IrneT, chh'l'e3HpyeT .NelicT,bHe BblJ(eJieHHhlX aHaJih30m b036yJk,l{eHhh b paalioo6-

430

PHc. 255. ·B0Kos1i1e :>KeJIYJlOqKH rOJroBHoro Moora:

A - Mosr JIOWaJlH (cnesa 3aJlHllll qacrb an.am.a cpesaHa); 6 - Mosr co6aKB (3aJlH Hll nono- BHHa nnam.a YJlaJieHa); 2 - nucleus caudatus· ·3 - fornix· 4 -· I .

• na 1ppocamp1; - g . pmea is; 6 ..,... habenula; 7 - alveus hippocampi; 8 - recessus suprapineal is; 9 --.. velu m medullare rostrale; ·JO -fossa rhomboidea; 11 - plexus vasculosus; 12 -. velum medullare caudale; 13 - thal amus; 14 - fissura hippo-· campi; 15 tnhercnl nm rostrale thalami; 16 corpus enieulatum laterale" et 17 - mediate; 18 - colliculus rostralis et 19 - caudalis; 20 - ped unculus cerebellaris medius;

. . 21 - caudalis et 22 - rostralis.

lis palii - JHUKHT Me.>l<.l{y JIOOHOif H saThlJIOqHoA .l{OJIHMH; BHCOllHaH J{OJISI -

)obus temporalis palii - HaXO.l{HTCSI npHOJIH3PITeJibHO . D03a,l{H JiaTepaJibHOH 6opo3JJ;bl (cellbBHeBOH) ll BeHTpaJil:>HOH ROJIOBHHe nJiaW;a; 06oHHTell'bHUI;L{OoTJH •

lobus olfactorius palii- o6pasyeT oooH51TeJihHhlH Mosr; . . #·

c T p 0 e H H e K 0 H e B 0 r 0 M 0 3 r a. OoOHSITeJlbHblH MOfJr·- rhinen­

cephalon pa:cnOJiaraeTCH B BCHTpOMCJJ;HaJibHOM OTJ(eTIC Ka:n<;!{Oro ll0Jlywapm1. 6oJihllloro Mosra. 0T.l{CJihHble qacTH ero BH.U.Hbl Ha 6aaaJibHOH e Me.n.HaJihHoH: ·

nosepxHocrnx neiJiylllapHH:, a TalOKe Ha .ll.HC _/ OOKOBhlX .H<eJiy.n.oqKoB Moara

(pHC. 249, 254, 255, 256). • , . · .

Ha oaaaJihHoH: nosepxliocTH noJiylllapliA pacnOJiaraioTCH oOOHHTeJih Hhle JiyKoBHIJ.hl, 060HS1TeJihHhle TpaKTbl e HsBHJIHHhI, oooHHTeJihHhle TpeyrOJihHHKH 11 rpyweBHJJ;Hble ;11;0JIH. la Me;D;HaJ11>H1>1x'noeepxHocrnx nOJ1ywapeH: BH.l{.Hhl OKoJio- oOOHSITeJihHoe nOJie, H3BHJIHHbI rennoKaMna; DOSICHble H3BHJIHHbl "· nosepx

HOCTh paapeaa HasaJibHOH cnaH:KH, a ea .nee OOKOBhlX .H<eJIY.U.OllKOB Mosra - xsocTaThle ?IJ(pa, aMMOHOBbI porn H cso.n. ftoHCHaSI H3BHJIHHa, rennoKaMn, cso.n.

H MHH.U.aJieBH.n.Hoe B.n.po cocTaBJIHIOT pars Iimbica rhinncephalon -,.. JIHM6H- 'lecKy10 CHCTeMy. .

1. 06omrreJJbHasJ JJYKOBHa - bulbus olfactorius (pc.,1249...::.J) nap­ Hoe oopasOBaHHe B BH.l{e JJ;OBOJibHO DJIOCKOfO, BhltS1HyTOro H sarHyTOfO .n.opcaJih⁴ HO Moarosoro oTpOCTKa, KOTOpbIH: shl.n.aeTCH sa nepe.n.eeH: Kpait nOJiylllapm1 Mosra B oooHHTeJihHYIO SIMKY pellleTllaTOH: KOCTH. ,Uopc<'>Me.l{HaJih HblH OTJ{eJI 11y­ KOBHIJ.hl nocTpoeH Hs ceporo Moaroooro sew.ec,TBa, a JiaTeposeHTpaJibHhl H: -

HS 6eJioro Moarosoro sew.ecTBa. B JIYKOBHa.e HaXO.l(HTCSI 3/Cell - ventri-

431

I - cpes Ha y^. po.lle^.

p paJ.J.b.HblX XOJIMHKOB; 11-

' . .

PHc•.256. roao8110A Mosr Ha nonepeqHoM cpese:

cxeMa CT oeHHll IlOJJocaToro Tena·

- ve ncu a era s; . ...-. .JIU eus cau a us (caput ;.3 -nucleus lentifor1Dis; 3' - pallidupi; 4 -,capu111· e.x:tern._:; S. - claustru m; 6 ·- capsula interna; 7 - insula; 8 -· ventriculus terijus 9- fissimtlii ppocampi; JO - l obus plrif ormis; 11 ......; .pes hippocampi (cornu ammonia.); 12 _tbatauuis; 13 corpus geniculatum laterale; 14 lamina' tee· ti; J5 -:-- corpus callo8um; 16 -girits cinguli; 17 - corpus amygdaloideum; 18 -plexus

' · vasculosus. ·

,• , I •

'culus bµJbt olfact.-u,. KOTOpblA SIBJU eTC.R npO]lOJIJKeHH:eM. 6oKOBOro lKeJIYJlO"IKa Mosra. · · . · ·

. . B. o6oHS1TeJlbHYJO.> JiyKOBHilY BXOJlHT o6oHRJneJl.bHble 1te{J8bl - nn. olfactorif.

I (I napaj. . Olffl.· - PT MHOro'!DICJieHHble nyqKH HepBHhlX BOJIOK01! -jila

' olfactoria,. BanpaJWimoumxcn 01' ot5mrnrenbHblX KJJeTOK CJIH3HCTOH oOOilo•uw

. Hota K Hep$W4, KJleTK8M' ¹ JIYKOBHJlbl. TaKRM o6pasoM, o6oHHTeJJbHble JIYKO- . I ·BHithi . JIBJJHIOTCH .IlepBH\IHho.m o6oHHTeJibH.blMH U.eHTPaMH. (HepeHblA ·, U.eHTP• ,

I no H a Il4BJI<>Q . ...... ¢KOIJJieHHe H cuene¥He HepBHLIX KJleTOK».) '

na MeJJ.HaJI1>1ild.a lJTepaJJ.bHhlff·TpaKTM :-- tractus olfactorlus. megialis et late­

,.i s (2). JlaTepa.qJ)u.A O()o.HHTeJJbHblA TpaKT nepeXOJlHT Ha rpyweBH.llHyi<>

,!\OlllQ, IlOKpLIBaSf·H· ..<: RY'.I'H· Jl8TepaJibHYIO oOOHHTeJlbHYIO tl3mtillHHY .

gyrus1 ol.factothts · te,i'alis. Me.aM-:&HblA OOoHHTeJihHbtii TpaKT, JloCTHraeT Me­

JlHJibllpA DOBepXHot'lll IIJiaw.a, . cpopMHpys . OKOJioo6o HTeJibHoe nOJie -area

parolfactoria. a 'l!P ,BfTH' DOKpbIBBe'f MeJUl8JJbHYIO _ 0

000HS1TeJibHYIO

H3Bl?JIHHY

<>($<>HSITe.nii .1lYJCOB1U.Uil K KJieTKaM BtopHqHbIX o6oHSITe'JibHbIX U.ell1'pOB B o6o· H.SITeJibHblX H$BUJtHHa1!j, @HsrreJibHblX TpeyroJibHflKaX; OKOJioo60H5ITeJibHblX HOJUIX, B Fpyme8lttt8!>f.lc SIX, a JaJOKe B I'HIIOTIIJlaMyc H _B cpe]lHHH. M03r.

3. fp)'wee11,1uuu1 .llOIHI_.:..lobus piriformis (6) -pacnOJio.lKea.a MeJJ.HaJih­ eo OT JiaTepaJJbHO!"O . 0($ouSl:&HOro 1'p8KTa H Kay,l{aJibHO OT o6oHSITeJJbHOfO

• Tpeyr.OJI:&HH yr, ..rpaHuim c uo:H<KaMH 6o.rlhUioro Mosra.- Kay.llOMeJJ;eaJibHoH: rpa­

eeu.eA .rpyWeBH,l{HOA JJ.OJIH i'.BJJ.SleTCSI MeJ(HaJI:&HaSI nrpaHlfl{HaSI eJib, HJIH ID.Mb

rnnnoKaMna -iisstlia hippocampi (14); Ko:ropyro Mo:H<Ho BHJleTh ua Me.llHaJI:&­ uoff -00.BepxHoCTH nOJiywapaA ·TOJI:&o -.nOCJle' Y.llMeHHH npOMe1K)'TOqnoro Moara. B rpymeJJHJJ;HoA JJ.OJie' sa'KJlio11eaa ,DOJIOCTh, npeJJ;cTaBJIHIOID.aH coooA saJ(HHH oT· JlM 6oKoeoro. JKMyJlOqKa' Mc>sra. , Ha BHyTpeaueA: creeKe rpyweBIWlOH ,l{OJIH

Jie:H<HT' KOHeJ(. OllOBa pora. . ' ' I

432

f pynieBHJ:{HaSI J:{OJJSI. Kay.ziaJibHO nepexo):{HT 6es qeTKOH 'rpaHHilhl B JiarepaJib­ HYJO oOOHSITeJI:&Hyio H3BHJIHHY - gyrus olfactorius lateralis, pacnOJIO»eeHHyi<> Ha Me)UfaJibHOH DOBepXHOCTH DOJiywapHSI, K3a):{H H JiarepaJibHO OT IUeJIH FHDDO­ KaMna.

11sl3HJIHHa rennoKaMna .nopcaJibHO npOJ:{OJl:>KaeTCSI B IlOSICHYIO H3BHJIHHY - gyrus cinguli, s. limbi'cus. IlOCJie.nH.S1S1, Ka qacTh 1JJ1ama, npoxo):{HT uenocpe.n­

CTBeHHO .n.opcaJI:&HO, OT M030JIHCTOro Te.Ila u, ore6aS1 ero cnepe.n.e, coe):{HHHeTCSll

c OMooOOHSITeJI:&HhlM noJieM H npe,!ICTaBJIeT co6oii 'llCTb KO hi M aw.a neo-

. '

fpywese.n.HaSI ;{OJI.SI .SIBJI.SleTC.SI BTOpH'llHhlM odoH.SITeJI:&HhlM ueHTPOM.

4. funnoKaMn _: lhippocampus - CBOHM .nopC&llbUhlM OT.U.eJIOM as er

. Y.ztO'llKa MQ3ra D038,ll.H XBOCTaTOro 9.npa, OT KOTOpOrc;> OTJ(eJI.SI• eTCSI cocy.nHCThlM . CilJieTeHHeM 60KOBOr0 :!KeJIY.U.OqKa. fHiIDOKaMn npe.n.cTaBJIHeT·

. CoOOH CKJI8,ll.Ky KOphl Moora B oMaCTH W.eJIH mnnoKaMita H r eBH HOH JI

. OBH){HO H3rH eTC.SI JiaTepOKay.n8f:&HO H BeHTpaJlbHO H Tep.SleTC.SI B CTeH- Ke rpywese.nHoff .ZJ;OJIH. (pee. 254). Cnepe.zte mnnoKaMn nepeXOJ:{HT B H031CKY - pes. hippocampi (aMMOHOB or -·cornu ammonis TO .SI ·

HO a spHTeJibHblX yrpax, 6y,.ityqe OTJ(eJieHa , OT .HHX OCY.U.HCThlM CIIJleTeHHeH TpeT:&ero Mosrosoro 1KeJIY.U.O'llKa. SIBJ1su1c:& BhlCWHMH. accoUHTHBHblMH no.nKop­ KOBhlMa OOoH.SITeJibHhlMH H ,BKyCOBhlMH IlelTl paMH, nmnoKaMn CBSI3aH c pa3JIHll-

iow.ee rermoKaMn c cocu.esu.n.HhlM re,noM npoMe»eyro11Horo Mosra (puc. 246-4). 0r.n;eJI:&Hhle yqaCTKH 3TOrO IlY31Ka sOJIOKOH oopasylOT 1KenOOoB8Thlit JIHCTOK, ·6a- Xp0MKY rennoKaMna, HmKKe, cmrrCihl; Teno H KOMRccype ceb;lla. ' · _

Jlucmo" eunnoKO.Mna """'" alveus bippocampi - noKphl8aeT . rennOKaM:n e

ero nosepxHocTH, o6pameHHoit B &Kosoit JKeJIYAO'lleK M:osra. OH noctpoeil · H3 epBHhlX . BoJIOKOH, npoUCXO.U5IllijlX. HS ceporO MOSFOBOFO. ecTBa rpywe- Blf.ZJ; OH ,llOJIH "·rHililOKaMna. no .n.opconarepaJibHOMy '1q>al0°9TH BOJIOKHa C03.ZJ;aIOT KaHMY runnoKaMna - finibria hippocampi. npo.nOJJ:>1<aI6myioc.S1 HasaJI:&HO B HOJKKy CBO,lla crus fomicis. OOCJie.llHH:SI, HJIJICb. e H02Kiroii ZQ>yroA' cm- poHbI, CT8HQBHTC.SI KOpoTKHM TeJIOM CBO,Z(a. Te.110 CBO.ZJ;a - corpus fornicis _..;.

CJIY1KHT .nopcaJihOH CTeHKOH TpeT:&ero M03l'OBOro .>iceJiyJ{Q'llKa ' potTpaJibH()

oHo pas.ne.ns1eTC5I Ha ;uia: CTOJI6a eBO;ll;a - eolumna fornicis; HOCJ1e.airne MellH· aJlbHO OT XBOC'l,'aT.hlX .H.ztep HanpaBJI.Slk>Tc.R: K cocu.eBH;AHOMy TeJiy H cepoMy- 6yrpy

rnnoTJiaMyca ('llaCT:& npoMe»eyTOqHoro .Mosra). KoMHccypa cso.na -.com.is&ura

fornicis --- o6pasosaHa BOHeP.ettlhlMH BOJJOKffa,MH MeJKAy HO>KKaM.H CBO.na; OHa• coe):{HH.HeT .nopcaJt:&Hhle KOHIJ.bl aMMoHOBblX ·poroe .zu>yr c ;wyroM. . ,

!>· Me»e.n.y nepe)UfHM 'KouuoM MoSOJinctoro 'l'eJla u· .CTOJI6aMH' cao.n.a Ha- :

XOAH'l'CH nepe.lllfHH enaAKa ·M03ra .· 'comissurn rostralls. 0Ha coe.nurner .n.pyr

3. JlPYrDM OOoHSITeJibHhlA M03r OOoHX noJiywapuA: . ' . .

OOJJocaTOe iMo -corpus striatum - COCTOHT es qeThlpex .H.nep: xoocTa-

roro, qeqese1teo(!jpasnoro; MHHAaJieae)Uloro H orpBAbl. M eJKJ1.y 11.npaMH ·Haxo­

.ll.SITC.SI BHyTPeHHSl.SI H HapYJKllaSI KanCym.J:; OOp8308aHHble npoeKD.HOHiu:.wH ripo-

BO.ll.SIW.nMH Dyf.SIMW (puc. 256}. - . ,

• Xt$(JC11tanwe · xqpo t nucleus caudatus · no.npas.zteJisteTCH ua roJIOBKY

caput - H XBOCT - cauda. foJiol3Ka 'xBOCTaroro .H.ztpa cooeA ,llopcaJI:&HOH no­ eepxHOCT:&IO Q(')pasyeT ):{HO 6oKoeoro JKeJiy.ztoqKa H . cnOJiaraeTC.H · OJia-

Mna.

