIOJll>1e H HpeMHble BeHbl), a B
OMaCTM KOHet!HOC!eB Ha Me,11.l'laJibHblX HX IlOBepXHOCTHX H Ha crn6aTeJJbHbl X
nosepXHOCTHX cycTaBOB. HarypnMep, Ha Ta30BOH KOHeqHOCTH OCHOBHaH MarH
crpaJJb
npOXO)l.HT
Me.nnaJibHO
OT
TIO)l.M)l.OIIIHOH
KOCTH Ha
CfHOaTeJJbHYIO
nose
X·
nisa,
onycKaeTCH
no
Me)l.HaJihHOH
nosepxHOCTH
oe.n-
peHHOH KOCTH Ha crnoaTMbHYIO nosepXHOCTb KOJieHHOro cycrasa, saTeM Ha
CfHOaTMbHYIO ·nosepXHOCTb 33TIJlIOCHeBOrO cycraoo H, HaKOHeU, Ha Crtt03TeJJb· Hyru nospxHOCTb cycTaBOB naJihUeB. Pa3Hhie yqacTKH MarncrpaJJH noJiyaIOT
pa3JJHqHble
Ha3B3HHH
-
HJIH
no
TeM
oOJiaCTHM
TeJia,
KOTOpble
OHH
nepeceK'aIOT,
HJIH
no
HX
TI(:)JIO>KeHHIO
cpeJJ.H
,!1.pyr11x
cocy)l.OB.
TaK,
Han
HMe
,
OCHOBHaH
Ma·
HCrpaJJb
Ta30BOH
KOHeqHOCTH
B
0
JiaCTH
Il0)1.B3)1.0IIIHOH
KOCTfl
Ha3bIBaeTCH
Ha
PY>KHOH
no)1.B3)1.0IIIHOH
apTepHefi,
s
ooJJaCTH
oe.npa
-
oe,!1.peHHofi
apTepnefi,
)l.a
Jiee
no
)l.KOJieHHOH,
nepe,ll.Hefi
oOJibIIIeOe
uosofi,.
)l.O
caJihHOH
3anJJ10cHesofi
n.1110cHeso
.
H,
HaKOHeu,
o
w.eH
naJihueso:H"
apTepHe:H.·
BeH03Hble
MarHcrpaJIH
PH<:. 195. CxeMa apTepHii TYJIOBHII\a:
1 - OCHOBHaH MarHCTpaJib TYJIOBHII\a (aopTa); 2-MarncrpaJI·b JI.JI.fl rneH, r:OJIOJ!bl H rpy.i{HoH KOHe'IHOCTH (00,llKJl!O'IH'IHaH aprepHH); 3 -MarHCTpaJ!b B CBOOOJI.HblH OTJI.eJI Ta30BOH KOHe'l
HOC'FH (Hapy:l!maH noJI.B3JI.OUIHaH apTepm1); 4 -cerMeHTHhle apTepHH TYJIOBHII\a (MeJK pe6epHhle H DOHCHH'!Hble apTepHH); 5 - BeTBH K BHyTpeHHHM opraHaM; 6 ...:_ BeTBH K M¥W·
uaM, JJeJKall\HM snepe)J.H HJIH D03a}J.H MaHCTpaJIH.
11• 323
Hc.
-
THnhl BeTBJieHHli H aHac1'oMo30J3
ceTh; 4 - apTepHoBeH03HhlH aHaCTOM03; 5 -
KanHJIJI11pHa11 ceTh; a - ap:repH11; B - BeHa•
. B OCHOBHOM, 3a HeMHOrHMH HCKJJioqemrnMH, Ha3h1Ba!OTCH TaK >Ke, KaK H apTepHH,'
BMecTe c Karop b MH OHM Hli yT. -
-
Ko BCeM opraHaM, MHMO KOTOpb X MarHCTPaJJb npoXO.lIHT, OHa OT.liaeT
OOKOBhle BeTBH (HJ:m nOJiyllaeT aeTBH, ecJIH HMeeTCH B BH.lIY seH03HaH Marn
crpa.ub) JlHaM.MJl 60KOBbTX BeTBeH DOJJHOCTblO COOTBeTCTBYeT KaK BeJIHlIHHe opraHa, B KOTOpbIH OHH CJleIOT, TaK H HHTeHCHBHOCTH ero KpOBOCHa6>KeHHfl,
o6yc.noBJieHHOH BhIIlOJIHfleMo <i>YHKUJleiL HanpHMep, apTepHH lll,HTOBH.lIHOH
)KeJie3bl H llO!IeK Kpym11>1e, HecM01JHI.Ha OTHOCWi;enbHO He60JlblIIYIO BeJ:mqHHY OoCJJy:>1msaeMblx opraHoB: DOKOBhie BeTBH MarHCTpaJJeH IlOJl)t:llalOT CBOH Ha-
3BaHHfl TaIOKe no opraHaM, B KOTOpbie OHH H)l.yT, HanpHMep noqeqHafl, >KeJiy Jl01IHaH,.· Re'feHO'IHaH apTep1m, HJIH no CBOeMy llOIIOOKeHmo, uanpHMep 6enpeH-
Hafl . apTepHfl KpaHHaJihHaH, Kax)laJibHaH, HJlH' rnyooKaH. ' •
-
06.naCTH BeTBJieHHH ooKOBb X BeTBeH: MarncTpaJieli .lIOBOJibHO nocTOHHHhl
;llU:>Ke B pH;llY >ICMBOTHbIX, B 'fd BpeMSI KaK nopHJlOK OTXC»K)l.emrn ii'x OT Marncxpa- JIM MO>KeT C'HJibHO BapbHpOBaTI> He TOJlbKO y pa3Hb X BHJlOB >KHBOTHblX, HO )l.a>Ke
H BHYTPH BH)l.a (HHJlHBH)l.yaJibHbie sapHaUHH). TaK, nopH)l.OK OTXO>K.lieHHH ap TepMH B OfrJiaCTH POJIOBbl y Bcex ;llOMaIIHIMXllmBOTHblX paaJIH'IeH; HO o6JiaCTfl HX BeTBJieHHH 0)1.HHaKOBbI.
-
Xo.zt H BeTBJieHHe MarncTPaJieli H HX serseli no)l.qHHeJihl TaK>Ke 06U1,HM 3aKOHOMepHOC11JM CTpO'emrn Tena (O;!l;HOOCHOCTb, Me'l'aMepm1 H JJ.BYCTOpOHHHH CHMMfTPHH). CTpo,ztpJibHhIMH cocy)l.aMH Te.na, HBJIIOTCfl .aoprn · H ee np6.lio.n
>KeHHe - cpe)l.HHHhle KpOCTUOBaH H XJ30CTOBafl apTepHH, KOTOpb M COOT BeTC'i'By.tdr seHhl Kay;n:aJihHaH nOJtafl . BeHa fl ;aj>. MeTaMepHble cocy,iun xopomo Bblpa>KeHbl TaM, r)l.e cyw.ecTByer MeTaMepHH, H B ,!1.pyrnx CHCTeMaX opraHOB,
rJiaBHblM oopa30M B CKeJieTe H MYCKyJiaType TYJJOBHUJ,a. K MeTaMepHbIM cocy)l.aM
OTHOCflTCfl Me>Kpe6epHbie, IlOHCHl'llIHble, Kpec'I'UOBhle ap 1ep1m fl BeHb , cerMeHT
1
Hble BeTBli nossoHoqHoli, BHYTPeHHeli rP.Y.lIHOH H ,!1.pyrnx apTepHli. JlsycropoH
HHH CHMMeTpHH Bhlpa>KaeTCH B . HaJJHqH\i npaBblX H JIBblX apTepHH B o6JJaCTH TYJJOBHUJ.HhlX cTeHoK, B TO speMH KaK Ha. HenapHbIX BHYTJ>.eHHl'IX op1 aHax fl co CY.libI HenapHhle. THn BeTBJieHHfl apTepHli B cerMHTe HahIBaeTCH afleuoMepoM.
-
BoKOBble seTBH MarncTpaJieii o6pasyioT .n;pyr c .zi.pyroM aHacmoM03bl
HaHOOJJee xopOIIIO Bhlpa>KeHHble Ha IlO)l.BH>KHb X opraHaX (<KeJiy)l.OK, KHIIIeqHHK . H .zrpyrHe TPY6qaThle opraHbI), B o6JJacTH cycrnsos KOHeqliocTeli, Ha TYJJOBHIUHbIX
. cTeHKax, a TaK>Ke. B.HYTPH opra.HoB. oJiaro,!1.apH aHaCTOM03aM o6pasyioTCH KoA
AamepaAu - OOXO)l.Hhle nyTH, ooeC:neqHBaIOUI,He KpOBOCirn6>KeHHe opraHa npH
pa3JIHqHbIX 3aTPYP.HeHHHf B -TOKe KpOBH no OCHOBHbIM npOBO)l.HIUHM coc;y)l.aM (pHC. 196). . .
-
Pa3JIHqaioT qerblpe THna· BeTBJieHHH ainepHH:: pacchlnHoli, MarncTPaJib-
324
HbIH, .zu1xOTOMFrnecKHH H KoHueBoif. Paccwuwu mun eemMe1tuR :cocy.n;oB xapaK- ' TepH3yeTCj{ TeM, 11TO TIO.ll.XOJJJ µl;HH cocy.n cpa3y)J.eJJHTCH Ha PRZJ; MeJI°KHX BeTBJie
HHH He Bcer,n;a oHHaKOBoro KaJiu6pa (HanpHMep, rny6oKaH rrJie11eBaH apTepHH y JIOIIIa,n;H). DpH MaeucmpaAbflOM mune Bet1113AeflUR BeTBH 0-FXO,llHT OT OCHOBHOf() CTBOJia B TOM HJIH HHOM nopH,n;Ke, HanpHMep BHCUepaJJbHbJe· H napHeTaJibHbie apTep H OT aopTbl. Dpli iJuxomoMutteCKOM eemMeflUU o,n;HH apTepHaJihHbIH .cTBOJI
)J.eJIHTCH Ha JI.Ba coBepIIIeHHO 0.ll.HHaKOJ;lblX CTBOJIHKa (BHJIOo6pa3HO), IJ:eM .ll.OCTH•
raeTCH paBHOMepHOe H 0.ll.HHaKOBOe KpOBOCHa6>KeHHe COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HX y11acT KOB, HanpttMep 06I11HH COHHbIH CTBOJI AeJUl'I'CSI Ha npaBym M nesyro o6rn;He COHHble apTepHH. Kofl l{eeotl mun eemeAeflUJl oTJIHIJ:aeTcH OTCYTCTBHeM aHaCTOM030B Me1K,n;y
. Me.llKHMH BeTOIJ:KaMH COCe,llHHX aptepHH (aHaCTOM03bl KaTIHJIJIHpOB BO BHHMaHHe
-
He npHHHMa10TCH.) OH Ha6.nIOJ1.aercsi B Moate, eep;llue, JierKHX, neqeeH, noJVKeJIY·
,n;o11Hoii 1Ke.Jiese, no11Kax; ce.neseHKe. CTpeHMyrn;ecTBO KOHUeBblx apTepHH 3aKJI10-
11aercH B TOr.1, 11TO H3 IIHX KpOBb nocTynaer B TKaHH IlOJl 60JihlUHM, H O,llHHaKO BblM naBJJettHeM; KPYIIHbIM *0 He.JWCTaTKOM MX R:BJrne1cn TO, qro B CJiy11ae sa:-
KynopKH Ta.KOro cocy,n;a {TJ>OM60M) COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HH y11aCToK opraHa He IIOJIY- 11aer KpOBH, rrro HeMHayeMO Be)J.eT ero K. OMepTBeHHIO.
-
Tim Bemnemu1 apTepHH: BHYTJ'lf OfJlt:JibHblX opraHOB saBHCHT oT oco-
6eHHOCTeii: not.Tle)J.HHX B"OTHOCUeHHH pa3BITTHH, CTpOeHHH H tPYHKUHH (pHc. 197).
-
KpoaocHa6>KeHHe Kocmeu o6yCJioBJieao HX THnoM CTJ>OeHHH H a3BH-
M03ra,
Ha)J.KOCTHHUbl
H
caMOH
KOCTHOH TKaHH• .llJIH KOCTHOro Mosra B ,n;JIHHHblX 1'py611aTbIX KOCTHX npoxo,n;HT
3nm)msapHbie cocy,n;hl H o,n;HH Uua<jJusapflbld cocyiJ - a. diaphysa:r.is, s. a. n utri-
·tia OH BXOfn B uoe'fHY!O IlOJIOCi b l'I J(ertHTCH B HeH Ha npoKCHMaJibHYIO H JlH CTaJibHYIO BeTBH, HanpaBJIHIOlll.HecH. K COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HM mmjm3aM, c 'cocy;w
M!'f KOTOpblx OHH H aHacroM03Hpy10T. KocrHoe selll.eCTBo .n:Ha H3a nOJI 11aeT
. HKOB
H3
Ha'AKOCTHHUbl
·-
OHH
H.IJ.YT
B
CHCTe-
MY
raBepcoBbIX
KaHaJJOB,
r.11.e
H
aHacTOM03HpyroT
c
BeTBHMH
a..
nutritia.
B
KOCT
Hhlii.
M03r
3IlHcpH30B
.ll.JIHHHbIX.
H.
KOpOTK'HX
KOcTeii:
Han
aBJIHeTCH
no
HecKOJib
, hie.
npoHaKa10T
B
.
ry611aroe
.Bew.ecrBo
KOCTeiL
CTJIOCKHe-
KOCTH
TaK>Ke
CHa6:>KeHbl
MH01'.'011HCJieHHblMH
cocyJJ:aMH,
CJie)J.yIOIUHMM
B
H8)J.KOCtHHUY.
a
H3
noCJie.n;Heii
.
'B.
KOCTHOe
BeIUecTBO. ·'
B. KpoBornat»KeRHe Mbltul{ 3aBHCHT OT H:x cpopMhl, THna CTJ>OeHHH, noJio
>KeHHH, oco6eHHOCTeii: pa38HTHH H <j:>yHKUHH, KOTOpble KpaHHe pa3H006pa3Hbl; 0Tc10.11.a H 6oJibIIIOe pasHoo6pasHe 8 xo,n;e, BeTBJieHHH H KOJIH11
cJiy>KHBaThCH
0.11.HHM
HJIH
HecKOJibKHMH
cpcy,n;aMH•
Om1
BeT
BHTCH
B
Heii:
no
Marnc1'paJihHOMY
HJ!H
paccbinHoMy
THny.
MeJIKHe
cocy)l.bl
BHYT-
pii
MblIIIUbI
H.11.YT
mipaJIJieJibHO
xo.11.y
ee
n
lJKOB.
MhliiI
bl '
TY,
HMeIOT
H
OJihIIIee
KOJIH11ecTBO
cocy40B.
B.
CyxorHCUllUR
u
CBJ1.3KU
noJiy11a10T
nHTaHHe
H3
HecKOJihKHX
HCTOIJ:HHKOB.
Me.nh11aiiIIIHe
cocy,ll.bl
H:zlYT
na
aJIJieJibHO
n
11K
o cocy.n;oB Bo MHOro pas MeHhIIIe, 11eM B MbIIUUax.
r.
KpoBOCHa6>KeHHe
nOJJOCTHbIX
mpy6ttantblx
OpeafloB
KpaHHe
pa3HOo6pa3-
HO.
Cocy.11.hl
ho.11.xo,n;Ht
K
o
raH
co
do
OHbl •
B)J.O b opraHa aHaCTOM03bl, OT KOTOpblX MeTaMepHO OTXOJlHT BeTBH B CTeHKY
opraHa. Ha caMOM opraire cocyJJ.bl .11.eJIHTCH TaK, lJTO oxBaTb1Ba10T ero KOJihUe o6pa3HO H nOCbIJia10T BeTBH K, OTlleJibJ;lh M nJJaCTaM opr;ma. B KaJKJJ;OM nJiaCTe
KOHUeBble COCY.llbl BeTBHTCH HeO)J.HHaKOBO B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ero CTJ>YKTYPbl.
B KHIIIe11HOii: cieHKe cocy.11.pi BeTBHTCH, KpOMe roro, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THna . IlHTaHHH: y XHlll;HblX >KHBOTHbIX cocynbl JJeDTOapeaJH1Hbl@ («ymrnn&Jibttble»), T, e.
OT OCHOBHbIX CTBOJiHKOB .BeT011KH QTXQ){HT no,n; OCTJ>blMH ·yr.i:IaMH, y 1'paBOH)J.Hb K,
Hanpon B; 3BpHapeaJibHble («uIHpOKODOJibHble>>) - BeT011KH OTXO)J.HT. TIO.II. 6oJiee. TynhIMH yrnaMH (no A. H. A.naesy H C. H. KacaTKHHy).