. l/etle8utfeo6paaHoe · Jli)po - nucleuslentiformis -J.Ie>KHT JiarepaJI:&Ho OTJ'O- JIOBKH XBOCTaTOro Sllij>a H 3pHTeJibHOro 6yrpa H OTlleJI.SleTtUIOT HX iJHyTpeHHeli KancyJioif -.capsula interna: Jlarepanberu1 11acT.b qeqesnueo6pasuoro H.npa HashlsaeTCH cKop.nynoii - putamen. Me):{Ha}l:&11aS1 qac'I':& qeqesU:IJ.eo6pa3uoro- ·

6. fAPa -OOJiee .npesHero npOHCXO}f{,lteHHSI H Has1i1eaetc.S1 fSJie.u;HhlM SIJQ>OM - pallidum. OHO. CBSl38HO c o6oHSITeJibHhlM M03J'OM, 'JIT JiarepaJI:&HO o-f spH- ) TeJibHOro 6yrpa. H Bilepe.nH OT H.llpa JJaTepaJ!hHOro KOJleHqaTOro TeJia - . ganglion geniculatumlaterale. Jla-repa.11bilo OT qeqeBHueo()pasHoro SI.npa a-

433

XOJi:HTCSI eapy)l{HaSI KancyJia - capsula externa,. a JiaTepaJihHO oT KancyJibl -

.ii:pyroe SI){po B BH){e y3Koii: nOJIOCKH - oepaiJa - claustrum. Ha rpaHHi e,Me)I{·

.ii:y orpa.ii:oli, cKopJiynoli-H aMMOHOBbIM '. poroM pacnOJiaraercSI uniJa.AeeuiJnoe me/lo - corpus amygdaloideum, KOTopoe SIBJISieTCSI qacThlO 060HS1TeJihHoro M03ra. . •

iloJIOCaTble TeJia coe){HHSllOTCSI• npOBO){Sllll;HMH, nyTSIMH: c Kopoli 60JibllIOrO M03ra; co 3pHTeJibHbIMH 6yrpaMH H rHnoTaJiaMycoM; >- Sl){paMH CeTqaTOro o6pa-

30BaHHSI cp,e.ii:eero M03ra (KpacHoe Sl){po H .ii:p.); c Sl){paMH MOCTa H npO){OJifOBa­

·Toro M03ra (Kay.ii:aJibHble oJIHBbI); c Sl){paMH qepenHOM03fOBblX HepBOB!

lJepea noJI.ocaTble Tena 3aMblKaroTCSI pa3JIHqeble peq>.neKTopHble ueaH: HJIH

a) nepHtpepHqeCKHH peuenTOpHhlH aanapaT - 3pHTeJihHhie 6yrphl - nOJioca­ Tble TeJia - COMaTHqecKHe H BHCUpaJibHhle. 9<1xPeKTOpHhle annapaTbl; HJIH

·6) Kopa - llOJIOCaTOe TeJIO - COMaTHqecKHe H. BHCue aJihHhle KTO Hble annapaTbl. MJieKonHTalOlll;HX Sl){pa nOJiocaTbIX TeJI SIBJISIIOTCSI Ba)l{HeHIIIHMH llO){KQpKOBbIMH ){BHraTM:bHbIMH ueHTpaMH [KOOp){HHHpOBaHHbIX HenpOH3BOJlb; HhIX ){BH)l{eHHH XO){hoa, 6er, Jia3a:HHe); peryJISIUHH Mblllleqeoro TOHyca B co-

·CTOSIHHH DOKOSI H ){BH)l{eHHSI;; OesYCJIOBHblX peq>JieKCOB B BH){e )l{ecTOB (y qeJio­

BeKa), ll03bl H MHMHKH] li BbICWHMH IlO){KOpKOBbIMH BereTaTHBHbIMH ueHTpaMH. TioJiocaihle TeJia WYHKUHOHHpyroT KaK e){HHoe u eJioe, Ho OTlleJihHble HX 11aCTH

,l{eHCTBYIOT npOTHBOilOJIO)KHO; HaapHMep, CTpHaTyM ropM03HT ){BH)l{eHHSI, a

.globus pallidus BMecie c Me.ztHaJibHblM SI.lf.POM 3p iTeJihHpro 6yrpa, HanpoTHB,

ycHJIHBaeT HX. I '

OJia - pallium -:--- nocrpoeH H3 ceporo H 6eJioro Mo3i::oooro sem;ecTBa•

. Cepoe MOseoeoe BeU{eetn80 OJiam;a o6paayeT tropy 60AbUUJeo Mosca - cortex ce-

rebri. Ha Heli pa3JIHllalOT H3BHJIHHbl M03ra gyrus, pa3JlBlleHHble oopo3){aMH ulcus - H m;eJiilMH - fisstira. ·Ha JiarepaJibHOH nosepxeocTH nJiam;a BHJi:Hbl

'TpH rpyanhl 6opo3){ (HaJi:CHJibBHeBbl, 3KTOCHJibBHeBhl H npecHJibBHeBhl), KoTO- '

PHc. 257. Tonorpact>HH 6opo3JJ. ·H H3BHJIHH nnaina:

A - co6aKH; 5 -:- nowa)l.H (cAt;Ba - JiaTepaJibHaH H cnpaBa - MeJJ.H8JibHaH noeepxHoCTH);

1 -sulcus rhinalis lateralis (pars· rostralis); 1' - pars caudalis; 2 :..... fissura lateralis

<:erebri (sylvia); 3 - uncus;. 4 -sulcus ectosylvius rostralis; 5 sulcus suprasylvius; 6 -sulcus digonaUs; 7 -sulcus margtnalis (sagittalis); 8 - sulcus coronalis; 9 - sulcus transversus; 10 .,... sulcus presylvius; 11 ..,.. sulcus ecto- et 12 - sulcus endowargi­ anilis; J 3 - sulcus cruciatus; 14 -sulcus hippocampi; 15 -sulcus corporis callosi; 16 - sulcus splenialis; 17 -sulcus suprasplenilis; 18 - sulcus genualls; 19 - sulcus calcarinus; 20 - sulcus entogenualis; 21 - fornix; 22 - gyrus hippocampi; 22' - lobus pirif ormis; 22" - gyrus inguli; 23 - thalamus; 24 -sulcus collateralis.

434

pble 0Kpy11<a10T JiaTepaJibHYID CHJibBHesy 6op03.Z(y - sulcus ·lateralis. Llyro­ o6p?3HW:e H3BHJIHHbl qeTKO Bblpa:meHbl y co6aKli, B BpeMH' KaK y JJ;pyrHx ·.no­ MaUJHHX :>KHBOTHbIX Ka:>KJJ;aH JJ;yroBaH .H3BHJIHHa DOJJ;pa3.ZJ;eJIHeTCH 6opo3.ZJ;aMH Ha.

qacrn (pHc. 257). Ha Me,nHaJibHOH nosepxHocTH nJiam;a B oceoBHOM aaMeTHbf JJ;Be ,nyroo6pa3Hble H3BHJIHHbl BOKpyr M030JIHCTOro TeJia, apHqeM MH:>KaiiUJaH

K HeMy DOHCHaH H3BHJIHHa - gyrus cinguli - <f>YHKl{HOHaJibHO CBH3aHa c o6o­ HHTeJibHbIM M03fOM.

Ee";ioe M08Z080e BeU{eCmeD nAaU¥Z pacaOJiaraeTCH no.n Kopoif nJiam;a u co­ CTOOT 1'13 npoBO.ll.Hm.ux nyTei1 ' accoanaTHBHblX, KOMHeeypaJJbHblX e npoeK- UHOHHbIX. ,

1. Accou.HaTHBHble, HJIH coqeTaTeJibHble, BOJIOKHa coe.ZJ;HHHIOT OTJJ;eJibHble­ y•1acTKH Kopbl B npaxIC$Kfl0f0 nOJiymap1u1. 01rn: pa3J(eJIHKYI'Cst e1;1 KupoT- KHe BOJIOKHa (Me>K,ny H3BHJIHHaMH) H JJ;JIHHHble (Me11<.ny JJ;OJISIMH noJ'IyUiapHif).

6) KoMHccypaJibHble, HJIH cnaeqHbJe, BOJIOKHa coe.ZJ;HHHIOT yqacnrn, npH- HMJieH<aW;He pa3HblM HOJiywapHHM. 01rn ¢opMHPYJJI M030J RcTOe TeJIO cor-

pus · callosium - caMYID Kpyneyro KOMHccypy ronoseoro M03ra (pHC·. 246, 254, 256), KOTOpaSI llOMem;aeTCH Me>KJJ;y nOJlyUJapHSIMH B rJiy6HHe npo,nOJibHOH

W;eJI:H. Pa:tmt1talOT c1BOJI M030J1Hc101u 1e;11a truncus corpons cotlos1 H .nsa. KOHII.a - aepe.ZJ;HHH H 3a.ZJ;HHH• .ilepe,nHHH KOHell sarn6aeTCH BeHTpaJibHO, Ha- 3b1BaeTCH KoJieHOM M030JIHCToro TeJia _:_ genu corporis collosi. 3a.nHHH Koeeu., HJIH eaJIHK, MO::JOJlRC'IOro Tena splenium corp<;>r1s collos11 cpacTaeTCH co­

c8o.noM. KoMHccypaJibHble BOJIOKHa, Bblxo.nSlllUle es c'l'BOJia M030JIHcToro TeJia,. o6pa3yIDT JIYllHCTOCTb criaifKH - radiatio ·corporis collosi (pHc. 254.:._2 ; e .no caJlbHYIO CTeHKY , KOBOfO >KeJiy,noqKa M03ra H ,pacxo.ZJ;HTCH,

B aepe,nHHH, OOKOBOH H . 3a.ZJ;HHH OTJJ;eJlbl Kopbl Mam;a.

2. ilpoeKilMOHHbl BOJIOKHa CoeJJ;MHSllOT Kopy uJiarna KaK c OTJleJibHblMH . llaCTSIMH CTBOJia 1'9JIOBHOro M03ra, TaK H co CllHHHbIM M03fOM. 0HH o6pasyIDT'

B llOJIOCaTOM TeJie BHyTPeHHIOIO KaacyJiy.

ct>yHKl{HOHaJlb HO poeKl{HOHHble ny'llH pa3.l{eJIHIOTCSI Ha 9 eHTHble- H a peHTHble. eHTHble npooo.nSillUle nym (oHH 11<e UellTPH<f>yraJibHble, ueHTpo6e>Keble, .l{BHraTMbHble) BblHOCHT HMDYJibCbl H3 KOpbI nOJiymapHA OOJib­

woro M03ra B pa3Hble OT,lleJibl CTBOJla Mosra - 60Jlblll0f0 poM:OOBHllHOro H CDHH- eoro.

A.¢<t>epeHTHble npOBO.ZUUII.He nyTH (OHH >Ke ueHTPHDeTaJlbHbl e, ueHTPOCTpe­

MHTeJibHble, qyBCTBHTMbHble) npHHOCHT HMDYJibCbl B Kopy' nOJiyru::ipHli Ha. CllHHHOro M03ra H poMOOBH.l{Horo. 'OHH oopasyroT 3a.l{HIOIO qa<;Tb BHYTPeHHeH Kan-

cyJibl. · '

• .Il.umor u Mue.lloapxutrteKtnOnwca KOpbl 6o.tlbtflux noA1JU10-pwl B upo®cce HCTOpHqecKoro pa3BHTHSI yCJ1o>KHS110TCS1 II.HToapxHTeKTOHHKa H MHe.rroapxH­

TeKTOHHKa, T. e. CTpoeHHe H paCDOJIO:>KeHHe KJieTOK H BOJIOKOH Me:>K.nY HHMH

e Kope nJ1a11Ia (pHc. 258). KJieToYHbte .9.TieMeHThl Kopb1 pacnpeJJ.eJUUOTCH mecTbI<> CJIOSIMH, napaJIJleJibHbIMH nosepXHOCTll M03ra. fI.nacTbl 9TH, CllHTaSI c aosepx­ HOCTH srny6b, CJ' ie,nyrow.He: I -MoJieKy.irnpeblif; II -uapy>KHblif sepHHCTblH

II I MaJiblX aHpaMHJIHbIX I<JJeTOK (KJieTKH II u III OJITOB noHMHIOTCH Hall·

ooJiee ao311Ho, HM apHaHchlsaroT accou.HaTHBHYIO ¢YHKII.HIO BblC1JJero nopsi,nKa• . xapaKTepH3yrom;yro BblcUJyro eepseyro ,neSITeJibHOCTb); IV -BHyTpeeHHA aep­ HHCTbIH, nepBH!UibIH 110 11p0HCXO>KJl(lHHIO; @MY np1rna;l(Jle*HT penenTOpHaSI $yHK- II.HSI; V -OOJibUJHX DHpaMH.ztHblX KJieTOK' (KJieTf$:H Beua) H VI -sepeTeHo­

o6pa3HblX H DOJIHMOp<f>HbIX K.neTOK .(BblaMHSllOT 9¢<l>eKTOPHYIO <f>YHKl{HIO).

B apHMHTHBHon o6oHff'reJibHOH Kope allocortex · ns 11assaHHhfX . CJioeB MMe-

IOTCSI TOJlbKO I, \( H VI.

Oco6oro pa3BHTHSI KaK B <f>HJioreHe3e, Tak H B OHTOreHeae JJ;OCTHraIOT 60Jlb-' UJHe nHpaMHltHble KJieTKH B. A. Bena. HeoJJ.HHaKosa u rycroTa pacaOJio>KeHHst HepBHbIX KJleTOK B KOpei B 1 MM³ y MJieKOOHTalOrnHX HX )lO 5-10 TbIO.; a: y apHMaTOB, B TOM llHCJle H y lleJIOBeKa, -,na>Ke .no 35-50 TblC. .

Ha oceoee J10KaJ1bHblX pa3JIHllHH B uHroapxH'reKTOHHKe 1ropy MJieKoaH­ TaibUJ.Hx pa3.l(eJIHIOT ·ea noM -area. OT,neJ16H1:i1e nOJIH Ha OCHose eecxo,ncTBa

MHeJioapxHTeKTOHHKH, B CBOIO 011epe,nb, MOYT 6b1Tb o.npa3.l{eJieHbl Ha MeHb-

. 435 .

·PHc. 258. UHTO- a ne.noapxareKTOHHKa Kop1>1 60JI&mnx nOJ1ym11pHA:

A - Kopa ua . paapese; I - Mones:ymrpHHA· CJJoA; // - uapyxcH1:11A 3epHRC- 11i1A cnoA; /// - c.noA MllJIHX napaMHJl&n&HHX KJieToK; IV - BHyTpeH'HHA

-sepHHCTHA . cnoA; V _, cnoA. 6on&UlHX napaMRJl&JI&Hlu· Kn'eToK; VI - cnoA

• q6.nnMopcl>H\.lx Knero&; ·VII -6enoe Mroaoe aemeCTeo; B -nHpaMRAHJ>le KJieTKH; I -mi:rymKH; // - mu,epallJI'; Ill - MJie1<onHTa10nxero; /.V - qeno­

BeKa; V-IX -nocneAOBaTeJ11>H1>1e CTJlHR 9M6peouan&Horo pasaHTHH nHpaMH• ll&JlbRlllX KJleToK;J _,. Teno eeApoea; 2 -4eH.!lpHTi 3 - ueApnr.

36

mHe yqacTKH. KalK.noe noJie 131:i1noJIHBeT onpe,m .neHHyi<> cpyHKllHIO. CymecTBY­ IOT DOJISI c cpyHICD.HeA, BCTpe11aiomeCSI TOJibKO y tleJIOBeKa; TaKHe DOJISI y HH3- IUHX :>KHBOTHblX, ecrecTBeHHo, OTCYTCTByK>'r. HaKOHeU., ecTb H TaKHe nOJIH, <l>YHK­

llHH Korop1i1x .no ciix nop em.e He.nocTaro11H:o HCHa. 06mee 11HCJIO nOJieA y 11e--

JioseKa npeBbllllaeT 250. · . . 1

•

<l>HJieTHllecKH .see DOJISI .nH<t><t>epeHuHPYIOTCB B npouecce 9BOJIIOIJ,HH H3 npHMHTHBHblX 11eTblpe:x;· 06.IIacTeii M:oora HH3IIIHX )KHBOTHblX (cyM11aT1:i1e H Hace- , KOMOH.l{Hble). 3TH o6JiacTH ' npe,ACTaBJUJIOT ,co6oii Mo3rOBbie OT,neJlbi aHaJIH31lTO- .

pos· 11epe.l{H1te . ):{OJ!ff KOpLI SIBJUllOTCSI tycTaBHO·MblllleYHbIM aHaJIH3aropoM, 3a-

TbIJloqHbJe .l{OJIH - 3pH'feJibHblM aHa.11H3aropoM, BHcoqHble .11.0JIH cnyXOBblM 3HaJIH3aTOpOM H npQMe>rcyTOqHaH MelKJtY HHMH ){OJISI ,- KO:>KHblM aH8JlH3aTO­

pOM. y BhlCWHX >KHBOTHWC BOSHHKalOT HOB\>l(l aCCOQH'aTHBHble o6JlaCTfU Jl'oliHaSI JlOJIH, a 3aTeM H BHCOllHOTeMeHHaH. TaK, JIOOHble ){OJIH y KpOJIHKa COCT8BJISllOT.

2 %. y KOIUKH -·3.%, 'y C.o6aKH - 7 %, y OOesbBH _;_ 8-16 %, y qe.llOBeKa -

29 % OOw.eii Maceli .FOJIOBHOFO M03Fa.

UEHTPAJJ bH blE µPOBOJUl lQHE D YTH H EPBH()B CHCTEM bl

. '

- 4 ' . 4.