. .ll. KpoBOCHa6>KeHHe napeflxUMatn03flbtX opeafloe prnH11aercH 6oJibIUHM . pa3H006pa3HeM COOTBeTCTBeHHO oco6eHHOCTHM HX cpyHKUHH, CTJ>OeHliH, .pa3Bh:
THSI H ¢opMbI. TaK, Ha e.n;HHHUY o6oeMa. opraHa B O.llHY ce'.KyH.ll.Y KpOBH npoTe KaeT: B lll;H'OOBH)J.HOH >KeJiese - 5,5 e)J.HH}fUbl o6neMa KpOBH, B Ha)J.IlOIJ:ettHH· xax - 4,9, B nOlJKaX - 1,0, B CJIIOHHbIX >KeJie3aX B nOKOe - 0,76, a npH' HX
325
PHc. 197. HeKOTOpbie THnbl eeTB
I -Kpoeoc a(hKeHHe KOCTeii; 1 -,zurn<t>naapHMIapTepmr; 2 - ano<jmaapHble a.; 3 - co
.n;oe e MblWUy; 2 -KanHJIJH!pHal! ceTb e MaJio)lel!TeJibHoii MblWUe (/11 - rpynHal! MblWUa ua rOJiy6H); a ""- MblllleqHble BOJIOKHa (no E. <I>. J1HCHUKO¥Y); V - KpoeocHa6>K:eHHe KH· MeCTO BCTYDJieHHl! cocy,n;a B opraH; II -THO bl BeTBJieHHll cocy,D;oB KHweqHHKa; a - Jien-
v
·KacaTKHHy); VII I -·eeTBJieHHe noqeqHoii apTepHH; 2 -MecTO scTynneHHl! apTepHH e M03roeall apTepn11); .2 -KOJibUeBhle eeTeH; 3 ·-·apTepHl! 6eJioro Moaroeoro eeruecrea;
ee .!lOPC8JlbH8ll H BeHTpaJihH3H BeTBH;
326
pa6c>Te - B 25 pas ooJihIIIe, B MhIIIIUax -.B cpe.1J.HeM 0, 12, a npH paoOTe aHa•
. qHTeJihHO oOJihIIIe (.IJ.O 20 paa). ·
E. Ee1we u cepoe BeUfeCmBQ cnwuweo .Mosea cHa.6>1rneTcH KpOBhIO HeO.IJ.HHa-
.. Koso. HcroqHHKOM IlHTaHHH ero HBJIHIOTCH cer:MeHTHble apTepHH. AHacTOM03H pyH, OHH oopasy10T npO.IJ.OJihHhIH cocy.IJ. -:-- a. spinalis ventralis, OT, Koropoto OTXO.IJ.HT napHhle nonepe11Hble KOJihnesble BeTBH, nHTaIOIII.He oeJioe Mo_;:irosoe sem,ecrso, H HenapHhre apTepHH .IJ.JIH ceporo Moarosoro semecrsa. Ha oaaaJibHOH IlOBepXHOCTH fOJIOBHOfO M03ra oopasyeTCH CHCTeMa apTepHH, OT KOTOpOH OT
.,xo1rnT BeTBH B To.nmy Mosra Kposocuao:w:eirne oMoro 11 ceporo Mosroaoro Be- .
III.ecTBa HOO.IJ.HHaKoso. B Kope noJiyIIIapHii HMeIDTCH oOHJihHble KanHJIJIHpHble aHaCTOM03bl. .
)K llepu¢eputtec1we cocyaw u H€{}8bl na sceM nx nponnKettMM noJiy11a101 , nmaHHe H3 pa3HblX HCT011HHKOB. '
3. KoOJCa HMeeT nosepXHOCTHYIO H rnyooKyIO cocy)l.HCTble CeTlf. nepe;rn c 0011ee MeJIKl'IMfl cocaMH JI©KHT na rpamm,e coco'IKOBoro M cer11aror o CJiuH, a BTopaH, c ooJiee KPynlihlMH cocy)l.aMH, - Ha rpaHHue ceT11aTOro CJIOH ocHoBbl KO>KH C IlO)l.KO>KHblM CJIOeM. '
9. AHacmo.AWBbl, HJIH coe unmTeJibttbie BeTBM, = ramus anaslomotkus,
. s. r. communicans - no,!1.pas)l.eJIHIOTCH Ha HecKOJibKO THnos: apTepHaJibHhle
.n.ym, apTepHaJibHhre ceTH, 11y.n.ecHhle ceTH, cocy.1J.H.CThle' cnJieTeHHH, aprepHoJio- BeHJrnp1ihle anacTOM03bI (pac. · 196). Apmeptta.llbflbte i)yzu arcus arteriosus CoeJI.HHHIOT apTepHH, HJl.YIII.He K OJl.HOMY H TOMy e opraHy, HanpHMep. Me>K)J.y
-
eHHll BHYTPHOpraHHhlX cocynos'
CYllhl Ha,n;KoCTHHUbl; II , Ill , IV -KpoBocHao>K:eHHe MhlWU; 1 - MeCTa scrynJieHHll cocy· KypHUhl); 3 -K80HJIJillpHall CeTh B SHeprH•IHo pa6oT8IOII\eH MhlWUe ( IV -rpy,D;Hall MhlW• me•rnoif Tpy6KH; a - noncepoaHall H 6 -no,D;CJIH3HCTall seTBH; VI - cocy,n;hl ne11eHH;' 1 -
ToapeaJibHhlli (Y3KODOJlbHhlli) THn; 6 -SBpHapeaJibHhlH (wHpOKODOJlbHhlli) THO (no c. A.
'opraH; Ix - apTepHH CilHHHOI'O Moara; 1 - OCHOBH8ll M8I'HCTp8Jih (BeHTp8JibH8ll COHHHO
-
- apTepHll ceporo M03I'OBOI'O Bell\eCTBa; 5 - CDHHIIOM03I'OB8H cerMeHTHall BeTBh; 5' -
6 -,AopcaJibHas COHH_HOM03I'OB8H apTepHH.
327
KHIIIetJHhlMH apTepHHMH. ApmepuaAbHaR cetnb - refe artetiosum - oopasyeTCH KOHUeBhIMH apTepHflMH, HanpHMep nepe,n. BCTYTIJieHHeM cocy)l.OB B KHIIIetrnyIO cTeHKy. l/yaecHaR cocyiJucmaR cemb.- rete mirabile - o6pasyeTCfl no xo)l.y 0)1.HOHMeHHOro cocy)l.a, KOf)l.a, HanpHMep,. apTepHfl, pacna)l.aflCb Ha Pfl)I. MeJI KHX BeTotJeK, nepeXO)l.HT B KaTIHJIJiflpbI, . KOTOpble 3aTeM, o6'be)l.HHflflCb, BHOBb
¢opMHPYIOT apTepHIO, pacna.n.aK>w.yIOCfl Ha KO,HUeBble KaTIHJIJiflpbI, nepeXO)l.fl W.He B BeHhI. TaK, B cocy)l.HcTbIX KJiy6otJKax notJeK nepexq)l.flT B BeHhl He KanHJI-.
nspbl K.ny60YKOB, a KDH.\;IJIHphl cocy,u.a, BbIHOCHw.ero KpOBb H3 KJJYOOYKOB B netJeHH tiy)l.ecHafl BeH03Hafl CeTb oopaayeTCfl KailHJIJiflpaMH OPOTliOH BeHbl. 3HatieHHe tJy)l.eCHhIX ceTeH aaKJIIOttaeTCfl B 3aMe)l.JleHHH ToKa KpOBH B HHX. Cocy
iJucmoe en llemeUtte plexus · vasculosus · oTJIK11aeTC.S1 OT· cocyAUcTOH ceTH TeM, 1JTO o6pa3yIOW.He ero cocy)l.hl Jie:>Ka.T He B 0)1.HOH IlJIOCKOCTH, a B pa3Hb!X, HanpHMep cocy)l.HCThle .cTIJieTeHHfl B roJJoBHOM Moore. Apmepuo11.0-eeHy.11.RpHbti1.
·
aHacmo.Atoa anastomosis
arteriolovenularis eenocpe*wennoe
coe,a.1rneHHe
apTepHOJJbl
c
BeHyJioH,
MHHYfl
KaTIHJIJiflPHYIO
ceTb.
Jl.HaMeTp
TaKHX
aHaCTOM030B
)l.OCTHraeT 0,05-0,5 MM.. ap1epHaJibHOH tiaCTH aHaCTOM03a HMeeTCfl CBOe
oopa3HblH qlHHKTep. f1pn BOMOUJ;M 9'fliX anaCTOM030B KpOBb ObICTPO OTBJITCfl
H3 )l.aHHOrO ytiaCTKa, HanpHMep, _npH npeKpaw.eHHH ,paoOTbl opraHa HJIH, Hanpo THB, npH 'c}')KeHHH cqmHKTepa ocyii.{eqBJifleTCfl ycHJieHHhIH npHTOK KpOBH B Kam1Nrnphl, 'ITO Bbl3bisaeT «paoolfy10 r1mepeMM10 opra1rn», lfeM M o6ecne<11tsa eTCfl pa60Ta opraHa. TaKHM oopa30M,. apTepH0.710-BeHyJiflpHhle aHaCTOM03bl Bbl nOJIHflIDT HCKJIIOtIHTeJibHO Ba:Hrnyro pOJib B <i>YHKUHH 9praHOB.