. U.eHT}>aJibHbie npOBO.Zl.HllJ,He nyTH HepBHOH CHCTeMbl . BKJllOllalOT cerMeHTHbl

H .npoecwmKOBJd annapaTbl cnnuuoro M03ra. 06a annapaTa OOJteP*aT uenT paJibHble npOBO.ZU llJ,He nyTH, KOTOpble HaXO){SITCSI B CBSl3H c raHrJili03HbIMH KJieT- .

KaMH CilHHHOMOSfOBblX yaJIOB - ganglia spinalia - H c tcJieTKaMH si.ztep .nop­

'caJibHblX , C"ton6oe cnHHHOI o MOSI a. . · . . . ·

. U.eHT}>aJibHllle 91\>4le.PeHTHble nyTH npoBO){HHKOBOro annapaTa . CllHHHoro M03fa o6pasoeaHbl OTJ>OCTKaMH KJieTOK, DpHHaJlJie>KallJ,HX paaJIH'llHblM OT.11.eJiaM I'OJIOBHoro MOSra• . 3<1xPepeHTHhle QYTH npOBOlQIHKOBPl'O anuap:na, ;raK >Ke K . H ·a4¢epeHTHhle nyTH .cerM:eHTHOro annapaTa, saKaHtlHBalOTCSI . ea MOTOJ>libIX KJieTKax BeHTPaJibHbtX TOJl6oB CilHHHoro Mosra. ' . .

centeHTHWI annapaT CIIHHHOrO 1'103ta. K HeMy OTflOCSl'CSI. a) peuemop­

Hble HeiipOHbl CIIHHHOMOSrOBbIX yaJioB; 6) B cepoM M03rOBOM BeµtecTse _._ BCTa­ BOllHble (accoD.HaTHBHble} HeiipOHhl; B) . rny6oKHe OT){eJibl scex Tpex. KaHaTHKO.B

Ha rcpynHble. MOTOpHble KJieTKH BeHT}>8JibHbIX CTqJI6oB B npe,lel Jiax cerMeHTa,

)lpyrne -- HS QllHHX cerTOB CaHHHoro Mosra B Apyree; 9T1>oCTKH HMeHHO 9THX .

HeifpoHOB o6pasyror ocuoeHble ny'llKH. HaKoHeu, ,TPe't&H rpynn a BCTilBOtiH

HeiipoHOB Ha nyqKOBlilX HJIH accoUHarHBHblX KJieTO)C -061.e.nH,HHeT O.l(HOpO){Hble HeH:poHbl ){Jiff BblDOJIeHHSI OOllJ,HX l\>YHKIJ.HH, 9TH KneTKH BCTpe'llalOTCSI Be3){e, HQ.•.

rJiaBHblM o6pa30M' B ceTilaTOM. o6pa3oB8HHH CDHi:IHoro M:osra H B nosepXHOCTHblX

DpoBOAHHKOBliiA annapaT CIIHHHOro MoSra npe.ncraBJieu actxl>epeHTIJblMH H 3<l><i>ePeHTHblMH D.eHTJ>aJibHbIMH Dp08Q.l{SIIUffMH nyTHMH, C<>e.11.HHSIJQllJ,HMH CilHH·

HOH MOSr .c paMHYHblMH DTl\eJlaWI l'{)JloBHoro Mo.sra, 110 KQphl 6oJibWHX nOJiy· ·

mapHH ' BKJllO'IHWfbilo. npoBO){HJfKOBblii annapaT CDHHHOro Moara' BMeci'e .

.c ceT11aroA' cpopM8.Idleii H COOTBeTCTBYIOllJ.HMH Sl.11.PMH ceporo Mo3roeoro. BeIUecT·

88 SIBJIBeTCSI COCTaAHpA 'llaCTblO KOlKHor.o, cycTaBHO-MhlllleqHoro, SpffTe.JlbHOro H eTaroatyc111qecKOro aHaJIHMrop.o:s. . ·

. A. A4>c1Jepesmwe, HJIH 11yscyBHTeJibHhle, npOBq!UIIUHe hyTH o6pa3()BaH1JI.:

1. HeApHTaMH raurJI,HOOHblX KJI.eTOK CDHHHOMQ3rDBblX yaJioB; 2)' eeiipHTilMH KpynHOKJleTO'llHJ:il HeiipoHOB, 4e:>K8IUHX B oclloeaHHH .ztopCaJibHbIX . .CTOJJOOB.

K nepooii rpynne OTHOCffTCSI TOHKHe H KJIHHOBHAAhle DY'IKlf t a 'KO BTOp<>A..rpyn-

437

PHc. 259. Opoao.nsimHe .nyTH -cnHHHoro Mosra Ha ttonepeqHoM cpese

13' - fasciculus gracilis'; 13" -f asc. cuneatus; 13'" - tractus s inothalamicus· 14-

. ocere e arts orsa 1s e - ven ra 1s; . - fasciculi' proprii; 22 - tr. vestibu· lospinalis; 23 - tr. rubrospinalis; 24 - tr. >pinotectalis; 25 - tr. pyramitlalis latera­ lls et 25' - ventralis; cTpeJJKaMH noKasaHo Han paaJJeHHe: eeepx - KpaHHaJJ&Ho, eHus -

ne .nopcaJibHblH H BeHTQaJibHbIH CilHHHqM031KellKOBble nyH, BOCXOJ!SllI\HP

nyTH K qeTBePOXOJlMHlO H 3pHTe.1IbHOMy 6yrpy (pHc. 259, 200).

1. ToHKHH ny110K (foJIJIH) - fasciculus gracilis (Galli) -Jie:>KHT B .nop­ caJibHOM KaHa:rHKe, Me.11.HaJibHO conpHKacaHCb c OlIHOHMeHHhlM nyYKOM .a;pyroA cropoHbl. OH nposo.nHT HMllYJibCbl B roJIOBHOH Mosr 2' Kay.naJibHOH nOJIOBHHhl

TeJia .H Ta30Bl>fX KOHellHOCTeH. •

2. KJIHHOBH.llHhlH ny110K (Bypnaxa) fasciculus cuneatus _ •11©1WT Mem- JJ.Y ayqKoM rOJIJIH H JJ.OpCaJipHbIM CTOJIOOM: OH npOBOJJ.HT HMDYJibCbl B rOJIOBHOH M03r c KpaHHaJl'bHOH IlOJIOJ,JHHbl TeJia (JJ.O 5-ro rpy.nHoro cerMeHTa) H rpy.ll.HblX

. KOHellHOCTeii.

Q6a ny11Ka HBJIHIOTCSI npOBO,!(HHKaMH KO>KHOro H cycTaBHO-MhllllellHOro

aHaJIH3aTcipos. Oy11KH o6pasosaHbl HelipHTaMH raHrJIHOSH'.blx . KJleTOK cnHHHO­ MOSroBblx }'3JIO am HelipHThl, BOHJJ.SI B CIIHHHOH M03r, oopaay10T BOCXO){H IIJ,He H HHCXO){Be ny11KH BOJIOKOH.

Bocxo.nHIIJ.He ny11KH BOJIOKOH HanpaBJIHIOTCH B npo,noJiroeaThlH Mosr, r.ne

. H .3aKaHYRB3!0'J'CSI a SIJl,pax .nopcaJibHOro KaHaTHKa. Ha CBOeM H)'TH .OllH OT,naIOT KOJIJiaTepaJIH B cepoe M:osroeoe semecTBo cnHHHoro Mosra: f/opo moHK020 nyq,­ Ka - nucleus gracilis. - Jie>KHT nooa,nH nHc11ero nepa, a JliJpo K./LU.H.OBUOH.020 ny"KO nucleus cuneatus B Kay;11;aJibHhlx 11omKax M00:>1re11Ka. Or 9rnX

H.nep Ha11HHa10TcS1 BTOphle HeiipoHbl. BoJibIUaSI 11acTb sropblx HeiipoHoB, o6pa­ syH M£0ua.Jl.6H.y10 neiruuo -leflliliscus medialis, saKaHllHBaeTCH B JiaTepaJibHOM 51.11.Pe apwreJil>HOFO .6yrpa;. Hs 31'0FO H;ll;pa TpeTbH 1:1e'MpOHbl AOBOASIT HMUyJlbCbl ){O

KOpbl noJiylllapHii 6oJibllIOro Mosra, r,lle H BOSHHKaIOT omymeHHe nosbl,' opHeH­ THpciBKa B npocTpaHCTBe, omymeirne .l(BH>KeHHii. .UpyraH llaCTb BTOpblX Heiipo­ HOB qepes Kay,na.iibHbie HO>KKH M03>Ke11Ka BXO.l(HT B noJiylllapHSI DOCJie),lHero.

HHCXO.ll.HmHe nyqKH BOJIOKOH HJJ.YT Kay,naJibHO Ha cipOTH>KeHHli 6-7-ro cerMeHTa, BCTyna!OT B Me){HaJibHhle OT){eJibl .nopcaJibHblX CTOJIOOB; r.ne.u OKaHqH­ BalO'fCSI Ha KJieTKax HJJ.pa JiapKa. 3TH ny11KH y11acTBy10T B o6pasosaHHH cer­ MeHTHoro annapaTa cnHHHoro Mosra.

3. .nopcaJibHblH CnHHHOM031k:ellKOBb H, HJIH npHMOH, . nyTb <l>JieKCHra -

tractus spinocerebellaris dorsalis (Flechsig) -;- o6pasosaH HeiipHTaMH KpynHO·

438

KJieTO•rnoro Sl.l{pa KJiapKa, KOTopoe Jie>KHT Me,nHaJibHO B ocHoBaHHH ,nopaJibHoro

CTOJI6a. ilyTb Cl>JieKCHra npoxo,nHT qepea Kay,naJibHble HO:>KKH M03:>KeqKa B Kopy qepBHqKa. - .

4. BeeTpaJibHbIH CnHHHOM03>KeqKOBbI H, HJIH nepeKpeeHHbIH, nyTb fo­ aepca - tractus spinocerebralis ventralis (Govers) o6pa3oBaH eeH:pHTaMH KJieTOK oceoaeoro Sl.l{p·a ,nopcaJibHoro .cToJI6a (Jie)KHT ,nopcaJibHO OT H,npa KJiap­ Ka). ilyTb foaepca nepexo,nHT Ha npOTHBOllOJIO>KHYIO CTOpoey M03ra, HanpaB­ JIHeTCH K Ha3aJibHbIM HO:>KKaM M03)KeqKa H Ha3aJibHOMy M03rOBOMY napycy, a qepe3 HHX npoHHKaeT B Kopy ,qepaHqKa.

06a cnHHHOM03:>KeqKoBbl nyTH npoao,nHT HMllYJibCbl H3 Mblllll{ H cycTaBOB qepe3 M03>KeqoK B Kpaceoe H,npo. HpH Hx nocpe,ncTBe ocyeCTBJISleTCH eK- TOpHaH eccooHaTeJibHaH Koop,nHHal{HH ,nBH>KeHHH MH coxpaHeHHH paBHO- BecHH.

Pee. 260. UeHTpY H n poBoti;Hmee nyTH ronoBHoro H cnHHHoro r.tosra (A. S. Romer):·

A - penTHJJHA; B - nTeu; B - MJJeKonHTaromlix; 1 -',bul bu11 olf actorius; 2 -gn. basale; 2' -corpus striat um; 3 - archicortex; 3' - neocortex; 4 - nucleus rostralis dorsalis; 5 - corpus geniculatuin mediale "et 6 -laterale; 7 - colliculi rostrale et 8 - caudale; 9 - cerebell um; JO - nucleus cochlearis;· 11 - puclei sensitlvi cerebri; 12 - nucleus gracilis et nucleus cuneatus; 13 ..:... funicul us dorsalis medulla spinalis; 14 - f uniculus ventralis medulla spinalis; 15 .....;. nuclei motorii; 16 -formatio reticu­ laris; 17 - tr. corticospinalis (pyramidalis); 18 -:- nucleus ruber et for matio reticu­ laris tegmenti; 19 -nucleus ventralis caudalis thalami; 20 - hypothalamus; 21 - lobus olf actorii; I -nn. olf actorii; II - n. opticus; VII I -n. vesti bulococl)lea­ ris; a - qyacraeTen&HYe HepaY ronoe1i1; B - qyeCTBHTeJJbHYe HepBY TYJJOBH- ma; c -·,!lBHraTenbHYe HepBY TYJJOBHma; d -,!lBHraTeJIHhle Hpl!Y CTBOJJa Mosr.

439

4. Bocxo.zvnu.HA nYTb K qeTpoxoJIMHIO H spHTeJibHOMy riyrpy - tractus spinotectothalamicus - o6pasosaH HeitpHTaMH KJieTOK ,ocHoBHoro B,npa .nop­ caJibHoro cro.i:I6a, npoxo.nHT Me.l{HaJihHO OT BeHTpaJibHoro CnHHHOM03>Ke11KoBoro nyTH H OKaHtlffBaeTCH B Sl.l{pax nJiaCTHHKH lleTBePOXOJIMHSI H B JiarepaJibHOM H)ij>e spHTeJibHoro 6yrpa. 9ToT llYTb nposo.nlf.T HMnyJibCbI, BbI3hIB8IOIUHe 6oJiesy10 H reMneparypHyIO llYBCTBHTeJibHOCTb H OTllaCTH OCSISaHHe.

5. 3cl>cl>epeHTHble, HJIH .nBuraTeJibHbie, npOBO.l{SIIUHe n H (HHCXO.l{HW.He

H , a IlHpaMH.l{Hbie,₁ 9KCTj)anupaMH.l{He H BereTaTHBHble (puc. 259, 260). ·

1. IlHpaMH.l{Hble, . H.iIH. OPK9Bhle, npooo.nHIUHe n TH - tractus cortico

. ais - Oe.l{HHSllOT Kopy nOJiywapH 6oJiblllOf0 Mosra co BCeMH IlO.l{KOp- . KOBblMH . .R,npaMH, BKJIIOllaSI .nBHraTeJibHble H.npa qepenHOM03rGBbIX HepBOB H

. CilHHHOH M03f. IlepaMH.l{Hble DyTH DO.ll.PaS,ne:iISIIOTCSI Ha JiaTepaJibHble H BelI1:pa,Tlb- Hble.' . . . .

a) JlarepaJibHblit nepaMH.nHhlii nyTb, HJIH nepeKpew.eeHblit - tractus corti- cospinalis lateraHs, o6pasoBaH Heil HTaMH 60Jib1UHX nH a ·

IlOJiymapH . H H,lleT 11epes BlJYTJ>eHHIOIO Kanl::yny, HO>KKH 60JibJiloro Mosra H nupaMJi.llbl hpo,llOJif9B8TOro Moora. B o6nacTH nepeKpecTa nHpaMH.ll nepexo.nHT Ha npOTHBOilOJIO>K:Hyio. CTOpoHy H 11anee CJie.!l:YeT B 6ruroBOM KaHkl'HKe CIUIHHOro Mosra MelKJJ.Y .11opcaJihHblM CTOJIOOM H nyTeM Cl>JieKCHra. OKaHtiHBae'fCS OH Ha MOTOpHhl:X KJle'flraX aeHTpaJibHbIX cTOJiooB cnHHHoro Mosra. Hau60Jiee CHJibHO paSBHT y co6aKH, . y .npyrHX >KHBOTHhIX ' TO.Ubl{() B uieAHoA llaCTR.

6) BeHTJ)aJibllblii nupaMHJtHhiii nyTb, HJlH npS1MoA - tractus corticospi­ nalis vtridis,. T8K >Ke KaK H narepaJibHbIH, npoucxo.nHT OT nHpaMh.zlnwx KJJe­ roK. H .ne-r, He nepeiq>enurnasrc&, a BPH'Ppa.nbHOM KaHaTuKe, ·Ho OKaHllHBaeTCff Ha KJleTK8X. BeHtpaJibHbIX CTOJIOoB npoTHOOilOJIO)KHOH tropoHbl. liMeeTCSI' TOJib­ KO y qeJioBeKa. ' , . . · . IlHpaMif.nehle ' nym npoBO!\SfT . npoesaOJlhHLle ;UiuraTeJI&Hlie HMHYJlhCbl H,

l<POMe roro. BMDYJIhl. TOPM03BIUHe pecp.neKCbI cnaHHOro' MOSra. •

. ' . '2. 3KCTJ>arntpaMH.ztHe. HJIH DO.tlKOpKOBble, npoBO.l{SIIUHe DYTH -.tractus

subcorticospinal s C()eJ.UIHSUOT RAAKOpKOBhle SlAJ>a co CHHHHblM 03J'9M. ' K HHM OTaOCRTCR .CJ1e.ny10w.11e DSITb OCHt>BHhIX nyreA: KpacHoSl.llepHo-peT KYJIO- cnuuHoMosrOao(t, '. ' BecTH6yJJ_O-peTHKyJIOCDHHaJibHblii , TeKTOCllHHaJlbHbIH If npono.n&ehlit peTHKYJIOCnHHa.IIhH,JiiA. ' . .. · :

. a) KpaceoH.n:epno-peTHJ{ynocaHHHoMosrosoii nyTb . . ouaKoaa - tractus rubroreticulospinaHs·· (MonacoW)· -o6pasosaa neiipnTaMH KJieTOK KpacHoro ¹ H.lijla H caTOro OOpa$OBaHHSI epe;ZtHero MQSra, npoxo;znu aetnpanbeo OT Jia-. TepaJibHOro DHpaMH.ztlioro DYTH H OKaHIJ:HBaeTCH Ha KJieTKaX Ka:y'.l{aJlbHOit o.iiuBi.I H ·Ha MOTOpew KJieTKax BeHTJ>aJibHhtX cTOJI6os: Oe yqacTsyeT s asro­

MaTH11ecKoA KOOpawHaJ1HH JJ:aH>KeHHH, nepf;naBaH HMIIYJJbChl, KOropllle caM no- ny11aeT HS Kophl' noniwapuit MOS)KeqKa, us nOJioearoro 8 cocueBH.llHoro Tena• ..

6) BecTH6yJIO-pe1HKyJIOCnHHaJibHblit . nyT& - tractus vestibuloreticulo-

, spinalis ....;.. o6pasostiH pu1aMn BApa ;lf;e:ATepi::a . (aecTH6yJIBpHoro Hepsa

VI II napbl) H 'ueroK cerqaroro o6paaOBaHHJl npo.nOJiroBaTOro MOSra. Ou npo­

X0.11.HT BeH1'PaJJbllo OT l'JY'.l'H MoHaKoBa H saKaH11HsaeTCS1 Ha MOTOpHbIX .KJieTKax BelI'fpaJibHblx CTOJIOOB, . yliacrByeT B npoBeltel,!HH petp.llKCOB DQ. coxpaHeHHIO pasnosecesr, ·a er<> qacTh.Hs ceT11aroro ·oopasosaHHH· nepe.naeT pe<l>JleKcbl, CBH­

saHHhie c .l{eSITeJibHOCTblO opraHOI} )lb1X8HHH;

B) TeKTOCneeaJJbHblA nyTb .tractus · tectospmahs 06pasoaaH Heit- pnTaMH KJieTOK DJiaCT"HKH lleTBepox'oJIMHH, npOXOJJ,HT B BeHTJ)aJibHOM KaHaTHKe H OK3HllHBaeTCH Ha MOTOpHbIX KJieTKax seHTj)aJlhHl:ilX CTOJI6oB. OH'' npOBO,llHT spHTeJibHO- yxoB . peKCbI. . .

r) 0JlHBOCnHHa4bHbIH DY.Th':- tractus · olivospinalis - eaqueaeTCSI us K.lte'fOK Kay.na.ribHOH OJ!HBbI, ilpoxo.nHT B· BeHTj)aJI&HOM KaHaTHKe, oKauqusaeTCSI Ha MOTOpHblX KJleTKax BeHT}llaJlbHX CTOJIOOB llleHHOH 11aCTH CnHHHOro MOSra. OH CBHsau c pe$!JeKropHoA Koop.nuuauHeA .llBH>Ke1,rnii H rouyca MYCKYJlaTyphl meH (,nBH>KeHHSI rOJIOBbI).· . . . .·

) npoOJlhHhlii peTHKyJJO-caHHaJI&uhlii nyTb ...;... tractus reticulaspina-

440

lis - o6pa30BaH HeHpHTaMH KJleTOK HHTepCTHUHaJibHOfO H)l.pa CeTqaTOro oOpa- 30BaHHSI cpe)lHero Mo3ra (HaXO.ll.HTCH snepe.ll.H H,npa rnaso.nsuraTeJibHoro Hepsa). OH npoxo.nuT pS1.zt.oM c KrocnuHaJibHblM nyTeM, oKaHqusaeTCSI . Ha KJieTKax

.nsuraTeJibHblX H.11.ep rnaaHbIX MblWU H BeHTpaRbHblX CTOJIOOB WeHHOH ii rpy,nHQH

1

qacreu c11HHHoro

Mosra; yqacTBYeT B Koop,nuHaµuu .nsu>KeHuii mas u rOJIOBbl.

3Kc1'.panupaMHJUible nyTH -caMble .npeBHHe. · 0HH nonyqaIOT HMnyJibCbl qepes tractUS striatorubralis .HS llOJIOCaTblX TeJI; KOTOpble HBJIHIOTCH BbICIJJHMH

(no.nKopKOBhlMH) .nBHraTeJibHbIMH . u eurpaMH. y MJieKOllHTalOlllHX , DOJIQC0Tble TeJia nOJiyqaroi, KpOMe roro, ·HMnyJibChl Ha Kopbl nOJiywapuii 6on&Woro Moora

(tractus corticostriatus). Bhlc1JJHM (nO.ll.KOPKOBbIM) qyBCTBHTeJibHblM ueHTpoM

9KCTJ>anHpaMH.zt.HEIX nyreA CJiy:>KaT narepaJibHbie srnpa 'apwrenhlfblx .6yrpos Ilpu llOMOIUH ' 9KC1'.panupaMH.zt.HbiX nyTeH no.n.nep:>KHsaeTCSI MhlllleqHbtff. TOHyc

, H oeyecTBJISleTCSI, pe¢.neKTOpHaH :neSffeJI.bHOCTb MbinleqHoH . CHCTeMbI. fopea nupaMH.nHhle nyTH Kopa OK83b1B8trr CBOe CTHM}'JTHPYIPw.ee H ropMOOSIW.t!e BJIHB HHej 'leM u npu)laeT .{lBH:>KeHHHM ·OOJibWYfO. roqHocTb. · · · · .

3. BereTaTHBHHe npoao.nsnuue nyTH H.l{yT OT ophl H nO.zt.KopKOBblX sr.nep (substantia grisea c_entralis thalami) a cnu,.1:1oir MOsr Ha11JJqy:e ux s;olq!abl

BaeTCH tl>YHKUHOHaJl,bHO, HO MOpclx>Jloreqec ' OHH noKa TOqHo He :>npe,neJieHbI.

M03f0Bb1E OBOJIO...KH

. . CnuHHoft H l'OJIOBHOft Moor o.ne'f TPeMSI o6oJioqKaMH (puc₁ 261, 262) -KOTO· pble Bl>lllOJIHSllO'f sam.umyro $YHKUHlO epOTHB pa3JIHQIIbIX. MexaHHIJecKHx H Tep-

MHqecKHX BOS.lleHCTBHii : y >KHBO'l'.HJ:aIX, o6HTalOUJ,HX B Bo)UIOH epe)le, Ko'ropaSI HCKJIIOqaeT BOSMOlKHOCTH 3HaqurenbHblX TeMnepa';l'ypHblX, KOJie6ailii_ oKpy:>Karo­ Ju.eH, cpe.zu,r H KaKHX JIH60 COTfHICIHH MOSra npH nepeitm1JKeHHH1 HMee1\'i:SI . 'OJI&-

Ko o.nHa roHlarn, npUMutnU8H.OJt o6o.IJoqKa Moara - meninx ptimitia HJIH pia mater primitiva, cooTBere+ayromaH rKoii M03roaoA .o6oJioqKe Mbsra M.lreKo­ nHTalOUUfX. B 3TOH o6oJto11Ke .npoxo.nnT KfX>l'leHOCHMe cy;ZthI, 1m1arolllHe Moar•. y HH3WHX Ha3eMHblX Il03BOHoqH:bIX (aMl\>8:6HH, penTHJIHH) OT npHMHTHBHOH

"MSlfKOH OlfKH M03ra o6oco6JIHeTCSI TBepJlaH o60JloqKa, a 'J MJieKODHTalOIUHX. o6Jia.na10W;Hx 6oJlbWOii no;ne11JK11oe rsro, as MSII i<Oii 000;11oq.Kff BblJleJISieTCSI ew.e' u nayTHHHaSI. TaKHM o6paaoM, ecnu y Hua.wax nosBoHoqHbIX. BOKpyr cnuHHoro Mosra ·6Wlo JIHW.b sm1,nypaJibHoe u cy6.nypan&Hoe .npocrpaHcTBo -eavum epidurale et subduiale, ·10 c pa3BHTHeM naywunoA o($oJioqKB oopasyere.si ero­

16. oe --,... cy6apaxHou.zt.aJibHoe npocrpaHCTBo - cavum subarachnoidale. 3TO

/.. ' ! • t I

• Puc., 261. ¹ 060Jio'IKH cnHHHoro M<>3ra

1 -nayTHHHaJI 11oarosaa o60Jioua; 2 - aepiaJl Mosro1uu1 060J1oua; 3 -aearpani.­ HblA Kopeui. oepsoro meAHoro sepaa; 4 -sy60811AB8JI cs.113Ka; 6 ,....: KopeB& BToporo weii­ soro CllHBBOllOSroaoro Bpaa; 6 -BeBTp8.IU>l18R CRHBBOMOSroBaJI apTepa.11; 7 -' DPO.llOJl­ roBaTblA Moar;.8 - DOABeWHB'810lll8H CBJISKa; 9 - CRBHBOI Moar; 10 -·6oKOBli:JI CBJISKa:

I X . X , X I , X II -•epenuhle sepa1:it; a -:rpa&Bll& Me1K.«Y DPOAOJil"osaTblll H CuBBHYM

· · 11oarou. · ·

441

• PHc. 262. BsaHMOOTHoweHHe MHl'­

KoA MosroaoA o60JioqKH K rJ HaJJb­ HoA MeM6p·aHe (no J. P. Schade,

• and H. F. Donald, 1965):

I - naytHHHaH o6onoqKa; 1' - ee' tpa6eKyn1i1; 2 ...,... no,ll,naytHliHoe npoctpaHcrao; 3 - MHrKaH Mo3- roaaH o6o.iJoqKa; 4, 4' , 4" - apre-

pHH, aprepHOJia H KanHJJJJSlpbI; - rJJHaJJ'bHaH MeM6paea; 6 - acrpo­

·uHr; 7 -Heapoe; 8 -9neH,ll,HMa;

9 - M 3r.

6oJiee

npocTpaHCTBO, CBOHCTBeHHOe

.UJISI cnHHHoro M03ra H rOJIOB-

·HbIX, sanOJIHeHo pbIXJIOH coe.nH­ HHTeJibHOH TKaHbIO co 3HaqH­ Te7lbHlil'M KOJJHqec1BOM .>KHpo- BbIX KJieTOK;

Teep.11,an oOOJJO<IKa cnHHHoro a ronosuoro Moara - dura mater spinalis (2} et encephali HOCTpoena H3 rtJIOTHOH Coe;L(HHRTeJl bffOA TKaHH H c BHY I- peHHeu noBepxHOCTH BbICTJiaHa 9H,nOTenHeM. IToKpbIBaH cnuHHou M03r co Bcex

cTOpoir, dura mater spinalis s ·o6nacTH aTnaHTa KpenHTCSI Ha seHTpaJ1bHOH

.nyre H sy6oBH'AffOM orpocrKe 9nlfCTprnpeH, a ctJoKy Ha CnHHHOM03rOBbIX Hep- Bax, o6paayH Ha HHX BJiaraJIHUJ.a, npUKpenJIHIOUJ.HecH K KpaHM Me:m:n03BOHoq­ HbIX oTBepcwu. Me:m:,n.y TBep.nou Moarooou 060J1oqKou H Ha,nKOCTHHueii nos­ e0Ho11eoro KaHaJia oc raer cH anuiJypallbRoe npocmpancffl86 · _cavum ep1durale, sanoJIHeHHOe pbIXJIOH c:oe,nHHHTeJibHOH TKaHblO co 3HaqHTeJibHbl M KOJIHqecTBOM

:>KHposblx·KJieTOK. B OTJIHqHe OT Tsep.nou 06oJIOt1KH cnu:rnoro Moora B o6JiacTH rOJimmoro Moa1a 'oea cpacTaetcH c Ha,nKOCTHHueii qepena u n09TOMY 3nH.ny-

paJibHoe npocTpaHcTBo OTCYTCTByeT. Me:m:.ny Ha.nKOCTHHueu u Tsep.nou Moarosou o6oJioqKoif s.necb npoxo.nHT JIHlllb BeHbl, 06pasy10m.He .nopcaJibHyro H BeHTpaJib- eyro cwt:TeMbl seeoaHbIX CHHycos. ·

B cy6.nypaJibHOe npocTpaHcTBo OT Tsep.noii Mo3rosou o6oJioqKH roJIOB­

Horo Moara OTXQ.UHT .UBe CKJia.UKH ,_ cepnOBH.UHaSI H nepenoHqaTbIH HaMeT M03:>KeqKa.

Cepno8uiJnaa cK.IUJiJKa - falx cerebri - npoxo.nHT carHTTaJibHO OT neTylllb­ ero rpe6HSI pelllerqarou KOCTH .no M03>KeqKoeoro HaMeTa. JleJKHT B npO.llOJibHOH UJ.eJIH Me11<.ny nOJiylllapHSIMH 60JlbllIOro Moara lf HaHOOJiee CHJlblfO Bbipa:>KeHa y co6aKH H JIOuia.nH, y KOTOpbIX OHa noqre .11.0CTHraeT ,M030JIHCTOro Tena, y

CBHHbH H >KBaqHbJX (oco6eHHO y MeJIKHX) Bblpa>KeHa CJia6o.

llepenontta1Tlblll naMem Mtt'Kll - tentorium cerebelli membranaceum - OTXO.UHT OT KOCTHOJiO HaMeTa HJiH TeMeHHOH KOCTH, a TaK>Ke Me:m:.ny 6oJibllIHM M03roM H M03>KetIKOM. . .

fiayTHHHaB oOOJJO'IKa.CDHllHOrO H rOJIOBHOro' Moara - araclmoidea spina­ Jis et encephali - OtieHb He>KHaSI H TOHKaH, o6e ee nosepxHocTH noKpbITbl SH,noTeJieeM:. ·B cnHHHOM M03re oHa .noBOJibHO TecHo .npHJieraeT K TBep.noH: M03- roB()H o6oJioqKe, OT.UeJISISICb OT Hee cy6.nypaJibHhIM . npOC1'paHCTBOM -:- cavum subdurale, a OT MHrKoif o6oJioqKH M03ra ee OT.UeJIHeT 6onee IIIHpHoe no.n­ nayTHHHoe (cyoapaxHoe,naJibHoe) npocrpaHcTso - cavum subarachnoidale. 06a no.no60J1oqeqHbJX npocTpaHCTBa CilHHHoro M03ra coe,nHHSIIOTCSI c O.UHO•

442

OMeHHblMH npocTpaHCTBaMH roJIOBHOro M03ra H 3anbJIHeHbl uepe6pocnHHaJibOH, HJIH. cnunnoM002oeoiJ., 3/CUOKOCmblO - liquor cerbrospinalis.

nayTHHHaH oOOJIOllKa cnHHHOro M03ra coe,nHHHeTCH c TBep,noii OOOJIOllKOH cocy,naMH; ' 3YOOBH.l{HblMH CBH3KaMH MHrKOH OOOJIOt.[KH B MecTax HX npHKperwe­ HHH, HepsaMH, Ha KOTOpble OHa nepexo,nHT, a TalOKe no08eUtU8Cl10 f4UMU C8Jl3- KaMU - lig. arachnoidale - snepe,nH nepsoii napbl meHHblX Hepsos. ·

B roJIOBHbM M03re nayTHHHaH 06oJI011Ka B H3BHJIHHax Mo3ra npoqHo cpa­ cTaeTCH c MHrKOH o6oJioqkoH ' IloJJ.nayrHHHoe npocTpaHCTBO coxpaHHeTeH 1'0Jlb• KO B IUeJIHX H 6op03,nax Me)KAY H3BHJIHHaMH H H 6a3aJibHOH nosepxHOCTH M03-

ra, r.ne oHa o6pa3yeT pacmHpeHHH - BeHTpaJibHble UHCTepHbl npo,noJirosaroro M03ra, JIHCTepHy MOCTII ' uepBH'-IKa H p.

OT nayTHHHOH o60JIOlfKH B.l{OJlb cepnOBH.l{HOH CKJia.l{KH OTXO.l{HT B cyO­ J{ypaJibHoe npocTPaHcTBO sopcHHKH; , npHHHMa10iuHe HHOr,na <PoPMY Y3eJI­ KnR naiuOHOObl epaHy llw granulationes arachnoidales (pnc. 261 3). Ho-

CJie.l{HHe BHe,npSIIOTCSI B CHrHTTaJibHblH. CHHyc H ycHJIHBalOT OTTOK cnHHHOM03r0-

BOH >KHAKOCTH B eeHbl.