CEP)l.l{E
Cep,!1.ue - cor (rp. kardia) - npe,!1.cTaBJifleT co6oii: noJiblH MblIIIetJHblH op raH, ooecnetIHBaIOW.HH .TOK KpOBH · no KpoBeHOCHblM cocy)l.aM. 0Ho HMeer (pHC. 198) KOHYCOBH)l.fl:yIO ¢opMy c Bbipa>KeHHblM OCHOBaHHeM - basis cordis, HanpaBJieHHhIM ,!1.opcaJihHo, H BepxyrnKoli - apex cordis (18) - Kay)l.oBeHT paJihHO. Ha cep,!1.ue pa3JIHtiaIDT )I.Be noBep XHOCTH -.- yunwByro - facies auri
cti.laris, npe,!1.Cep,!l.HYIO - facies atrialis H )I.Ba Kpafl - npaBhIH LKeJIYJ!OtJK?-
Puc. 198. Cep,n;ue Koposb1:
A - CJJesa; E -.cn pasa; 1 - aorta; 2 - truncus brachiocephalicus; 3 - trun.cus pul monalis; 4.- lig. arteriosum; 5 -vv. pul monales; 6 - atrium sinistrum; 6' - atrium dextrum; 7 - v. azygos sinistra; 8 - auricula ·dexira; 9 - aur.icul a sinlstra; 10 --,- vent riculus dexter; 11 - ventriculus 'sinister; 12 - cy69nHKap,n;HaJibHblJ.i >KH p; 13 - sulcus interventricularis. paracon.alis; 13' - sulcus interventricularis subsi nuosus; 14 -r. interventricularis. subsinuosus; 15 -.JIHHHH n pHK penJieHHll. nepHK ap,n;a; 16 - v. cava ' caudalis; 17 - v. cava cranialis; 18 - apex cordis.
328
Bhli'i -'- margo ventricularis dexter -:--- H JieBhIU )KeJiy.n:o11KOBblii - margo ven- tricularis sinister. . ·
BHYTPH cep.n:ue pa3.n:e.neHo neperopo.n:Koli Ha i::ipasy10 H Jiesyio nOJIOBHHbI, KOTopbie, s csoio 011epe,nh, no.n:pas,zteJIHIDTCH Ha npeocepiJue - atrium cordis - H {JICeJZyiJotfeK - ventriculus cordis, coo6UJ,aiow.HecH MeJKJl.Y co6oif o6mHpHbIMH npeiJcepoH0-31CeJZyiJottK08blMU 011UJepCmUJU1.u - ostia atrioventricularia dexter et sinister. ' · ·
Dpe.n:cep)J.HH paCIIOJiaralO'l'CJI B OCHOBaHHH C@p)l,II;a H cnapy>KM OT >KeJJy;ZtM-
KOB OTJI.eJieHhl BeHettHoil. 6opoaiJou - sulcus coronarius. KIDKJI.oe npe.n.epJI.He HMeeT CJienble BhlnH11HBaHHH s BHJI.e yrneK - yu1xu npeiJcepouR - auricula atrii de)Ctra et sinistra (8, 9); OXBaThIBi:IIOW.Me co BC eTopOH aopTy H Jlet 011HYIO
- .
)l(eJiyJI.011KH .o6pasyioT 6oJibmyio 11ac'rb cep.n.ua. CHapy:nm CJieBa MeJl{JlY npaBhlM H JleBhIM )KMYJl'O'IkaMH npoXHT JieBan npO;ZlO;[lbHa.H, HJIH ttaplllWRaJltJ-• HaR M£{)1C.3fCeJZyiJottKOBaR 6oposiJa - sulcus interventricularis paraconalis (13), a cnpasa - npasaH npoJI.OJihHaH, HJIH noiJBeHo3HaR ,,,e:J/C3/CeJZyiJO'llCoeim, 60- poaiJa sulcus intraventrieularis subsinuosus (13'). 06e 6opo3.JJ.bl CXOJl.HTCH
Ms npasoro >Ke.nyJI.011Ka ·BhIXOJI.HT CTBOJI JZeeO'tHblX apmepwl - truncus pulmonalis (3), HMeIOUl,HH B caMOM Ha11aJie pacrnHpeHHe - sinus trunci pul• : monalis. OH pasMeUJ,ae1cn Ha ocHuBaH1u1 cepixua cnepe.n:H Me>KJl.y·ymKaMH npe.n: cepJI.HH. Csa.n.H OT CTBOJia Jief011HblX apTepliH Jie>KHT aopma - aorta (1), HatIH
Ha10U1,aHCH H3 JieBoro >KeJIYJI.011Ka, 06a cocy.n.a HanpaBJieHbl KayJI.aJibHO. · ,
B npasoe npe,n:cep.AHe sna.n:a10T K.paHUaJZbH.aR u Kay<kJJibHOJl noJihle seHbl vena cava cranialis et caudalis (16, 17). Ycrhe.KpaJ HaJihHOH noJioif BeHLI Ha-
3hIBaeTcn cuHgcoM noA.wc BeH - sinus venarum cavarum, KOTO blli cHa >KH Ka n eJI.cep HH . OTJI.e.neH noepaHu11,uou opo ou - su cus ,terminalis.
-
B .IIesoe npeJI.CepJI.He snaJI.al<>T JZeedttHble eeHbl - venae pulmonales (5) (y pa3iihIX
·>KHBOTHMX OT 5 .n.o '7). 0HH o6pasyroT TPH pacmHpeHHH npeAcpJl.HH - UeHT- · paJibHOe c ABYMH KpynHhIMH BeHaMH, nepe.n:HeJiesoe - c OJI.HOH BeHOH H nepe,nHe
npasoe - c 2-5 BeHaMH.
BHy'rpeHHHH uanUHblH
annapu
cep.IJ.II.a
ooecne11HBaeT TOK
KpOBH B
OlI-
HOM HanpaBJieHHH
- H3
npeAcepJI.HH )J{eJiy}loqKH, a HS
:>J<eJIY.llOiiKOB
- s'
aOpTy HJiH
COOTBeTCTBeHHO B
CTBOJI Jief011HhIX
appHH.
3-roT annapaT
COCTOHT . H3
3'fPHOBeH
HlYJIH
HblX H
IlOJI
JI HHblX
KJianaHOB HC. 199
.
npaBOM
:>J<eJIYJI.011Ke
aTpHOBeHTpHKYJIHpHoe
OTBepcTHe
3aKphlBaeT
npOBbtU
atnpU08eHmfJUKYJZRPHblU, HJIH
mpexCtn.BOp'tamblU
,
KJZanaH
-
valvula*
atrio
ventricularis
dextra,
$.
valva
tricuspidalis
(4),
Koropblli
Kpenwn:_g
6=10
·cyxo-
:>KHJibHhIMH cmpyHa.MU - chordae tendineae (5) .K COCKOBhIM MblUIII.aM - mus culi papillares (8). Ms Tf>ex KJianaHoB OJI.HH npHJie)l{HT K neperopo.11.Ke - nepe eopooKoBaR cmeopKa cupis angularis, a us nsyx iqiynix, npl'IJieJKaUJ.RX ·K 6oKOBhlM CTeHKaM, nepe.n.HHH ¢TBopKa H;:t3hIBaeTcH yeJZoootl -.cuspis angularis, a 3aJI.HH - npucmeHottHoil. - cuspis parietalis. Cyxo>KHJlbHble C'fPYHhl HJl.YT OT Ka>Kl!OfO KJlanaHa K lIBYM COCHeFIHl{Hbl M .MbIIIIUaM, KOTOpble pacnOJiaraIOTCff
B npoMe>KyTKax Me>KJI.Y KJtanaHaMH. B pesyJihTaTe Ha, neperopo.llKe Haxo.n:fiTcH , JI.Be cocueBHJl.Hhle MblIIIIU>I - KpaHHaJihHaH H KayJI.aJibHaH, a Ha 60KOBOH CTeH- '
e
- -
B JieBOM aTpliOBeH'rpHKYJIHpHOM OTBepcT'liH pacnoJiaraeTCH aeyxcmeopwmbtt'i.
KJZanaH --,- valva atrioventricularis sinistra, S. valva bicUspidalis (mitralis), . KOTOpbIH 6-& cyxo>KHJibHblMH crpyHaMM npHKpeIIJIHeTCH . K .Zl.BYM cocueBHJ(FlblM
MbIWII.aM. l13 JI.BYX CTBOpOK KpaHiiaJlbHaH npHHaJl.JieJl<HT neperopOJI.Ke - cuspis. septalis, a KayJI.aJlhHaH - 6oKosott CTeFJKe -- cuspis parietalis. 06e cocnesHJ1. Hhle MbIIIIIJ.bl pacnoJiaraIOTCH Ha 6oKoB'oH: creHKe )K eJIYJI.OttKa. B cTBop11aThlX
.
* Cor.nacHQ NAV, TepMHHOM «valva»· H83blBaeTCH KJiafjaH B u;eJIOM, a ero qaCTH 060-··
SHa'!alOTCll KaK «valvula> HJIH «CUSpis> (CTBOpKa, 3aCJIOHKaj. ..
329
PHc. 199. KJianaHHblli annapaT cepnna JIOIIIal'.!H ,
A - n paBhlli :iiceJiy)'.!o'leK; B -JieBblli :iiceJiy)'.!O'leK; 1 - aorta; 2 -val va aortae (valvula semilunaris dextra, septalis et sinistra); 3 - truncus pulm.onalis; 4 - valva atriovent reularis dextr:i (valv tricuspldalis); 5 - chordae tendineae; 6 - atrium sinirum;
{magnus, parvi et subartriosus); 9 - mm. ·papillares (su auriclaris et ;ubatrialis);
JO - ventriculus dexter; 11 - ventricul us sinister; 12 - septum interventriculare;
13 -trabeculae carneae; 14 -ostia venarum pulmonallu ; 15 -valva atrioventricu-
-
a v va tcuspt a ts, s. mt ra ts ; - v. ava cau a ts; -v. cava
cranialls.
KJianaHaX
HMeeTCSI
KailHJIJIHpHaff
cocy,nHCTaSI
CeTb,
a
B
HX
OCHOBaHHH ee
H
MbIWetrnble
BOJIOKHa.
lloAYAYHltbte, HJIH Ka MamKOBble,' KAanaHbl - valvulae semilunares
- HMeJOTCH no TPB B ocuoBaHHH aopThl Jt.CTec;ma .nerotIHbIX aprepHii. B KJia naHe .nerotIHoro CTBOJia - valva trunci pulmonalis - pa3JIHtiaJOT npaBbIH H
JieBbIH nOJiy.nyuHbie KJianaHhl - valvula semilunaris dextra et sinistra -
H o,nHH npoMeJKYTOtIHbIH, pacno.nomeHHbIH C3H. - valva semilunaris inter medium. B aopTe me, Hao6opOT, Kay,naJibHbIX no.ny.nyHHbIX KRanaHOB .nea - npaBbIH H JieBbIH1 a KpaHHaJibHbIH - OllHH. B neHTPe ceo6o.nHoro KpaH K.nana- HOB aopTbI H CTBOJia .nerOtIHbIX aprepHH HaXO,ltSITCSI yae.nKH - noduli
valvularum semilunarium, KOTOpbie BCTPetiaJOTCH He ecer.na (y co6aKH - B 30, y CBHHbH B 20, y oeeu - B 70, y KopOBbI - B 50 .ll y JTOTTIB,ltli - B o %
.
-
Ha BHYTPeHHeH: noeepxHoCTH npe.ncep.nHH: xopowo BbipameHbI epe6eUtK08ble MblUlf1bl mm. pectinati, OHH 60Jiee Kpynab1e B ywKax Ha BHyi'peHHeU no-
eepXHOCTH :me.n.y,notIKOB HaXO,ltSITCSI IlOlITH TaKoro :me BH.zta MbIWelIHble Q6paao BaHHSI (13); B npaBOM me.ny,nOtIKe OHH Ha3bIBa!OTCSI OOJibWOH, MaJIOH H no.napre- pHaJibHOH cocKOBbIMH w;uunaMH mm papillares magnus, parvus et subar teriosus (8). B .neBoM me.ny,notIKe cocKoBble MbIWUbI no,npaa,ne.nHJOTCH Ha no.nyw KOBYJO H no.nnpe,ncep.nHyJO cocKoBble MbIWUbl - mm. papillares. subauricularis et subarterialis. Bee OJIH SIBJIHJOTCH ocTaTKaMH sM6pHoHa.nh HOH Mhlmetiuou ceru H cnoco6cTBy!OT BbIJKHMaHIDo KpOBH H3 IlOJIOCT.eH cep.nua npH ero COKpaeHHH.
-
Ha BHYTPeHHeH: noeepxHOCTH npaeoro npe.ncep,nHH Mem,ny ycTbHMH o6eHx rIOJibIX eeu l3bICTynaeT .Mee1toa1tblu 6yeopoK - tuberculum intervenosum (pHC. 200-1). CoKpaaHCb, OH npHTSlrHBaeT 'yCTbSI ooeHx BeH K BeH03HOMY oTBepcTHJO, H TaKHM o6paaoM ycTPaHSieTCH B03MOJKHOCTb cTaJIKHBaHHH BCTpeq HbIX nOTOKOB KpOBH ,npyr c ,npyroM. Oco6oe 3HatieHHe rrpHo6peraer MemeeHoa HbIH 6yropOK B 9MOpHOHaJibHOM Kpoeoo6paeHHH, KOrp,a OH HanpaBJISieT TOK
330
Belt - foramina venarum mini marum. ·
B JJeBoM npe,ncep.nm1 B o6-
JiaCTH OB8JlbljOro OTBepcnrn y HO BOpO)l{,lteHHbIX HMeeTCH K/lanalt 08Mb1to20 · onieepcmuR - valvuia foraminis ovalis. Y . eapocJJbIX
)l{HBOTHbIX OH npHpacTaeT K CTeH- Ke H aaKpbIBaeT OTBepCTHe. y KO poB OBaJibHOe OTBepCTHe npHMep HO y 20 % coxpaHHeTCSJ B Tetle-
PHc. 200. Dpasoe n pe.ncep.nHe Jioma.nH (no B. H.
)Ke,neHOBY) (BH,n cnpitBa):
1 tubercul um tnforvenosum; 2 Iossa ova lis; 3 - auricula' dextra; 4. - val va tricuspi dalis (cuspis angularis, parietalis et septal is);
5· v. azygos· dextra; 6 septu m interatria-
le; 7 -sinus venaru m cavarum; 8 -sinus coronai-ius; 9 - sulcus coronarius; 10 - vent
riculus dsexter;· 11 -ventricul us sinister; 12 -
-
cordis media, 13 v. c;o1 dis magna; 15
pericardium; 16 - v. cava caudalis; 17 - v. cava cranialis.,
pyrJJbIH, a npaBbIH - IlOJIYJIYHHOii ¢opMbI (p11c. 201 -7, 8). MycKyJiaTyp JieBOro :lKeJIY.D;OtIKa TOJJUJ.e, BBH,ny qero IlOCJle CMepTH nOJiOCTb ero OK83bIBaeTCH MeJJl>rne aoJiocrn: IIpasoro :me.ny1Ka, npn na1111 1Ke oe H'OJIOCTM no OOl>eMY paBHbI.
Cep)l.etIH811 Mblllia - myocardi um - IlOCT{>oeHa H3 OCOOOH cep.ztetIHOH IIOIIepet!HOIIOJIOCaTOH MbIWe'IHO TICBIIH H .OTJlffl,18eTCfl OT CKenemoii MyCKyJJa- TYPbI PHJJ:OM oco6eHHOCTeii, B TOM tIHCJJe HaJIHtIHeM BCTaBOlIHbIX nepeKlllaJJ:HH . Me)KJl.Y QTJJ:eJibHbIMH MblmetIHbIMH BOJJOKHaMH. 3THM OO'bHCHHeTCH CJJO:lKHoe
CTflOeHne ctei10K cep;B.11;a, oeo6ettHo B,o6naeni JKerty;uptiKOB.
Ha npe,ncep.nm1x oooee HJIH MeHee HCHO. BbIJJ:eJIHIOTCH '.11.ea MbIWelIHbIX CJJOH - HapY:iKHbIH H rnyooKHii.. HapYJl<HbIH CJJOH, oorn.Hii JJ:JIH o6oH:x npe.n cep)J;uif, e nonepetIHbIM (no ornome1uno K cep.nuy) xo.nuM MblmetIHhIX BOJIOKOH OT O,ltHOfO ymKa K .npyroMY. fJIYOOKHH CJIOH B K8:lKJJ:OM ape,ncep.n:HH npoJJ:OJibHbIH. B o6JiacTH BeH03HbIX OTBepcTHH <l>opMHpy10tcH c¢HHKTepoo6pa:mhle nytIKH so- JIOKOH. CTeHKH npe.ncep]J;HH 3Ha'IH1't!JlbHO TOHhrne . cTeHOK :iKeJiy.notIKOB, tITO co OTBeTCTBYeT HX ¢YHKUHH.
B creHKax Jieeoro (TOJICTOCTCHHoro) H npaeoro (TOHKOCTeHHoro) :iKCJiy,notI-
KOB nylJKH OOJIOKOH paCIIOJJ())KeHbl B IlHTb nJiaCTOBi noeepxHOCTHbIH H BHyT{>eH HHH c KOconpo.n:OJibHbIM HanpaeHHeM; c HHMH rpaHHtiaT BTOpbie - Hapy:lKHbIH H BHyTPeHHHU - 60Jlee rnyooKHe CJ!OH c XO)J,OM BOJIOKOH B BH)J,e BOCbMepKH H.
HaKoHeu. caMhlu rnyooKHu CJioH:, -TaJOKe e eH.ne eochMepKH. HaJIHtIHeM o6I.U.Hx Mh!WetIHbIX nJiacTOB B npaBbIX H JieBbIX OTJieJiax cep.Aua (npe,ncep.lmii H :lKeJIY·
-
;otIKOB) 06ecnetIHBa10TC.H Hx CHHxpoHHhle · coKpaeHHH (cHcToJia) H PacWHpe HHH (.n:HaCTOJia) (AB).