Msrrxaa OOo.lw<!Ka CRHHHOfO ' H FQJIOBHOFO MOOl'ft pia mater ' spinalis et . encephali --'- il{OBOJlbHO WlOTHaH; "OHa npOllHO cpacTaeTCH c M03rOM H, npOHHKaH BO oce IUeJIH H yrny6JieHHH BMecTe c conpOBO>K.l{aIOIUHMH ·KpOBeHOCHblMH cocy­

,!{aMH, BHpSle'FeH B M03FOBOe Bef:UCCTBO (nooroMy oHa 1:133bIBaercH 13IOKe era

cocy,nHCToH o60JI011Koii). BBopaqHsaSICb B noJIOCTH M03ta, oHa y11a.cTsyeT s

tPoPMHpoBaHHH cocy,na:CTblX noKpblllleK - tela diorioidea, B KOTOpblX 3aJio- '

)!CeHI:d COCYAffCTble CHJieTeHHH plexus chorioideus. TaKHe oopa30BaHH.H Ha- xo,nHTCH B 6oKQBblX, TpeTbeM "· lleTBepToM :>KeJiy,noqKax M03ra (plexu.s chorio­ ideus ventriculi quarti, tertii et lateralis). Co cropoHbl no.nnayTHHHoro npo­ eTpaHcTsa o6oJJ011Ka noKpblTa CJl:OeM . UJ OCKHX KJieTOK.

B,nOJib ocero cnHHHoro M03ra, Ha OOKOBblX ero nosepxHOCTHX, MHrKaH o6o-.

JIOllKa tPoPMHpyeT 6oK08ble CBH3KH cnHHHoro M03ra (npasy10 H JieBYIO), OT KO-

TOpblX Me>KAY cerMeHiaMl1 K rsep.n:oii oOOJIOllKe M03ra OTXO.l{SIT sy606Ui:JntJte. C8R8-

KU - lig. denticulatum. TaKHM. o6pa30M M03r OKa3blBaeTCH no.n;semeHHblM K

TBep,noH: 06oJI011Ke, a aOCJieAHHSI - K no3BOHKaM. B 3y6osH,ni:rblx CBH3Kax npo-

XWJ:H'l cucy)(bl H HepBbr. .

ilayTHHHaH oOOJIOll Ka COBMecTHO C MHrKOH H83blBaeTCH leptomeninx. CnHHHoMoorosaH :>KH,nKOCTb 3anoJIHSieT cy6,nypaJibHoe M: 'Cy6a axHOHAaJib-

OCT aHCTBa rOJIOBHOro H CilHHHOro M03ra.' hl,lleJISieTCSI OHa KJieTKaMH 9aeH,nHMbI li cocy.l{HcTblx cMeTeHHit: M03ra. Te11eT cy6apaxou,naJibHOM npo­

cTpaHCTBe B cropoHy roJIOBHOro M03ra, T. e. KpaHHaJibHO, a B n:eHTQaJibHOM KaHaJie cnHHHoro Mo3ra - Kay,naJibHO. 0TTeKaeT uepe6pocn rnaJibHaH >KHA-

KOCTb B seH03HYIO CHCTY H B opraHbl JrHM¢oo6paiueHHH. '

·cocy_ns1 cnnttttoro Mo3rA

ApTepHH CilHHHoro M03ra npOHCXO.l{HT H3 rr. spinales Il 03BOHoqHbJX, Me»<- pe6epHbI"· llOSICHHllHbIX H KpecTUOBblX apTepttit:. 0HH npOHHKaIOT B ll03BOHOll· HbIH KaHaJI no XO.ZlY CilHHHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB H o6pa3yIOT Ha CilHHHOM M03re

TPH npo,nOJibHble MarHCTpaJIH: · HenapHy10 cnunnoM03208ytO eenm.pa.11.bff,y10 ap- mepu10 - a. spinalis ventralis - If napHbl"e cnwmoMose08ble aopcaAbftble ap- .

mepuu - aa. spinalis dorsalis dextra et sinistra. Bee 3TH MarHcTpaJIH B Ka>K­

14. oM cerMeHre 1JHacTOM03Hpy10T Me)KllY co6oit:, cflopMepys cncyducmblll BeHet4

vasocorona (pHc• . 197). · . , , ·

CnHHHOM03roBaS1 BeHTPaJibHaH apTepHH - HaH6oJiee MOIUHaH. 0Ha Jie)KHT c 0,l{HOHMeHHOH BeHOH,B BeHTpaJibHOit: npo,nOJlbHOH lll.eJIH M03ra H OTAaeT napHYIQ HJIH HenapHylO BeTBb B cepoe M03roooe seiuecTBo cnHHHoro M03ra. B 6eJioe M03roBOe seruecTBO OTXO.l{SIT BeTOllKH H3 cocy.l{HCTOro .BeHua. BHyTpH M03ra STH apTepHH aHaCTOMOSHPYIOT .npyr c ,npyroM. .

CnHHHOMosroable .nopcaJibHble at>TepHH npoxo,nHT BAOJib .nopcaJibHblX KO­ pemkos, a COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHe BeHbl (v. lateroventralis) - B.l{OJlb BeHTPaJibHblX. 113 iieH cnmiHoro Moora KPOBb OTTeKaeT BO BHyTpeirn BeH03Hoe TW860HO'lft0e

_• 443

cnAemenue - pl. vertebralis internus, Koropoe ·nexraT e 9DHJJ.ypanbHOM npocTpaHCTBe H coe.lJ,HHHeTCSI. c Hapy:RCHbl.M 1W880HO'lHbl.M CnA.etneHueM - plexus

• vertebralis externus. :Ha noc.ne.nuero 6epyT ua11aJ10 .nopcaJibHble noaeoHoqHble

BeHbl - vv. vertebrates dorsales. ·

COCYllbl ronOBHOrO' M03rA

. · APTepHH rOJIOBHoro Moara y JIOWaJlH H nJ10TOS1.llHhlX OTXO.llHT OT eHyTpeH­ ueif COHHOH, a y :>KBaq_HblX H CHHbH - OT saThlJloqHoii, MllUU,eJIKOBOH H WHJIO- COCU@BHJlHOH apTepHH (pHC. 268). . . .

BHyTpeHHHH coHHaH ap'l'.ePlfH - a. carotis interna, npow e nOJiocTh. qe­

pena qepes coHHoe (y co6aKH) HJIJJ peaHoe OTBepCTHe (y Jiowa,nH), or.naeT nep-

10010 y HJlO'f'OHAIU>IX) H S8JUHOio (y ltJIOTOHHlil H JIOWaJlff ) C<>e;l.lHHHTeJlbHble

apTepHH - aa·.intercarotica rostralis et caudalis (4, 6), o6paayH BoKpyr rnno­

<l>Haa apTepHaJJbHhlii Iq)yr Moara - circulus . arteriosus cerebri. PocTpaJihHO

.oT apTepHaJibHOro KOJI1:fl8 oTxo.zvm a) pocmpii.AbltQ;Jt, apnft1Pwi cocy0ucmozo cru.eme1twi - a. chorioidea rostralis; 6) nepeiJHRR apmepwi M082Q. - a. cerebri rostralis, HanpaBJISll01U8SIC$1 K M030JIHCTOM}'. TeJIY H IlHTalOUlaH oepe.nHHe OT.ll:e.Jlbl nOJiymapnif roJtOBnoro M03t a, e) .eligm 2JUl3RU'lRWt apmepwi a. oph- talmica intetna: (y Kpynpblx :meaqHblX oHa 1HBJISleTCH Btheb10 pocTpaJ1bHoro COCY.llHCTQro COJle1'eHHSI). Or 'Hee Y. KqwKH OTJleJIHeTcH pocmpa.ttbHaR OOo.IUJWtHOJl apmepwi a. meningea rostraH; r) 6RgmpeHRRR peutenwamaa apmepwt

a. ·ethmoidalis.interna, HanpaBJist101UaS1cS1 e J186HpHHT peweTqaroii KOCTH;

JJ.) pocmpa.!lbH.aR coeiJuHJ,tme.JU?H:aa. apmepiJJl - a. communicans rostralis - 1 coe.nHHSleTCSI c 8f!aJIOtH11HOH apTepHeH .npyroli CTOpOHbl Bnep OT 3pHTe.JlbHOro I nepeKpecTa (OH DOCTOSIHHa y CBHHbH IH ilenOCTOSIHHa y )fmaqHblX) H o6paayeT :. cpeiJ1t1010 apmepw<i '.Moaza - a• . cerebri . me4ia (5). · • .

. KY,!laJJf>RaH , coe.AHHHTeJl&ffaH apTepHH - a. commumcans caudahs - . coe.nHHHet ,npa'By1c_.u1 J1eay10 _.eHyTpeHHHe COHHhle aprepHH c 6aawrnpHoli H o6·

PHc. 268. ·ApTepHH rOJioeHoro Mosra Kopoe:

. A - 6asaJJbHU noeepXHOCTb rOJioBHOJ'O Mosra; B - cocy.ztbi. ·Alla 11epenHoA ROJlp ; l - a. cerebri rostralis; 2 -:-- a. opl)talmica interna; 3 - a. carotis interna; 4 ,....a. commu-1 nicans rostr,alis; 6 ,...... a.·cd<ebr:i media; '6 - a. communicans caudalis; 7 -a. cerebri. cau- dalis; 8 ...,.. a. cerebelli rostraUs; 9 ....,. a. meningea caudalis et a. cerebelli caudalis;lO -

1. basilaris; 11 :--:- a.·.spina!is ventralis;' 12, 13 -tete. mirabile epidurale rostrale; 14 -'

¹ ramus ad. rete m1rab1le eptdurale rpstrale; 16 -rete mirabile epidurale caudale; 16 -

1. vertebralis; 17 - a.- condylaris; a - nOJlo>KeHHe ranoctiusa.

444

paayeT a8.zluio10 11acTb aprepHMbHoro Kpyra MOaa. Or nee OTXO)(Sl:T Ky.qaJib• naH aprepHH Moara - a.·cerebri caudalis - ii pocrpMbllaH apTepHH Moa:me11- Ka - a. cerebelli rostralis. · . · '

Y CBHHbH Kay.Aa.JlbHaH o6oJIO'leqaait apiepHH - a. · meningea caudalis - OTXOT OT 3aTbIJI011HbIX BeTBeH - a. j occipitalis, a y :lKBa11HbIX - OT aaTbh .

noqublx BeTBeii a. condylaris. . . .

y CBHHbH lapTepHH II'BepJJ.OH M03roBOH o6oJI011KH, OTXOJJ.HW)ie OT BeTBeH

Mbl!'.lle.JIKOBOH H no3BOH011HOH aprepHH:, o6pa3yIOT Kay.!HlJibHYIO 11y.u.ecH:y10 CeTb - rete .mirabile epidurale caudale, OT KOTOpoii HJJ.YT BeTBH B nepen.u1010 11yn.ecnyio· ceTb_ - rete mirabile epidorale rostrale. IlOCJ1eJJ.HHH y :maa11ublx olSpaayereH· · BeTBHMH qe.moquoH: apTepHH, OT i<oropoii OTXOJJ.HT BeTBb B KaynaJlbHYIO qy- JJ.e<!HYIO ceTb. ' . .

0TTOK BeH03HOH .KPOBH oT TOJJOBHOrO _M03ra ocym;ecrBJJHeTCH no n.opcanb HbIM H sewrpa.nbHbIM seuaM MOOra·H Moa>KeqKa • vv cerehri (cerehelli) dorsa)es. et ventrales, OOJlbIIIoH: seue Moora - v. cerbri magna, oopaaoBaHnoii BHyTpeH­ HHMJi BeHaMH Moara, H 'no auy-rpeuueii rnaanHHoii BeHe - v. ophtalmiCa in­ terna. Bee BeHhl, KpOMe BHyT}leeeeii fJ!a3HH'IHOii, OTKJlb BalOTCSI B ,aopcaJIJ>•

HyIO H BeHTpaJJbHYIO CHCTeMbI BeH03HblX ClfHycoB•

.LJ.opcaJihHaH cHcTeMa cHuycoB cocrouT ea HeiiapublX ·cam'rTaJibHoro·u npH- Moro c11Hyca 11 napuwx nonepe¹1Hwx, aaTwoiluwx H ,aopcaJI&HWX KaMeHH CTblX; B HHX BnaJJ.alOT BeHbI Moara.

, D,opcaAbHblll Cll2UmmaAbHblll cUHyc - sinus sagittalis dorsalis - uaxon.1fT­ CH B cepnoBH)J;Hoii c1c.1rn;i1ce, r.ae on o6pasyer 6oKOBhle JiaKyHbI · lacunae late rales. CnepeJJ.H on ua11HHaeTCH Ha o6oJ1011e11,HblX sen (y JJOIIIaJJ.H TaK:me Ha·peIUeT- 11aTbIX H MooroBbIX BeH). B Hero B.nan.a10T: 1) n.opcaJJhHble Beifbl. Moara. - vv eerebri . dorsales, 2) OOoJlOllC'IHble BCHbl HS TBeH MOOfOBOH o6oJIOllKH' 3} KOCT·· Hble (JJOOH,aH) 3aTbIJI011HaH, TCMeHHirn) BeHbI -;- vv• . diploici fr9ntalis, occipi­ talis et parietalis -·H 4)' KOpQTKHii npHMOH CHHyc - sinus rectus. nocJJeJJ.HHii.

o6paayel'CH KayABJlbHO OT BBJIHKa MOOOJIHCTOro rena CJIHHHHCM BCHbl M03CJJIH-

.croro:reJia c 6oJlhIUOH seu"oii Moora. BeHa M080.1tUC111:()ZO mell[l - v. corpQris. callosi - BblHOCHT KpOBb H3 nepen.uee. IlOJIOBHHbI Mra..EO.ltbtaa!I. BeHa M032a -­

V. cerebri magna npHHHMaeT B ce6» BHYTPeHHHe BeHbl MD3ra vv. cerebri interna, o6pa3oBaHHble BeHOA COCYJJ.HCTOl"O CnJleTel!HH - v. chdrioidea - H Be-­ HOH apHTCJlbHoro 6yrpa ff· noJJoca'.foro TCJla - v. thalamostriata..

Kayn.aJJhHO OT BnaneHHH npHMorp CHHyca -earnnaJJhHbIH CHHyc JJ.CJIHTCW 1Ha npaBble H eahlH: nonepequble cHuycbl·- sinus transversus,; Ka*JlhIH Ha Ko­ rop1i1x HanpaBJJHCTCH B BHC011HbIH KaHaJJ H nepeXOJJ.HT & 'OopcaAbHYIO M0&08yf<f

BeHY - V. cerebn dorsahs. IlocJJeJJ.HSIH BDallaeT B BHC011HyID DOBepXHOCTHYIO' BeHy. B nonepe11Hblii CHHyc n.:> ero norpy)KeHHH B BHco11ublii KaHaJI BJJHBaeTCH

2. eHTPMbHblH KaMeHHCTblH CHHyc - sinus petrosus ventralis; OH BblHOCHT KpOBb· H3 .JJa6HpHHTa . (Vv. labyrmth1), a y JiolllaJJ.H H DJJOTOHJJ.HblX, KpOMe TOrO', H

.aopcaJJhHbIH KaMeHHCTbIH CHuyc --:-- sinus petrosus dorsalis, BblHOcHmHii KPOBb. H3 6a33JlbHblX H OT11aCTH 6oKOBbIX 11acTeA Moara. '

. Iloqepe11ublii GHHYC COCJJ.HHHeTcH noCpeJ{CTBOM BHC011HOro CHHyca sinus. temporalis c v. emissaria foraminis retroarticularis, a qe nocpen.cTao cHrMo­ BH.!lHOro cHnyca - sinus sigmoideus - c v. emissaria fbraminis jugularis. 0rroK KpOBH H .ztOpCMbHOH CHCTeMiil · CHHYCOB, QOMHMO M03fOBbIX .zr,op-·

CaJibHbIX BeH, npOHCXOJJ.HT TaK>Ke H. no BbIDYCKHbIM BCHaM - vv. emissariae. 3 MHccapHH - 9TO BeH03Hble coty.llbl, BblX O lHmHe 83 qepenuoii DOJIOCTH 11epea.

onpen.CJleHHble OTBepcTHH: cocueBHJJ.HaSI BblnycKHaH BeHa - v. emissaria masto­

idea (cooaKa, K}>ynuble )l{Ba11uble), aaTW101111aH -v. einissaria occipifalis, HpeMHOFO OTBepCTHSI - v. emissaria foraminis jµgularis, ' COHHOro KaHaJla -

v. emiss¥ia S!analis, carotid, psauoro OTeepcTHH - v. eniissaria foramina

laceri,· Kpyrnoro bTBCpcTHH - v. emissaria foraminis rotundi, rJiaaHH11Hoii. · m;CJJH ;_ v. emissaria. fissurae orbitalis (y :msa11111:i1x H cBHHbH - v. emissaria foramina 'orbitoroturid ). · . .

Oco6eHHocmu. Y co6aKH, cBHHbH ll poraroro cK6Ta nonepe1'ml:A ce'Hyc n.e­

JIHTCJI ua n.ee BeTBH: o,l\Ha BeTBb y co6aKH H. xpym10ro poraroro cKoTa lianpas-

.I 44S.

.JlSleTCB qepes BHC011Hbl.H Kanan B .LlOpcaJlbHYIO M03roByIO BeHY H JIHllib y CBH• llbH - B BeHTpaJlbHYIO M03roBylO BeHy qepe3 paauoe OTBePCTHe; .l{pyraB BeTBb npOHHKaeT B MhlmMKOBoe . OTBepcTHe, oopa3yH MhlmeJIKOBblH CHHYC - sinus

·condyloideus, KOTOpbIH nepeXO,L{HT B 0,L{HOHMeHHYIO BeHy lf, KpoMe Toro,.coe,L{H· ' HBeTCB c 6a3HJIBpHH CHHycaMH•. y JIOIIIa.l{H nonepe11HblH CHHyc HMeeT TOJibKO

•O.LlHY BeTBb, H.LlYmYIO B BHC011HblH KaHaJI.

BeHrpaJibHaB, HJIH oa, sHJIBpHaB, CHCTeMa cHuycas npe,n.cTae.neua seeTpaJib- HblM. carHTTaJlbHblM, oasHJIBpHbIM H KaBepH03HblM CHHycaMH.

K01Jep1toaHbttl ctutyc -sinus cavernosus - pacnoJ1araeTCB c6oKy OT rnno-

·'1JH3a H coe.!IHHBeTCB MP>KKasepHmHblMH CHHycaMH sinus intercavernosi,

I-fa KaBepH03HOTO CHHyca cnepe.l{H BblXO,L{HT BHyTpeHHSISI rJia3HH'lHaB eeua; npoH:­

){B 11epe3 rnas11H11Hy10 men&, oua ena.l{aeT B rnyooKylO J1Huesy10 aeHy. B Kay­

n,aJ1hHOM uanpaMeHHH· Kasepuosubdi CHHyc cHHS1eTCS1 c oaaHJIHf>HblM cHuy=

-COM. '

EaaUJlJl.pHbttl ctutyc -sinus basilaris - coe,L{HHBeTCB c eyTpeuHHM n<?­

sBneoyeblM ciIJJeTeHHeM B o611aCTH psaHoro OTBepcTIHI·oT Hero OTXOJUl'f Bb!HY

<:KHaSI saThLTl011HaS1 eem\. BJ1Hs saTW1011Horo cycTaea y XHmHhlX 6asHJ1HpHhle

-CHHYCbl coe,L{HHBIOTCB MelK.zr.Y COOoH Me)KOCHOBHblM CHHYCOM - sinus inter­ basilaris. B 6asHJIHpHyio CHCTeMY cuuycoB oTKpb!BaIOTcB sem-paJibHble seubl

:M:oora.

11.eHTpaJibHble OT,L{eJIIi llepBHOH CHCTeMbl' co aceMH opraHaMH CoeJlHHBIOTCB

noepe;llC'fBOM OTj)OC'fKOB HepBHblX KJJeTOK, saJI02KetIHhlX B ex ueu rpax. B 3aBH-

.cHMOCTH OT Toro, r,L{e paciibJil:lralOTCB uenTphl, nepHcpepH11ecKHe uepBhl nOJ1.­ pas.n.eJ1B10TCS1 Ha CDHHHOM03roBhle, qepenHOM03roBhle H HepBbl eereTaTHBHoro

oa HepBtioA CHCTeMlil,' KOTOphle MOIy IupOXO,L(HTb HJIH B COCTase COMaTH11e-

CKHX HepBOB K opraHaM TeJia, HJIH B COCTaBe BHcuepaJlbHblX HepBOB K BHYTPeH.;. . HHM opraHaM. • ,

KaJKJlblH nep0cpep011ec.irnA ueps npe.n;cTaBJIBeT coooA CJIO:>KHoe auaTOMlf11e-

·CKoe OopaoBaHHe; 8 HeM HapSl){y C HepBHblMif npOBO.IJ,HHKaMH, HJIH HepBHblMH BOJIOKHaMH, HMeeTCB SHallHbHoe llHCJIO Coe,L{HHHTeJibHOTKaHHblX 3JleMeHTOB (o(lo;noq101 Hepsa), KpOBeHOCHhlX H JIHMillaTH11ecKHX COCY.LlOB, ooecne11HBa10mHX

.ero IIHTaHHe.

PasaHTHe aepaoe. Heepo6.naCTbl, cocraBJIHIOmHe KJieroquylO ocuoay aepx- cHero CJIOB .M03fOBOH Tpyl5KH, CBOHMH OTpOCTKaMH BblXO,L{SIT 3a npe.ll,eJibl pasBH- .

·BaIOmerocB Moora H CoeJlHHBIOTCSI c COOTBetcTBYIOmHMH oprauaMH nocpe.l{CTBOM

.acpcpepeHTHblX, HJIH ueHTpOCTpeMHTeJibHblX (qyBCTBHTeJibHblX ' H eHTHblX

.UJIH ueHTp HblX ,L{BHraTeJibHblX • BOJIOKOH.

c ii H H H 0 M 0 3 r 'o B hi e a e p B bl. y JlaHUeTHHKa H3·3a OTCYTCTBHB

D03BOHKOB .n.opcaJlbHblH (11yBCTBHT.eJibHbIH) H BeHTpaJlbHblH (.llBHraTeJibHbIH) HepBbl OTXO,L{BT OT CDHHHoro Moora B Ka)K)J,OM cerMeHTe caMOCTOBTeJibHO; CDHH­

HOMOOrOBble YSJibl OT CnHHHOro.Mra He o6oco6JieHbl• •lI.op-CaJJbHblH HeJ.B y HHX

.ff.n,eT trepes MHOCCDTbI B KO:>KHblH DOKJ)OB H .n.aeT BHcuepaJlbHYIO EleTBb B KHIIIe11- HylO CTeHK;Y. BeHTpMbHblH Heps no BblXO.n,e H3 CDHHHoro Moora uanpaBJIBeTCB

B MHOTOM H npO:itO.llHT MeJK.n.Y MHocenTaMH, pacnOJlaraHcb KaY.LlOBeHTpaJlbHee qyscTBHTeJibHoro Hep.Ba. c OOSIBJieliHeM CKeJieTHOH cerMeHTallHH y BbllIIPCTOHlI!HX

Il03BOH011Hb1X Ooa Hep.Ba o6'be.zr,HHBIOTCB B OOinHH' CTBOJI, CMemaHHOfO CDHHHO­

M03fOBOro uepea. 0.n.HoBpeMeHHO npOHCXO.IJ,HT o6oco6JieHHe OT CnHHHOro M03ra

·qyBCTBHTeJI!>HblX KJieTOK, KOTOpble o6pasy10T Ha ,L{OpCaJibHOM KOpelIIKe CMelllaH­ Horo CnHHHOM03fOBOro HepBa CiiWUJ.llbHblJl 20X2/l.UU - gn. Spinale (pHC. 264). CnHHaJlbHble raHrJIHH npe.l{CTaBJIBIOT CoOOH CKODJleHHe HepBHblX KJieTOK;

-0.IJ,HH (.n.JIH8Hb1H) HX oTpOCTOK c,ny>KHT socnpHHHMalOmttM OT,llMOM H OTXO.IJ,HT

-OT peuenropa, paCDOJIO:>KeliHOro Ha nepHcpepHH, a BTOpoH (KopoTKHH) .BBJIBeTCB nepe.l{alOmHM H HanpaBJIBe'fCB B CDHHHOH MO;:Jr B COCTase ,L{OpCaJJbHOro KOpelIIKa. Jl.HCTaJlbHee CnHHaJibHOro raHI'JIHB 11YBCTBHTeJibHbte .n,aHraTeJibHble BOJIOKHa oone.n,HHBIOTCB B o61Q.Hii . CMelllanublH: cnHHHOMoorosoii uepe.

446

Piic. 264. CxeMa o6pasoeaHHH H BeTBJieHHR cnHHHOMosroehlx Hepeoe;

A y naHueTHHKa; 1 - cnHHHoii Mosr; 2 - xop.zta; 3 - aopTa; 4 - eucuepan&Hhl Hepa; 5 -.KHWKa; 6 - llOJIOCTb Te.Ila; 7 - MHOTOM; 8 ...... JieBhlli BeHTp8JlbHhlli Kopeu&; 9 - npael.rli AOpC8JlbHhlH KOpeHb; B - y MJ1eKODHT8I011lero; 1 - CDHHaJI·bHblH raHrJIHH;

2 BeHTp8.UbHhlil KOpeHh; .'l CMeW8HHhlA COHHHOMOSrOBOH HepB; 4 BeTBb K o6ono•i Ka cnHHHoro 11103ra; 5 - CH!lfnaTHqecKHli (napaBepTelipan&Hhllil raHrnuli; 6 - 6e.11aJ1 H' 7 -cepaR coeAHHHTeJJbHhle BeTBH; 8 -AOPC!IJl&Hasi seTBh cnHHHOM03roeoro Hepea; 8' _;_ ee JlaTepaJJbHa.JI H 8" -MeAH8JlbHhle BeTBH; 9 -BeHTp8JI):.HaH BeTBb cnHHHOM03fO··

· eoro Hepea, 9' ee J1a1epaJ1&HaM H !J" ME!ARaJI&RaH eeTBH.

CnHHHOMosroBb e HepBbI H cooTBeTCTBYIOW.He . HM. · cnHHaJibHhie raHrJIHH' pacnoJiaralOTCH MeTaMepHO H OTHOCHTCH K onpe.ne.11eHHblM KO)l{Hb M, MbUIIe11HblM,. KOCTHblM, BHyTpeHHocTHhIM H. cocy.nHcThlM cerMeHTaM. CooTBeTCTBeHHo nepBH11- Hoii cerMeHTaUHH TeJia :>KMBOTHoro n pOHCXO.llHT H BeTBJieHHe CMemauuoro CilHH-

. HOM03fOBOfO HepBa.Ilo BblJ.CO.lle H3 Il03BOH011HOrO KaHaJia OT Hero OTXO.llHT

a) .l{OpcaJibHaH BeTBb - r. dorsalis - B KO.>K)' H MhlUU:(bl Ha,i{Il03BOHoqHoro OT­

,ll eJia TyJIOBIU U a; 6) BeHTpaJibHaff BeTBb .f. ventralis, I l OCblJialOWaH Me,i{H3Jlb- HYIO HJIH .coe.llHHHTeJihHYIO - r. medialis, s. r. communicans - B BHcu.epaJib­ Hblii Mesot5JiaCT K CHMilaTHqecKoMy raHrJIHIO, OT KOTOporo QTXO.Z{HT BeTBH KaK

K BHyTpeHHHM opraHaM, TaK H K COMaTH11eCKHM Opono.m 1<a10w.ascs BeH'rpaJJb-

. HaH BeTBb pa3BeTBJU1eTCH B noBepXHOCTHhIX H rny6oKHX CJIOHX OoKOBOH CTeHKH TyJIOBHW,a. .

B nOCJienyiomeM B cBH3H c pa3,llezreHHeM xynoBHma ua weHHblii, rpy.u.lioii,. IlOHCHHqffblH, KpeCTU.OBblH H XBOCTOBOH OT,i{eJihl, pa3BHTHeM rpy.llHblX H , T"a30Bb X. KOHeqnocreii, pe.nyKU.HeH HJIH CMew,eHHeM .OT.lleJibHblX .nepMaTOMOB H MHOTOMOB­

npoocXO,llHT H COOTBeTCTByIOW.aH nepecTpOAKa nepBHIIHhlX HeupocerMeH'TOB. 3Ta nepeeTpOHKa conpoBO)l{,i{aJiacb pe,zcyKu.Heii OT.llMbHblX uepBOB, H3MeHeHHeM Hx Tonorpa<l>HH H ·oopaaoBaHHeM cnU1tHOM03208blX cn11emenuu - plexus cervi­

. calis, brachialis, lumbalis et sacralis.

q e p e n H 0 M 0 3 r 0 B bl e, HJIH 11epenHble, HepBbl B OTJIH11He OT' CilHHHO­ M03rOBblX OT?CO.llHT .OT u.eHTpOB, 3aJiera10w,HX B CTBOJIOBOH irncTR roJIOBHOrO· M03ra H HBJIHIOW,HXCH BH,llOH3MeHeHHhIMH OT,lleJI3MH npO.llOJl)l{alOW,erocH B Kpa­

HHaJibHOM HanpaBJieHH ceporo Bew,eeTsa cnnHHoro Moora. K 'taKHM u.enTpaM

OTHOCHTCH: a) H.llpa .llBHraTeJibHblX HepBoB (III, lV, VI, XI H XII napbl, qe­ penHhlX HepBOB) - COOTBeTCTBYIOT . BeHTpaJibHHM poraM CnHHHoro MOara '())' .llBHraTeJibHh e H,npa cMemaHHblX HepBOB (V, VII, IX, X naphi) - pacnoJia­ ralOTCH B OCHOB3HHH 11eTBepTorp M03fOBOro :lKeJIY.ll011Ka.

447

. lJyBCTBHTMbHhle BOJIOKHa CMemaHHhlX qepenHbIX HepBOB 6epyT HaqaJIO

13 KO)l{e fOJIOBbl,' CJIHSHCTOH 00oJI011Ke pOTOBOH H HOCOBOH nOJIOCTeH H, npeJK,l{e 11eM BCTYnHTiit s roJ1osuoii Moor, npof".OJJ;SIT 11epes COOTBeTCTBYIOilJ.He 11yscT- BHTeJibHhle raHrJIHH. .

B e r e T a T H B H bl e H e p 8 hi HOCSITCSI K CHMnaTHtiecKoii H IiapacHM­

. naTHllecKOH qacTSIM sereTaTHBHO,rO OTJ(eJia HepBHOH. CHCTeMbl.

Cu.unamu'leCK:aJI f(,flCl11b aepBHoii cHcTeMP! S1BJIS1eTCS1 npoHseo.n;Hoii H:eiipo-

6. uacTOB (cHM11aT0611) OCHOBHOi BeHTpaJihHOii nJiaCTHHKH H BeHpaJibHOfO

-OT,L{eJla Me.n;yJ1S1pHoii 1'pyt)KH, H3 poii H:epBHhle KJieTKH BblCeJISllOTCH B BeHT­ paJlbHOM HanpaBJ1eHHH · H pacnOJiarak>TCH_ B.l{OJib nossoH011uoro • cTOJioa . Jia­ Tepo,aopcaJii.no . OT' aopThl. 1Kom,1e11TpHpyHCb B eerMeHT8JJbHble CHMUii lHLie- CKHe ysJibi, CoeJJ;HHeHHhie COOoH Me}f{)'SJIOBblMH CIU SHMH, OHH oopasyioT

<CHMnaTHllecKHii CTBOJI. Or K8:1KJ10r0 'cHMnaTHllecKoro y3Jla oTXO,L{SIT 9$<1>epHTHhle

BMOKHa. K. snyrpe1mIM opraffaM H CC>e;!lHHHTMbH8SI BC'IBb ·K COOTCTBYJOeMY

·e.llHHHreDbHOA BeTBtl -r. ' communicans grisea. ·

B iueiiHoM OT.n:eJJe CHMnaTHqecKHii TBOJI npe.n;cTaBJieH noosoHoqHhlM Hep-

BOM. B 06J:tacnt r<>JIOBlil CHMOaTBqecKHe hi Bhl,L{HIOTCSI HS saKJia,!lOK 1'pOH·

:iu1q'uoro, ·KOJieffqaroro H .n;acTaJlbHoro ysJios. .

llapacUMnamU'U!CKCm f(l}Ctrlb seretaTHBHQro OT,L{CJia HepBHOH CHCTeMbl npe.n;-

:craBJieua BOJIOKHaMH, KOTOphle npoXO,L{HT B COCTaBe CMeIIIaHHblX Hepeos, OTXO­ i.ulllUlx oT CDellffaJibHhIX H.l{ep OCHOBaHHSI M03ra H HS ¹ceporo BeIJ,\ecTBa KpecT- JJ.OBQro OTJ.{eJla CnHHHOro M03ra. . .