11aHyTpH noJIOCTH .cep.Zlua BhlCTJiaHhI · TOHKoii o6oJIOtIKOH - aitaoKapiJoM
- endocardium, nepexoJUU.g,HM B "SHJlOTeJIHH cocy)J.OB, "
331
PHc. 202. cl>ep03H&IH CKeJie'P H KJlIl81J bl .cep){U8 KOpOBbl:
A - ocHoeaHHe cepp,ua (npep,cepP,Hll y.n.aJieHw); B , B cep){e'IHble KOCTO'IKH; L - anuli fi brosi; 2. - valva .aortae (valvulae smil unares ·septalis, dextra, slnistri:I); 3 - anul us fibrosus tr. pulmonalis; 4 - valva tricuspidalis (cuspis angularis, parietalis et septalis); 5, -os cor4is sinisti'tim; 6 - oS cordis dextrum; 7 - valva trunci pul monalis (val vulae semilunares dextra, Sinistra et intermedia); 8 -a. coronaria slnistra; 9 - a. corona ria dextra; 10 - anul us fibrosu atrioventrlcularis; de,xter; 11 - anulus f ibrosus alrioventricularis sinister; 12 -ramus circumflexus; 13 - v. cordis magna; 14 -valva bicuspid·alis (cuspis septalis et. parietalis).
aopTaJihHoro KJianaHa, a npaBhlH - a ocHoaaHHH .:Kay.n:aJLhHoro · aopTaJibHoro KJianaHa. Y poraTOro cKOTa npaaaSI KOCTb cep.n:ua 1.n:oc'rnraeT 5-6. CM . JJ:JIHHhI,
HepBHO-MblWeqeag CHCTeMa cee.11.ua. HecMOTpSI Ha H30JI.HUHIO MYCKyJiaTy pbI npe.n:cepJJ:HH H eJiy.n:oqKoB ¢H6p03HbIMH KOJibUaMH, cep.n:ue pa6oTaeT CTpo ro pH'i'Mll'flIO: cnalfaJia c01cpaa10TCSI o6a npeiteepiurn •. a aaTeM o6a :men:y;noruca H nOCJie HeKoropou nayshl cHoaa npe.n:cep.n:mt, a sa HHMH ·:HCe.11y.n:oqKH; PHTMHq HOCTb a paoore cep.n:ua 06ecneq11saeresr ero HepaHo-MlllllleqHofl cHcTeMon, npo BO;ll:nM: eo36y2KJ1:e1me systema sinoventricularis cor dis Y) (puc• . 203). B COCTaB HepBHO·MblllleqHoH CHCTeMbl BXOJJ:SIT: a) cwiyCH.onpcepdH.btU (cunoampuMbHblu)' ysell - nodus. sinoartrialis (2), pacnoJio:meHHbIH a o6JiacTH 1101paHH4HOH 6op03;nbl Me»my KpaHHaJJbHufl llOJIOH BeHOR " npaBliIM ymKoM npe.n:cep,nHSI; 6) npeacepanCXHCellyiJottK08blu . y3e/l - nodus atrioventricularis
-
-HaXOJJ:HTCSI B MeR<npe.n:cep,nHoH neperopo.n:Ke c npaaofl CTOpOHbI OKOJIO . BeHe4HOl'O CRHyca. Or Bel 0 OTJlMSieT<:SI ampuooeRmpUlqJMpH.bta nywK fas- ciculus atrioventriculariS. Em oow;Hii CTBOJI np06o,naer ·a OCHoBaHHH nepero po,nKoaou nOJIYJIYHHOH CTBOpKH aopTaJibHOro !<JlanaHa. :¢HopooHoe KOJibl{O H
Ha,Zt neperopo.n:KOH :H<e.11y,noqKOB ,lte.1IHTCSI Ha npooy10 ri .lle8Y10 HO:JICKU - crus
dextrum et sinistrum (5, 6). Ho:H<KH aTpHOBeHTPHKymqrnoro nyqKa c nepe ropo,nKH :H<eJiy.n:::iqKOB nepeXO,ltSIT B cocueBH,ZlHble MbllIIUbl '6oKOBblX CrettOK
:H<eJiy,noqKoB, o6pasy5t npH 9TOM nonepe1my10, HJIH cenmo.M.ap2uH.aJUJHy10, nepe IUUJiJuny - trabecula septomafginalis (10), H pacna,nalOTCSI Ha BOJIOKHa•.B npa BOM :H<eny,noqKe HMeeTcH o.zurn, Ho TOJICThlii . nonepeqHblH MyCKYJI cep.n:ua, a a JieBOM HX ,naa, 60Jiee TOHKHX. ATPHOBeHTPHKYJIHpHbI H nyq;oK H BOJIOKHa o.n:eThl lia cTeHKax :H<eJiy,no11;Koi3 coe.nHHHTeJII>HbTKaHHbIM BJJaraJIHIUeM H oT.n:MeHbI OT Hero JIHM¢arHqecKHM npocTpancTBOM. BoJioKH-a xopowo saMeTHbI no.n: aH,no- Kap,noM HMeHHO 6Jiar9,napSI 9TOMy BJJaraJIHIUY. .
faHrJIH03Hble (HepBHbie) l<JieTKH CHCTeMbl, npoBOJJ:SIUJ;efl B030Y:He,ZteHHe, pac
noJiaraSICb pH,noM c CHHOaTpliaJibHbJM ·ySJioM, <IJqpMHpy T cUHycH.btu 2a.H.2/lUU - ganglion sinoauriculare (2), a PHJJ:OM c aTpHOBeHTpHKYJIHpHbIM ysJioM - npeiJ.. cepdnblu ZaHZlluiJ. - ganglion atrioventriculare (3). Ooa raiirJIHSI coe.zurneHhI HepBHblMH BOJIOKHaMH H o6pa3y!OT HHTpaMypaJibHOe napaCHMnaTHqecKoe HepB· HOe cnJieTeHHe. Ha oooHx; raHrJIHSIX saKaHqnaa10TCSI nperaHrJIHOHapHbie ao- JIOKHa 6Jiy:H<,naiqrn.ero kepaa. . · . .
Cocy,11,bl cep.11.1.1.a. Cep,nu,e nOJiyliaeT .n:o 10% Kpoau, BbiopacblaaeMoii: npH CHCTOJie JieBhIM :H<eJiy.n:oqKoM. .Cocy,nhl .cep.n:ua - vasa cordis - npe.n:cTaBJieHbI npaaou H Jieaoii: aeHeqHblMH apTepHHMH, OOJibllIOii:, cpe,nHeu H MaJihIMH cep.n:eq HbIMII BeHaMH (pHc. 202-8,9). . 06e BeHeqHble, HJIH KopoHapHble, aprepHH
333
BblXO.lJ.HT H3 OCHOBaHHH aopTbI B OOJiaCTH pacnOJIO:H<eHHH cenTaJIJ.>Horo H JieBoro noJiyJiyHHblX KJianaHoB aopTbI. flpa.ea!l eeRettHa!l apmepUR - a. coronaria cordis dextra - no BeHe1rnoii: 6opoa.n.e HanpaBJIHeTCH B npaeyio npo.n.oJJbHYJO, HJIH cy6CHHyoaHy!O, Me:>iOKeJiy.D.OlIKOBYIO 6opoa.n.y Ka}{ HUCXOdRU{a!l npa.ea!l Bemeb - ramus. descendens dexter. JleBa!l eenettna!l apmepUR - a. coronaria cordis si nister - OT.n.aeT B JieBy!O npO.lJ.OJibHYIO, HJIH napaKOHaJibHYIO, Me:H<:H<eJIY.lJ.OlI · Koeyio 6opoa.n.y 1teBy10 nucxoiJRU{yto Bem8b - ramus descendens sinister - H, KpoMe Toro, 0Kpydtcny10 Bemeb - ramus circumflexus, aHacroMo3Hpyioyio c npaBOH BeHetIHOH apTepHeH. .
B.ollbUla!l cepiJettHa!l Bena :._ v. .cordis magna (13) - cooTBeTCTByeT Jieeoif BeHetIHOH apTepHH; H3 cy6CHHY03HOH 6op03.lJ.bl. B Hee Bna.n.aeT cpeiJnRR cepiJett Ha!l Bena - v. cordis media. MaAble cepiJeHble BeHbl - vv. cordis parvae (Hx
4-5) - BblHOcHT KpOBb H3. CTeHOK npaeoro :H<eJiy.D.OtIKa.
Oco6ennocmu. , Y co6aKH npaBaH BeHetIHaH apTepHSl: 6oJiee KpynHaH, y KpynHoro poraroro CKOTa, Hao6opoT, 6oJiee pa3BHTa JieBaH BeHetIHaH apTepHH;
OHa OT.n.aeT Ha 3a.D.HIOIO noeepxHOCTb cep.nu a HHCXO.llSilllHe BeTBH: npaeyio. JieBy!O H .n.o6aBOtIHYIO. y CBHHbH H JIOilla.D.H o6e BeHetIHbie apTepHH pa3BHTbI 0.lJ.HHaKOBO. TaK KaK cep.n.ue no CBOeMy HCTOpHtieCKOMY pa3BHTHIO HBJIHeTCH Bb!COKO
.nmp.pepeHUHpoBaHHblM yqac;rKoM COCYJIM<;TOH MarncTpaJIH, TO BeHetIHble cocyJJbl cJieyeT ctIHTaTb roMoJiorHtIHb!MH o6hitIHblM «cocy.n.aM cocy.noB». B cHJ1y ceoeif HHTeHCHBHoii:- ¢YHKUHH OHH CHJibHO pa3BHTbl H B CBOeM . ctpoemrn HMe!OT PH.ll. ' oco6eHHOCTeii:, KOTOphle npeJKne BCero Bblpa»<aK>TCSJ B Tpexc.noHHOM C'QJOeffHH cpe.n.Heif H .n.syxcJIOHHOM CTPOeHHH Hapy:H<Hoii: o60JiotIKH. 0HH, KaK n ece cocy.n.hl, HMeJOT H ceoif coocTBeHHhle - vasa va·sorum.
, Hepehl cep!U\8 . t.epnne ezurnCTBeHH·bIBv
opraH, HMeIOmva .llBOHv HYIO.
3t'ht'·
qiepeHTHYIO HHHepBaUHIO: tHMnaTHtieCKYIO H napaCHMil8THtiecKyio, HO c paa- JIHlIHblMH MecTaMH OKOHtiaHHH. '
C1mnanrnecKHe HepBN cep.lI.ua npoHCXO,!lSIT 1rn IV VII cerMeHTOB cmrnH<>- ro Moara Hia aeea.n.tiaToro raHrJIHH, H3 KOToporo BblXO.llHT cepiJettHbte Bemeu - rami ,cardiaci, paaBeTBJJHJOI.U,lfecH B MHOKap.ne, BeHetIHbIX cocy.n.ax H B «cocy.zi:ax
BeHell:HbIX COC)TAOB»
DapacHMnaTHtiec_KHe .HepBbl cep.zi:ue noJiyqaeT OT Baeyca - n. vagus, KOTO pblii: .n.aeT BeTBH TOJlbKO B HepBHO-MbIIlletIHYio CHCTeMy, npOBO,AHYIO B036y:H<-
A¢¢epeHTHhle HepBHhle BOJIOKHa npoxo.n:sIT·KaK B cocTaee CHMnaTHtiecKHX aepBOB, TaK H B BeTBHX Baryca.
Tonol'pa$HB cepJJ;a Cep;!UI;e nOMern,aeTCH e rpy.a.nmi nOJiocrH (e nJioc-
KOCTH ueHTPa TH:H<ecTH BTOpoif qeieepTH TeJia) Me:H<,ny OOOHMH JierKHMH, Bnepe.D.H
.D.Hatl>parMhl -(us. rn6JI. VI, VII). OcHoBaHHe ero Jie:H<HT Ha BblCOTe cepe,nHHbl 1 ro peopa. eepxynnca e ooJiacTH 5 6 ro Mempe6epHoro · npoCTpaHcTBa MH3 rpy.n.Hoii: KOCTH. Depe,nHHii: KOHTYP cep.n.ua .D.OCTHraeT nJioCKOCTH 3-ro pe6- pa, a 38.lJ.HHH - IlJIOCKOCTH 6-ro peopa; 3/5 cep.n:ua.HaXO.lJ.HTCH CJieBa OT cpe.n.Heii: C8PH'f'f'aJlbH MOCKocTH (cp;.!Ule CMew._eHo MeBo).
Oco6eHHOcmu. y cooaKH BepxyllIKa cep.n.ua Jie:H<HT B OOJiaCTH 6-7-ro peopa.
Cep.n.ue CHJlbHO HaKJIOHeHo H Jie:H<HT IlOlITH ropH30HT8JibHO OT 3-ro .no 7-ro peopa• . 0Ho npune:>Kur K 1pyJUioii qeaKe cJieea B 06.11acrn 4 6-ro pe6pa, a cnpa- Ba - 5-ro peopa.
y CBHHbH' eepxyIIIKa cep.nua HaXO.lJ.HTCH B 06.nacTH coe.n.HHeHHH 7-ro peopa c peGepHb!M xpHil(OM. ·ypma IOIO cKOra ceimue cMemeHo Ha 5/7 wreso, a s 06.rrac- TH 3-4-ro peopa npHJIHT K Jieooii: rpy.n.Hoif ·CTeHKe. BepxyllIKa cep.nua Ha
XO.lUfTCH B ooJiacTH 5-ro peoepHoro xpHa. Y JIOill8.lJ.H BepxyllIKa cep.n.n.a .n:oc-
THraeT ypoBHH 6-ro pe6pa. ·
8e.JJHqHua cep.11.u.a 38BHCHT OT- Bll.lla H nopo.z(bl :lKHBOTHOro, ero B03pacTa, riOJia, ynHTaHHOCTH H BH.lla MblllletIHOH pa6ora.
y IlJIO.lJ.8 no cpaBHeHHIO . co B3pOC.1IblM :lKHBOTHblM. cep.n.ue Bb!IlOJIHSieT
otieHb ,60JibllIYIO pa6oTy, TaK KaK KpOBb y Hero .zi:Ba:H<.ll.bl npoxo.n:HT qepea KanHJI JisipHhle COCY.ll.bl (KanHJI-Jrnpbl TeJia H KanHJIJIHpbl nJiaueHThl). Il03TOMy, Ha npHMep, Macca cep.n.u.a HOBOPO:lK.lJ.eHHOro KpOJIHKa COCTaBJISieT 0,585 % MaCChl
334
Te.na,
qepes
14
.rtHeii
nocJie
po:lK.lte
HHH
-
0,391
o/o,
llepes
MeCHU
-
0,377
%,
a
y
B3pOCJIOro
-
0,274
o/o.
OpH ycHJJeHHoii MhlIIIetJHoii Ha rpysKe seJJHtJHHa cep.nua sospacTaeT. TaK, y rueHKos npH ¢H3HtJecKoii Ha rpysKe Macca cep.nua cocTaBJrneT
0,89 % Macchi Te.na, B TO speMH KaK
0
Y JIOilla.neii pcHCtJ?IX nopo.n H'a Mac- ey cep.nua npHXO.rtHTCH 1,04 %. B TO
. .
0;59-1,30 %. Macca cep.nua y 6b1Ka paBHa 0•42 0;1o, a y KOpOBbI-· 0'50 o1 ·
10
Puc. 204. CxeMa
g
crpoeuu.11 cep)'.leQHoii co poQKH:
OKOJtocep)(equaR cyMKa pet i-
cardium (pHc. 204) -CJJY:>KHT BMec THJJHIUeM .rtJJH cep.nua, H30JiilpyeT ero OT nJiespaJibHOH . nOJIOCTH, yKpemrn- eT ero s onpe.neJJeHHOM noJiomeHHH H cos.naeT eMy onTHMaJihHhle ycJioBHSI
.ltJIH qJyHKUHOHHposaHHH. 0KOJIOcep
.netJHaH cyMKa COCTOHT H3 <jJu6p03HOU OCHOBbt -·pericardium fibroum (5),
1 - aopTa; 1' -CTBOJI JierolfHbIX apTepnii;
2, - MHOK8p)'.I npe)'.ICep)'.IHii; 3 - 3IlHK8p)l;
4
-
napHeTaJibHblii JIHCTOK nepHKap)'.IHa;
5
·
!jm6po3HblfI
JillC'FQK
nep11Kap.a11a;
6
nepHK8p)lH8JlbH8.ll
nJieBpa; 7
-
MHOK8p)l
JKeJIYi'.IOQKoe;
8
-pe6epHa.11
nneepa;
9
-
BHyTpHrpy)'.IHa.11 <jlacuHJ1; 10
-
rpy.llHall
i:TeHKa;
11 nOJJall
BeHa;
12 nepexo)l
napHeT8JlbHOro
JIHCTK8
nepHIC8pi'.\8
B
!inH-
Kap)'.I; 13
-
nepHKap)'.IH8JlbH8.ll
.
noJIOCTb;
_; 14 rpy)'.luHonepHKapnuaJlbHall CBll3Ka.
HBJimorueiksr npo.noJimeHHeM Bnym-
puzpyanoit </Jacl{UU - fascia endo- .
thoracica, KoTopaH c npasoii H Jiesoii cropoHhl sHyTpeHHeii nosepxHOCTH rpy.rtHHhI no.rtHHMaeTCH ssepx H o6pasyeT soKpyr cep.nua MellIKoo6pa3HOe pacIIIHpeHHe, npo.rtOJimaJOrueecH y OCHOBaHHH cep.nua Ha OTXOJ:tHllJ,He OT Hero KpOBeHOCHhle cocy.rthl. 3a ClJeT ¢H6po3H0f0 JIHCTKa npOHCXOJ:tHT npHKpen- JieHHe cep.nua K rpy.nHe H .rtHacpparMe H o6pasosaHHe zpyounonepuKapouaAb noit u aua<jJpae.MaJibnonepuKapiJuaAbHOit cBJl30K - ligg. sternopericardiacum
et phrenicipericardiacum. -CttapymH qm6p03Hhiii nepHKap.n cnpasa :H: CJiesa noKpbIT cpe.noereHHbJMH JIHCTKaMH aJieBpbI, Ha3hIBaeMbIMH B 9TOM yqacTKe nepuKapiJuaAbHOit nAe8pot1 - pleura pericardiaca (6).