• ·CTPOEHHE DEPHtt>·EPHlJ ECKOrO . HEPBA

I • I . I '

KIDM1:idi nepH(\)¢P,HqecKHH: H'epe. cocTOffT HS 6s>Jlbworo qm rra HepBHhlX

•BOJIOKOH, o6'be.llHHeHHblX C<>e.llHHHbHOTKaHHhlMH o60JioqKaMH (pHc. 265-A). B He BHOM BOJIOKHe, uesa8HCHMO OT ero n H o hi H HK oHaJlbHoro H qeHHSI, paSJIHQalOT QCe80tl tfUAUP cyindroaxis, DOKpbIThlii COOcTBeHHOH

·o6oJioqKoA - axolemma ....... a Hep1;moii oooJioqKoii - neurolernma. • CTpH ua­

1

JIHq!JH e noc.n:ea;ffieii >KHpono.iJ,ooHoro BeillCCTBa - MHeJIHHa HepsHoe · BOJIOKH0 HashlBaeTCSI MS1Koiab!M HJIH Mt.leAUHOOblM .-.. neurofibra myelinata, a npH ero. ·

OTCYTCTBHH ....,. OesMSIKOTHl:ilM HJJH aMUMUH08blM -:- netirofibra amyelinata (ro-

.JIWe Hepsa1:i1e BOJIOKHa · n eurofibri a n uda)., · · 3HatreHHe WIKOTHOii o60Jio'IKH sal(JJ10qaeTcH B TOM, qro oHa CDOCOOcTByeT

10. lyqlfieMj ,nposeJ( HlO Hep,BHoro eoaoyJK.l(eHHSI. B OesMSIJ50THhlX HepBHblX BOJIOK­ Hax sos6y npoBQ.IJ.HTCSI co ctmpOCThlO 0,5 2 Mic, B TO speMSI KaK B MH-

11. OTHblX,.B<¥IOKHaf : .60-120 M/c'. CTo .l{HaMeTpy OT,L{e.iJbHhie HepBHhle BOJIOKHa

no.lij)aseJIJ:Il(YfCH . H TOJICThle MHKOTHhle (OT 16-26 MKM y JIOIIIa.llff, JKB3qblX n:o JO 22 MltM y:co6aKH) ....... HTHble COMaTHll@CKHej cpe MSIKOTHhle (OT 8--15 MKM y JIOlll8.ZXH; X<Bal!HbIX Jl.O 6--8 MKM y cooaKH) ...:.. a<M>epeHTHble

.COMaTHqecKHe; TOHKHe (4_:._a MKM}: S<l>«l>epeIITHhle.sereTaTHBHble (pHC. 265-B).

BesMSIJ«)TH Kepl;lii;hle BOJIOKHa BXQAl:fT B COCTaB KaK COM8TH11CCKHX, TaK

>H BHcuepaJibHhlX ffePBOB, ·Ho .B· KOJIHqecTBeHHOM OTHOIIIeHHH HX 00.llbllle B sere- 7aTHBHbIX uepsax. OlJM paSJIHqaIOTt:sr Ka.K no .n;HaMeTpy, T.aK H no <l>opMe S1.n;ep HeBpOJleMMhl: l) MaJIOMHKOO'Hl:ile, HJIH ' OesMHKOTHhle, BOJIOKHa c OKpyrJioii 4><>PMOH SIJJ;ep (.n;HaMeTP ' BOJIOKHa 4:-2,5 MKM, pasMep H.n;pa .BX 4:6 MKM, pac­

·CTOHHHe MeJK.ZJ;y SIJ{p8MH 22345 MKM); 2) MaJIOMHlO'rHhle HJIH OesMSIKOTHhle

. BOJ.IOKHa c OBaJibHOBI:ilTffHyroii· <l>oPMOH H,L{ep HeBpOJieMMhl (.n;HaMeTp BOJIOKHa 1- .5 MKM, pasMep SIJJ.pa 12,8 4 MKM, paccTOHHHe MeQy Sl,L{paMH 85- 180 MKM); 3) 6esS1KOTHble BOJioKHa c eepereHoo6pasHoii clx>pMOii H.n;ep HespO.:

x

.JleMMhl (AHaMeTp BOJIOKHa 0,5-1,5 MKM, pasMep . pa 12,8 x 1,2 MKM, pac·

448

Puc. 265. CTpoeHHe nepulj>epuqecKoro uepea'

A - Heps ua nonepeqHoM cpese: 1 -e ineurium; 2 - perinetirium; 3 - endoneurium:

4 - neurofibra myelinata· 5 - c 1· · · - .

. OM Hepee <mhl; 1, 2, 3 -neurofibra myelinata; 4 ....:: neurof ibra amyelinata; 5,

. 6, 7 -,neurofibra nuda; a - temmocytus; 6_'- incisio myelini; c -isthmu!! nod!. _

C'l'OffIHfe y ' BOJIOKHaMff 60==120' MKM). y }KHBOTH paaHbIX BHJlOB 3TH DO-: Ka38Te.JIH MoryT 6b1Tb HeO,L{HH8KOBbWH.

• 00@JOllKH uepe. HepBHble BOJIOKHa, OTXOJlHmHe oT M03ra _

K8HH HSllOTCSI B nyqKH. COCTaBJIHIOUJ.He ()CHOBY nepH-

<J>epHqecirnx nepBOB. B Ka.>KJlOM nepBe CC>e.llHHHTellh HOTKaHHhle Mej'deHTbl yqac BYIOT B o6paaoBaHHH: a) BHyTpHn qKOBOA OCHOBbI - •

,L{e pbIXJIOH coeAHHHTeJibHOH TKaHH MelKJlY OT,L{eJibHbIMH uepBHblMH

• BOJIOKHaMH; 6) HHTeJibHOTKaHHOH'. ' oOoJloqKH, noKphl'sa10meA ' OUteJibHble rpynnbl HepBHEiIX BOJIOKOH, HJIH ne Ufte8 Utl - . . .

aaJIH'lalOT JlBOAHoH CJIOA DJIOCKHX 3DHTeJIH8JibHhIX KJieTOK -3neHJlH:.

MOfJIHaJibHOii npHpOJlbl, i<orophle o6pa3YIOT BOKpyr -uepBnoro II)"IKa nepnHe- BpaJlbHoe BJ1araJJHme, HJIH ne UHeB • •

·. ·1. T asHJ1Hpnoro BHYTPeHHero cJ1osi BhlcTHJIKH nepHHespaJibHoro BJia- . 'raJIHma B fJIYOb Hepsoro nyqKa ,OTXOJlSIT· Coe,ZlHHHTeJibHOTKaHHble BOJIOKHa, o6pa3YH>1Wfe BHyTpHnyqKoBble nep1LHPBpaap 1-1we nepe20poiJKu septum peri neuru; noc.iJ:e,L{HHe CJiy.>KaT MecroM npoxo.)KJleHHH KpOBeuocubl:x cocy.l{oB a TaK­

R<e yqaCTBYfOT B 00pa30B8HHH 3HJlOHeBpHyj'da.

IlepHHeBpaJibHble BJlara;µtII a COilpOBO»CJJ.alOT nyq1{H HepBH OOJIOKOH Ha

BCeM HX npoTmKeHHH H Jle.IISITCSI no Mepe ,L{eJieHHSI HepBa Ha 6oJiee MeJIKHe Q.eTBH. no.nocTh nepHHeBpaJibHoro BJiaraJJHma coo6maeTCH o cy6apa;x:noijitaJihHblM H cy6,ZtypaJibHbIM npOCTpaHCTllaMH CRHHHOro HJIH l'OJIOBHOfO MOSra H. co;D;ep­

}KHT He'6oJiaIIIoe· KOJiffqecTBO JIHKBOpa (neAporeHHBIA nyTb 'npoHHKHOBeHHSI BH- pyca 6eIIIeHcisa B ' ueHTpa.iibHhle OT,neJibl HepBuoA cHcTeMbl). . .

fpynnhl nepmlttHbJX HepBHblX ny'IKOB noepe;n:eTBOM IIJIOIHOA HpMJieH-

HOH C<>e.ll;HHHTeJibHoH TKaHH .OO:beJlHHSllOTCSI B 60Jiee KpynHJllle BTOpHqHble H ' TpeTH!IHme nylJKH HepBHblX CTBOJIOB 'H COCTaBJIH!qT B HHX Hap}')KHylO CoeJ{HHH­

;reJibHOTKaHHYIO o6oJioqKy, HJIH an.wt.eeputl -epineurium. B 3DHHeBpHH: no cpas

HeHHIO c SHJlOHeBpQeM npOXOJlHT 6oJiee KpynHble ,KpOBeHOCe H HM<f>a.THlJe- '

:ro

.cirne COCYJ.lhl - vasa nervorum. BoKpyr HepBHblX cTBOJIOB HMeeTC11 e:na HHoe KOJIHqecTBO (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MecTa npoXO.>K,L{CHHSI) pbIXJIOH coe.zlHHHTeJlbHOA

TKaHH, o6paay10meA no nepntJ>epHH HepBHOro CTBOJia JlOOOJimtTeJlbHytO 'OKOJIO-

• HepBHyff> (3aIIQ1THy10) o6oJI011KY - parai:ieurium. B aenocpe.ztCTBenHoA 6JIH-

19. OCTH K HepI!HbIM nyllKaM OHa npeo6p83yeTCH B 3IIHHespaJibHYIO o6oJioqicy.

16-341 , ₄₄₉

3t\KOHOMEPHOCTH XO)J.A H BETBJI EHHSI lfEPBOB

B ronorpa¢1rn H BeTBJieHHH nepH¢epnqecKHX Hepaos MHoro o6rn.ero c Tono­ rpa¢uee H BeTBJieHHeM KposeHOCHhlX cocy.n.os, c KOTOpbIMfi oHH qarn.e npoxo,11.s!T BMecTe, o6paayH cocy.n.HcTo-HepBHhie nyqKH. CosMetTHoe nx npoxo:lKJJ.eHHe o6y­ cRoBJieHO oco6eHHocTHMH pa3SHTHSI opraHOS,Jl.JISI KOTOpbIX OHH npe.n.Ha3HaqeHbl, 06,JtacThlO pacrtpetteJieHHH H yeJIOBHHMH cpynmg1mmpoaaHHS1. Pacnoiianrnch B OJJ.HO o6meM coe.n.mrnTMhfIOTaHHOM <l>YTJJHpe, KpoBeHOCHhle cocy.D.hl 06ecne­ qusa10T C03JJ.aHHe OnTHMlWbHOfO TeMneparypHoro pe:lKHMa Jl.JISI npOBOJJ.HMOCTH eepBHblX RMnyJ1scos, a 1aK}Ke ;ZtJUI mnaHHH HepsIIh!X eTBOJios. KpoMe Toro, Jl,JJSI nepH<l>epHqecKHX HepSOS X'apaKTepHbi eme He.KOTOphle oC6eHHOC1H.

I. CmrnHoMoroshle Hepsbl OT cnHHHoro Mo3ra OTXOJl.HT MeTaMepHo s

COOTBeTCTSHH c ,L{eyleHReM KOC'i HOH OCHOSbl If nO;Ztpa3;n:eJIHIO'f('.SI Ha rneHIIbie, rpy,a Hbie, IlOSICH·HqHJlle, Kf>ecTUOBhie H XSOCTOShle. 4epenHOM0'3rOShie He{.ISbl OTXOJJ.SIT OT npo.n.qJJrosaToro (c X U no V napy) H cpe./].Hero Mo3ra (IV H Ill napb1)• . I H II 4epenuoMo3rOBhie naphI.Hepsos 3am1Ma101 s 3JOM orHorneHHH oco6oe nOJJO:lKeHHe, HBJIHSICh HepsHhlMH TpaKTaMH 8a:lKHeHlllHX opraHos qyscTB.

2. Ka:lKJJ.blH CilHHHOMoarosoH: Heps HMeeT" .n.sa KOpHSI - oopcaAbHbtii u eenmpaAbHblU radix dorsa,1s et ventralis. Ha JlupcaJihHOM KupHe HaxO;ZtMTCH cnUHHo.Mo32oootl zaHMuii - ganglion spinale. 06a 1mpHH y sb1xo.na H3 no3s0Hqq­

Horo KaHaJJa coe,L{HHSIJOTCSI s o6muH: HepSHblH CTB6JJ - Cn'HHHOM03fOBOH Heps -

n. spinalis,. CO,L{ep:lKamuH:. tJYBcTSHTeJJbHhie,. JJ.BHraTeJJbHble H Cl!MllaTHqecKHe SOJIOKHa. 4epenHOM03roShle HepSbIOTXOJJ.SIT npeHMyW.etTBeHHO OJJ.HHM KOpHeM,

COOTaeTCTBy!OmlfM .n.opcaJJhHOMY BJIH BeHTpaJJbHOMY KOpelllKY CnHHHOM03roso- ro Hepsa. · , .

3: Bee s¢cl>epeHTHhle (.n.sHraTeJJhHhie) HepsHhie BOJJOKHa sblxo,11.HT H3 seHT­ aJJhHhlx CTOJIOOB ce oro M03rOBOfO semecTsa . CnHHHoro M03ra H H3- COOTBeT-

cTsy10mux ,L{BHraTMhHhlX H.n.ep npo.n.oJJrosaToro H cpe.n.Hero M03ra , , , XI, XU). Ha ¹ cnHHHOM Mo3re OHH ¢opMHpy10T seHTpaJJbHhle JJ.BHraTeJJhHhle KO HH.

· 4. Bee a<W>epeHTHhle (qyscTBHTMi>Hhie) HepsHhle BOJJOKHa cocroHT H3 Hee­ pnros .KJieJ'OK cnHHHOMoaroshlx yaJJos H cooTBeTCTBeHHO ralirnHes qepenHo­

MooroablX eepBOB (V. VI I. VI II, IX H X nap). CJJe,L{oBaTeJJbHo, see TeJJa pe- uenTOpHb!X . (qyscTBHTeJJbHbIX) HeH:poHOB JJe:lKaT SHe cnHHHOro H fOJIOSHOro M03ra. ,

.5 Ka>KnlllA CUHHHOM03l'OSOH Heps no SblXOJle H3 'n03BOHOllHOFO KaHaJia

oT.n.aeT 6eJJy10 coe.l{HHHTeJJhHy10 . BeTSh _:_ ramus (r) communicans albs ----: s CHMnaTuqecKllA cTBOJI; BeTSh s o6oJJoqH cnHHHoro Mo3ra·- r. meningeus, OOJiyIIaeT aaTeM cepyJO coe,nHHBTe.nbHYIO BeTSh r. communicans griseus

OT CHMDaTHqetKOfO CTl;lOJJa, H .n.eJIHTCSI aa 11opcaJibHYIO H BeHTpaJibHYIO BeTBH - .

r. dorsalis et ventralis - cooTBeTCTBeHHo pa3rpaHHqeHHK? TYJIOSHmttofi Myc-

. KyJiaTyphl Ha Jl.OpcaJli.HblM If SeHxpaJlbHhlH MbIIUegHble TH)KJf C RX cocynaMH. Ka}K){aH ea ynoMHHYThlX seTaeH:, B, cso10 oq;epe.n.h, .n.eJJHTCH Ha Me,L{HaJihHy10 H JJarepanbHyIO BeTSH - r. tnedialis et lateralis - ,L{JJH MyCKJJiaryplll H KO:>KH,

,•ITO TaJOKe E)OY£.IIOBJIHsaeTCsi: paaJ1,eJieH11eM MblilleJIHblX TSI">Keii Ha' .nanpaJihHblH H Me,L{Ha.11bH1>1H nJJacThl. CosoKynHOCTh BeTBeH Ka:lK,noro cerMeHTHoro Hepsa SMecTe c COOTBeTCTBy'IOmHM yqacTKOM cnHHHoro M03ra o6paayeT HepBHblH cer­ MeHT tteBpotnOM neurotom. HespOToMhl · si:cuee BblpaJKeHbl ' xaM, r,z\e cy mecTByeT qeTKaSI cerMeHTauHSI s CKeJJeTe H MblllIUaX, HanpHMep B rpy.n.HO\\f OT-

.n.eJJe TyJiosHma. .

6. npH· CMeIII.eHHH S npouecce 3BOJllOUHH MHOTOMOS SCJieJl 3a HHMH ,CMe­ IUalOTCSI HHHepsHpy10mee HX BeTSH COOTSeTCTSYIO III.HX HespoTOMOS. TaK, JlHa­ ipparMaJJbHblH Heps :_ n. phreni us, nponexo.n.HIUHH , OT 5-7-ro rueliHhIX HeB­ poroMos, no,L{XO.l{HT K ,L{Haq>parMe 11epe3 sc10 rpy.n.HylQ noJIOCTh; HJJH, HanpHMep,

.l{06aBOllHhlA ueps - n. accessorius .:.. shIXOJJ.HT H3 no3s0Hoquoro KaHaJia .qepea psaHoe OTBepcTHe s 11epene, a HanpaBJJHeTCSI B meHHhiii: OTJJ.eJJ )J,JISI HHHepsauHH

-nJJeqeroJJOBHOH, TpaneuHeSHJJ.HOH H rpy.n.HHOlleJJIOCTHOH MbllllU.