OepHKap.nttaJihHaH nJieBpa BeHTpaJibHO nepeXO.rtHT . Ha nosepXHOCTh rpy- J:tHHhl, .yqacTByH BMeCTe c ¢H6po3Hb!M npirnap.noM B o6pa3oBaHHH rpy.rtHHO
nepHKap:nttaJibHOH CBH3KH.
l1 3HYTPH qm6po3HbIH nepttKap.!I IlOKQb T cepo3HOH o6oJIOlIKOH, HJIH cepos- Hbl.M nepuKapooM - pericardium serosum (4), KOTc;>phiii y ocHosaHHH ·c.nua nepexo.rtHT s ceposHyJO o6oJIQtIKY cep.nua, HJIH anuKapo - epicardium (3).
Memny ceposHoii o6oJIOtJKoii nepHKapna, KOTopyJO cJie.nyeT paccMaTpHBaTh KaK
napuemaAbHbtit AucmoK - lamina paritalis; H snHKap.noM, HJIR BUCl{epaAbHb/.M
. AUcmKOM cepoaHoro nepHKap.na - lamina visceralis, o6pasyeTCH IUeJieBH.rtHoe
npocTpaHcTso, HJm noAocmb nepumpaa cavum pericardii (13), s KoTopoii co.nepJKHTCSI He60JibIIIoe KOJIHtiecTBo cep03HOH :H<H.ltKOCTH.
APTEPH H MAJIOf O l(PYf A KPOB006PAlllEH H.sI
CTBOJI Jieroiteblx apTepaii: - truncus pulmonalis -HeceT seH03HYJO Kposh Ha npasoro me.ny.notJKa cep.nua 8 JierKHe. CTBOJI JierotJHhlX aprepHii y csoero
-
atiaJia HMeeT He6oJJhIIIoe pacllIHpeHHe - cunyc 11.eeottnoeo cmBoAa - sinus trunci pulmonalis, aaTeM HnpaBJ1sieresr p,opcoKay.naJibHO H y KOpHsr . JierKHX
335 .
.ne.nuTCsr Ha itse AeeOttltbte apmepuu - a. pulmon:alis dextra et sinistra, KaJR:llaH H3 KOTOpbIX HanpaBJUieTCSI B fOOTBeTCTByiow.ee JJerKpe.
' IlpasaSI JieroqHaSI aprep1rn no cBoeMy xoity nocJie.noeaTeJibHO OTitaeT BeTBH
llJIH ·KpaHHaJibHOH, cpeitHeu H Kay.naJibHOii .nOJieu - rr. lobuli cranialis, medii et eaudalis. OT BeTBH llJISI KayJtaJibHO llOJlH OTXOllHT eemeb a;m ao6aeott1toa ooAu -r. lobi · accessorii. .
JleeaH JieroqHaH apTepHH no .csoeMy xoity oTitaeT llBe aeTBH, H3 KOTOpbIX
·o.nHa nanpaBJIHeTCH B KpaimaJibHYIO noJii<> r !obi cranialis, a BTopaH . B RayitaJibHYJO r. lobi caudalis. · .
BeTBH Kpam:1aJibHbJX ;noJieH, B csoio oqepeith, no.npasiteJIHIOTCH Ha BOCXO·
oRW,ue u nucxoiJU{ue eemeu rr. ascendens et descendens, 'K°oropbie ctta6JKaror KpaHHaJibHYJO H Kay;n:aJJbHYID . qacTH ' pas.n:e.neHHblX .rtOJieH, T. e. KpaHHaJibHYIO
.ZlOJIIO npasoro ·JierKoro y JKBaqHblX H nesoro JierKoro y scex JJ.pyrnx .n:oMar:l-l HHX MJieKOnHTalOX (KPO¥e .zrorna.u.eii) ' '
AprepHH BHYTPH JierKoro H.ZlYT BeHTpOJiaTepaJlbHO OT OCHOBHblX opOHXOB, COOTBe'rcTBeHHO .ue.neHHIO OpOHXOB OTJ:talOT BeTBH, KOTOpble pacnOJiaralOTCSI Kpa- • HHaJibHO OT 0 OHXOB T T
HHSI. poseflocI;Ible
R:anHJIJrnpbl
onnerniOt
nerotJHbie
aJibBeOJibl H
nepexoJJ.HT B
Ae201iHbte eeflbl, KoTbphfe npoxo.rt51T BMecTe c aprepHHMH H, o6pa30BaB 34 CTBO·
-
Jia, Bna.rtalOT B JieBoe npe,u.cepJUI@. .
JleroqHblA CTBOJI' ·WIH3 CBoero HatiaJia HMeeT .coe.nHHeHHe c aopTOH apme pUallbHOa C8R.8KOU -lig. arferiosum, SIBJISIIOW,eHCSI OCTaTKOM OT apTepHaJib· Horo nporoKa n.no,na ·
Oco6eH.HOCmu: y CBHHbH H JKBatIHblX apTepHaJibHaSI ' seTBb llJISI npaBOH Kpa
HHaJibHOH acTH
JierKoro
pacnoJiaraeri:sr
II
03a)l.H
TpaxeaJibHOfO
OpOHXa.
APTEPIUf 60JJblUOfO KPYtA KPOB006PAII{EHH.SI
-
I
OcHoBHbIM MarnC:-fpaJILilblM CTI!OJIOM ryJIOBRW.a . HBJISieTCSI aopma aor- ta - H,ee npo.nJKeHHe ;no BXO,lla B Ta30BYIO nOJIOCTf;, r)Ie OHa .n:eJIHTCSI H? no.n
B3JJ:Oll1Hble aprepHH (pHc. 195)'. PacnonaraeTCH oHa. BeHTpaJibHO OT no3BOH6tJ·
Haro CTOJ16.a c lteKO'l'O'J>blM CMeineHHeM BJieBO OT Me.rtHaHHOH IIJIOCKOCTH; Ha CBO- eM nyTH' OT cep.nua .no !103BOHOlIHOf0 CTOJIOa OHa Ha3bIBaeTCSI (}yeou aoptrlbl -
-
arcus · aortae, .n:o aopTaJibHoro OTBepcTHH .ZlHa<pparMbl - hiatus aorticus ,.
zpy<JH.ou oopnwu · a<>rta . thor acica, OT .rtHatflparMbl .ZIO. oTxo:m.neHHH noits3.nom-·· HblX aprepeu - 6ptoUlHOt1 aopmou - aorta abdominalis. IlocJie OTXOJK.rteHHH
no.ZIB3.ZlOIIIHbIX ·apTepHn 6p10mHaH aoprn B ooJiacTH K ecTua n o OJIJK
-
. . pUR -a. sacra ts mediana, a Ha . xsocTe - KaK cpeaUJtHaR XIJOCtn<J80,R apmepuR - a. caudalis mediana. ilocJie.ZlHHe" .nse apTepHH y pa3JiHtIHbIX BHJJ:OB :>KHBOTHbIX pa3BHTbl HeO.llHaKoBO qT
yHKUHOHaJibHOH
SHalIHMOCTH• 
.llyra aopTbl H . ee sewe
AopTa, OTXO.ZIJI OT JieBoro JKeJiy.ZIOlJKa, oopa:a.yeT pacmHpeHae - llyKOBUl{Y
aopmbt
- bulbus
aortae. ,
cremfa KOTO
oif. BMec
c KJia
H
-
-.s·n s aor ae.. 3 cettyca aopTbl 6epyT HatJaJio npaaaSI H JieBaH BeHettHbl:e apmepuu - aa. coronaria dextra et sinistra (cM. Cocy.llbl· cep.nua). OT' JIYKOBHUbl aopTbl HatIHHaeTCH ee socxo SI a q .
XO.llHT
BMecTe
c
JierotIHblM
CTBOJIOM
I!HYTPH
nOJIOCTH
nepHKap.na
H
Coe.rtHHSITCSI
c
HHM
apmepua/lbHOt1
C8R31COU
.-
Jig.
arteriosum
(pHc.
198-4).
IlpH BbIXO.rte H3 noJiocfo nepHKap.n:a OT .n.ym aopTbl OTXO.llSIT nJietierOJIOBHoA CTBOJI H JieBaSI IIO.ZlKJIIOtIHtJHa51 apTep1rn, KOTOpbre ytJacTBYIOT B KpOBOCHaOJKeHHH IlleH, rOJIOBbl, KOHetIHOCTeH H .BeHTpaJibHOH CTeHKH ' rpy.n:Hou KJleTKl1.
y poraToro CKOTa H JIOqia.rtH IIJietJeroJIOI:) OH CTBOJI ·" .lieBaSI no.rtKJIIOlIHtiHaSI
apTepHSI OTXOJI.sl'.I' OT .ZlYfH aOpTbi O.ZlHHM OOW,HM GTBOJIOM. ilocJie.rtOBaTeJibHOCTh OTXOJK.rtemrn OT HHX apTepIIH H HX B3aHMOOTHOIIIeHHSI y J:tOMall!HHX MJieKOIIHTaIO
W.HX HMelOT xapaKTepHbie BH,AOBhle 'i pa3JIHtIHSI.
336