B o6JJacTH OTXO:>K)l.eHHSI Hep130B B KOHell,HOCTH 06pasy10TCSI nJJeqeaoe H

450

_ PHc. 266. 3oii&1 pacnpe.iteJJeHHH KO)KH&IX aepsos:

1 - IlOJlrJJBSH"qH&IH H.; -}' - nQA6.iiGKOB&IH H.; 2 - JJO!)H&IH H.; 2' - CKY.llOBOH H.',

3 - .llOpCBJJbHhie BeTBH weii:H&IX H• • 4 - .•

OJlqpeBHhl H.; - IlO,!tB3.ltOWHonaxoeoli .H.; 7 - Kp8HHBJJbHble KO.lKHhle Hro.llH'IHLle ff.§

8 - cpe.itHlte KO)Klthle HrO.llHqH&1e ff.;· 9 - xaOCTOBbte ff.. 10 - npoMe.lKffOC'l'Hllii H.;

11 - KBY.llBJJbffble KO)Kffble HrOJlHQHble ff.; 12 - 60JJbWe6epuoewii ff.; 19 - nJJaHTa Rhle KOlKH hi ff.; - KO.lKffhlil Jl8TepBJib·

Hhlii Hepa rOJJeHH; 16 - KOJKH&IH JJaTepaJJbHhlH Hepa 6e.11pa; 17 - ff apy.lKH&IH cpaMffoii H.; 18, - H. cactieffyc; 19 - KO)KH&lii MellHBJlbHhlii it. CTODhl; 20 - 8eHTpaJJbHble BeTBH rpy.11• HhlX ff.; 21 -.IJOKTesoii H.;, 22 - cpe,nHHHhlii _ff.; 29 -MhlW ff . •

- IlO.ltM&IWeQHhl R.; 26 - BeBTpaJJbHhlit weAIJWH It.; 27 ....:...

HHlKHeqeJJIOCTHOH H.

'

noS1cHHqnoKpeeTuoaoe uepBHhle cnJieTeHHSI - plexus brachialis et lumbo­ ' sacralis, a H3 HHX }':lKe 6ep T csoe Haii:aJio H

hie MhlllleqHhle rpynnhl. 06hlqno H uepsbl, H MhlIIIUbl KOHe1rnoC'reH: S1BJIS1- 10TCS1 MHorocerMeHTHCIMH. .HepBHble cnJieTeHHSI BCTpeqaiOTCSI H B QO.nacTH IIIeH, 1J'fO TaIOKe OObSICHSleTCSI CJIOJKHhlM npoHcxm1rneH1'1eM WeHHhIX MhlIHU. CeeaHHH• TeJibHhle BeTBH Me>KJJ.y OT.lleJihHhlMH HepsaMH - rr. communicantes - yKashl­ BalOT Ha npOHCXO.H<,L{eHHe 'OT.lleJlbHblX HepBOB H3 HecKOJlbKHX HeBpOTOMOB.

6. llyBCTBHTellbHble HepBbl XQTSI B OCHOI$HOM H COOTBe'fe'l'ByioT KOJKHl:ilM

cerMeHTaM -]lepMaroMaM, HO . HHHepBHPYIOT He TOJlbKO o6JJaCTb cBOero cer­ Me11Ta, .a SaXO.lUIT H B CMHble llepMaTOMbl. n03TOMy o6es6oJIHBaHHe KaKOfO­

JIHOO KO>KHoro cerMeHTa · (nept.taroMa) BOOMO:>KHO TOJibKO nptt Bl:ilKJJIOIJeHHH

Tpex CMe)KliblX HeBpOTOMOB (pac. 266).

CDHJI_.HOM03f0BblE. HEPBbl

CnHHHoMosroeble uepBbl .._ nervi spinales - pa3ite11S110TCS1 ua meiinhle

(C), rpyJUlhle (Th), UOSICHHqHbJe (L), KpecTD.OB.ble (S) H XBOCTOBble (Co) (COOT- .

0

BeTCTBeHHO ,ZteJieHHIO ll03BOH011HOro cro.iloa).

451

WEA H blE HEP bl

IlleHHble HepBbl _:_ nn. cervicales - B KOJIH11ecTBe 8 nap BhIXO)J.SIT qepes Me:>KD03BOH()ll Hhle oTBepcTHSI [nepBaH napa (C I) BblXOJJ.HT 11epes Me:>Kno3Bono11-

uoe OTBepcree aTJiaHTa, BTOpaH napa (G II) -11ep Me:>Kn03BQH011u0e OTBep­ CTHe D03a)J.H aTJiaHT8, a BOCbM3SI napa (C VIII) -nooa)J,H 7-ro llieHHoro no­

SBOHKa] . KallUll>li meliublii uepB noiyqaeT cepy10 eemeb - r. griseus, BTOM 11HcJ1e

c VIII-VII -O'l" sses)J,113TOro Y3Jia, c VI.-III (II) _,_ OT n03BOHOl!HOro

HepBa H c I (II) -OT KpauHaJlbHOro meliuoro CHMnaTH11ecKOf0 Y3Jia. no.ny-

11HB cepyIO BeTBb H OTJ.l3B 00o/l()t/£tuty10 8em8b - r. meningeus, cnHHHOM03fOBOH uepB JJ.eJIHTC11 ua oopcallbHYKJ u eenmpaAb1ty10 eemeu - rr. dorsales et ventrales. JlopcaJibHhle MeJJ.H bHhle BeTBH HAYT .no MeJJ.HaJibHoe nosepxuocTH nC>.llyoCTH­

crou · Mblllllthl roJIOBhl H IIIeH, a JiarepaJlbHhi e no Me)J,HaJJbHOH nosepxHQCTH

MhuiniIIIeH - nJJaCThlpeBH)J,HOH H )J,JIHHHeHllieH. JiopcaJlbHaSI Me)J.HaJibHaSI BeTBb nepooro meiiHoro · aepsa HOCHT Ha3BaHHe 60Jihllloro aaTblJJO'IHOro eepea -

n . occipitalis jor, KOTOphJH paaBeTB.llSleTCSI B KOpOTKHX ;MbIWUax 38ThIJIO!IHO-

aTJiaHtHoro H OCbaTJiaHTHOro cycTaBOB, a TaIOKe. B KO.>Ke 3aTblJIOqHoii o6JiacTH H KaYJJ.aJibHEiIX MhlWnax ymuoii .paKoBHHhl. .

Or,aeJibHble BeHTplilJlbHble B@TBH UieHHblX uepBOB xapaKTepHSYJOTCSI oco6hlM XOJJ.OM H cTBeHHO sTOMy noJiy11a10T cneuHaJlbHble, Ha3BaHHSI. BeHTpaJib naSI. BeTBb nepeoro welinoro uepBa cOe)J.HHHeTCH c · noJJ.'hHshl11Hbl:M H BeHrpa:iihHoli BeTBblO BTOporo weAuoro eepBa, paaBeTBJHleTCsr B MhlllIUax meu. BeeTJ)aJibHaH

BeTBb Broporo meHHoro uepBa H¥eeT coe)J,HHeHHSI c C I, C I II, ·JJ.o6aBMHblM Hep·

BOM. Or Hee 6eper ua11aJ10 6o.ilbuloii ymHoii Heps -n. auricularis magnus, KO­

'Tophlii pasBe'fBJISleTCB B KC»Ke OCHOB8HHSI l'OJIOBbl, MbllllU8X ytHllOH paKOBHH\lf H 3)1,ecb HMeeT coe,JUIHeHHSI C BeTBSIMH n. facialis. npo,nOJI:lKeHHeM BeHTp3JibHOH BeTBH C II CJiy:mrr oonepeq11hlii Hepa · meH : n. transversus colli; nOJ1y11HB

eoe;zntHHTeJibllyID seTBJ> OT C III, 00: pa3BeTBJI.11ere» B Ko ™ HMeSI eoe;znt-

HeHHSI c KO:lKHl:ilMH BeTBHMH llleH -n. .facialis•

.l{HacliPanla.nb111i1ii Hepa -n. phrenicus - npoHcxo.i{HT H3 C (V), VI H VII.

M . I ii ' u

f en;H3JfbHO OT JlecrHHllH_Q MhlllIUhl H IIOAKJl}()qff11HOH ap1epHH OH naupamrnercs1

B rpyJJ.Hyro noJIOCTb H pa3BeTBJISleTCSI . B. JJ.HrupparMe. . .

Ha,iJ.KJIIOIUl11111>1ii aepe -n. supraclavicularis - npoHcxoJJ.HT H3 C VI, · paa- B BJIB n 11 y aBa, nJI 11 H n r • aJib-

8. Hble BeTBH 3 t4) ROCJieJl.HHx'. WeHHhIX HepBOB npHHHMalOT yq CTHe J;I qmpMHpO­ BaHHH IIJ:leqeooro CDJierettHSI, H3 KO'fOporo BhIXOh{SIT. HepBbI JlJISI nJie11esoro

OOSIC3 H CBOOOJlHOro OTJleJla .rpy)J.HOH Koae11HOCTH.

llJI E'IEBOEI CllJI ETEH H E

iTueireBC>e cn.n:ere1rne - plexus brachialis - o6paayeTCH JJ.BYMSI cToona-. MH - trunci plexus -OT J3eHTpaJ1bH&x BeTBeii C VI, VII H C VIII, Th I (II). OHo .llelKHT . eeurpaJiQHO 6T 1JiecTHHquoii .MbllIIUhl 'H Me)J.HaJlbHO OT JIOnaTKH.

}13 Hero BlilXO.lUIT eepBbI, HHeepBHpy10UU1e o6J1acTh M e11eooro nosi:ca, Mhlllill.hl JIODaTKH. B coo6o,llHhIH OT)J,M KOHe11HOCTH (pHC. 267); '

. Jl:opca.111tsaii. aepe J10naTKH _., n. dorsalis scapulae ·(15)- JJ.BOHHOH,- OT­

cv

XOJJ.HT OT B VI. 06a HepBa HJlYT B pOMOOSH.llH)710 MhIWUY -0.llHH no M .

)1.HaJibHOH DOBepXHOCTH, a JJ.pyroii B TriJim.e meiiHOH 11aCTH BeHlpaJibHOH 3y(511a­ TOH MbllIIUhl, B KOTOpyio OHH nOCblJiaIOT BeTBH• .HMeeT eoe)J,HHHTeJibHble BeTBH

C' .ll)IHHHblM rpy.u;HhlM uepBOM. ' .

,ll,Jolaeblii rpyJUIOH eepB - n. thoracicus }ongus - oepeT .Ha11aJIO l.lByi.rn seTBHMH OT C VII-VI II, KOTOpble, oo'beJJ.HHHBWHCh, eanpaBJIS110TCS1 Kay,naJih· HO H. paaBeTBJIIDOTCSI B BeHlpaJibHOii ay()qaroii MblllIUe. '

ffaJlJlooaToauu.I eepe -n. suprascapularis (1) - o6pa3yeTCS1 es C VI . H VII,, HJJ.eT Becre e Ha)J.Jlonaro11eoii apTepH'eii B npeJJ.<>CTHy10 H saocreyip Mbllll.. Ubl H B JIOOaTKf. , .

DoJJ,JJonaToqHble uepe - nn. subscapulares (6) -B KOJIHiiecTBe 2--:4

. 452^'

Puc. 267. HepBbl rpy.ztuoA KoHequocTH nwa.nH: , .

A -.cxeMa HepBoB .rpy.ztuoA KoHeqHOCTH; p -HepBbl 06.nacrH nonaTKH, nne'l'a H n pe.zt• nneu hH; C₀ , ·C,, C₈ aeHTpan&Hble 'BeTBH weiiHblX H Th₁, Thz rp)AHlilA cnHHHoMoSro-

BblX HepBoB; l -n. suprasca pul aris; 2 - nn pectorales craniales; 9 - n. mustulocu­

taneus; 4 -n. ilxillaris; 5 - n. medianus; 6 - im. subscapulares; 7 - n. thoracodorsa­

Us; {J ,..._ n. thoracolateralis; 9 - n. pectoralis caudalis; io -n. radialis; 1 - n. ulna-

• , - . · . ·· e rac 11; - n. pa mares; _ - n. g1ta is medialis (n. digitalis palmaris proprius); 15 -r. dorsalis; a -:-- apTepuanbHaH Marucrpan&.

ea11HffaJOTC.SI OT C VI H HanpaBJIS110TCS1 B OJJ.HOHMeIIHy10 MhllllU.Y, oT,nasaS1 BeT011-:

K,H B OOJiblllYIO Kpyrny10 Mhllllny H Ha)J,OCTHHUY Me)J,H8JibffOH DOBepXHOCTH JIOD8TKH. . · . .. .

I pyJJ.OCDHaHoii HeJ>B n• . thoracodorsalis (7) , 6eper na•rn.Jio BM.ecre c no)t71onaroqHblMH HJIH nOJJ.Mblllle11HblMH HepBaMH OT C Vl..,.-VII (y KODblTHblX

C VII VIII) H HanpaBJIS1eTCS1 B IllHpo11aiillly10 MbllllUY cnHHhl, oTn;aBaH nO cBo-

eMy XOJJ.Y Be"rBH B OOJibllIYIO KpyrnylO MbllllUY. ' ' '

IloAM1>1we•mbiii llepe --:- n. axillaris (4) -na1tHHaeTCS1 OT C VII-VIII,.

BMecre c DJielleBOH OKpy:>KHOH JiarepaJibHOH apTepHeii npOHHKaeT Me>KJJ.y DO.It- JIODaT01tuoH: H OOJihoH: J<pyrnoli,MLIIII,UID4H BI"JIYOb H, OT,L{aB MblIIIe11Hhle Be"rBH

B MaJiylO Kpyrnyro H )J,eJibTOBH,L{HylO hIIIIUbl (y coOal{H H JIOllla,L{H TaIOKe H

KancyJIS1pHy10), BhIXO.ZUfT Ha JiarepaJibHYIO noBepxHoCTb UJJa 3At?Cb O'l' uero OTXO,L{HT Kp8HHaJibHblH JJaTepaJibHblii KOlKHblii aepe Meil -n• .cutaneus brachii

lateralis cranialis - H npo,L{omKaeTCSI Ha npe)1.DJ1e11I>e, r.ne nOJiyqaer HaaBaHHe

KpaHHaJibHblii K011Ca1>1ii aepli npe.nDJ1eqbsr .....- n. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis, a,L{ecb :>Ke OH pa3BeTBJIHeTCH, ,n.ocTltraSI aansi:CThH (B. M. TpoIIIHH).

Jlyqeeoii Hepa - n: radialis (10) - CaMhIH KpynHbIH nepB paarn6a'.}'eJI&Hoii

noBepxHoctH rpyJJ.HOii KbHeqHOCTH. OH H:a11H,HileTCS1 HepBHhIMH nyqKaMH OT

c VII -c VIII H Th I, npoXO,L{HT Melf<.l{Y roJIOBKaMH TPexrnaBOH MhIWUbl nne-

11a, .r,L{e OT,L{aeT HM MblIUe11Hble BeTBH. OrHOaSI DJieqeBylO KOCTb C. Kay,L{8,1IbHOA noBepxHocTH B JlaTepoAHcTaJibHOM aan_aineHHH ₂ . Jiyeooii nepB :B o6JiaCTH

- 453

JIOKTeBOro cycrnsa OT,!l;aeT KayJUlJlbHhlH JlaTepa.nbHhlH KO.lKHhlH uepe OJ1e11a -

n. cutaneus brachii lateralis caudalis - H .n;eJIHTC.sI Ha nosepxHocTHy10 H rny-

6oKy10 BeTBH. I'viy6oKaR Betn8b - r. profundus -.n;eJIHTCH Ha MbIIllellHble BeTBH, KOTOphie pa3BeTBJIHIOTCH B pa3m6aTeJIHX npe.n;nJiellhH. llooepxnocmnaR. Betn8b - i:. superficialis (pHc. · 268-10), OT,n;aB·1tamep<iAbHbtii KOatcHblii nepB npeiJnlleta:JR -

n. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis, a y nJIOTOHJJ:HhIX H cBHil:hH TalOKe JiaTepaJib­ uy10 H: Me.n;HaJibHYIO BeTBH, npo.n;OmKaeTCH JJ:HCTaJibHO H B o6JiacTH 3allHCTbH .n;e- . JIIUC51 ea 66u{ue iJopcallbftbte. naJlbl{eBble nepBbl - nn. d1g1tales dorsales commu-

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Puc. 268. Hepa1>1 KHcru:

A -co6alCH; s - CBHHl>H; B - KopOBbl (c AOPC8JlbHoil: llOBepx11ocrH); r - JIOW8AH;

11. - co6aKH; E - CBH!l&H; · )I( _;_ K·opoabl· (c naJI&MapHoil: noaepxHocru); 3 - n. muscu· locutaneus; 5 - n. medianus; JO - r. sup·erficialis n. radialis; 11 - n. . ulnaris; 11' -

r. dorsalis n. ul naris·; 13 - n. digitales pal mares comm unes; 13' - r. communicans; 14-

14. digitalis pal mariS proprius (y JIOWBAH - l ateralis); 15 - nn. digltales dorsales pro·

• prii; 16 - nn. digitales dorsales coritm unes; 1-V - naJibUbl·

454

hes (I IV - y nJIOTOH.l{HhIX, II-IV - y CBHHbH, II-III - y msa11HblX;

y JIOllla.n;H HX HeT), KOTOpbie npOJ{OJI)KalOTCH B co6cTBeHHO Jt9PCaJibHbie naJibUe­ Bh e HepBbI. y IrJIOTOSIJ{HbIX HapH.n;y c o6w;HMH J!OpcaJibHbIMH naJibUeBbIMH Hep­ BaMH OT nosepXHOC'FHOH BeTBH OTXOJ!HT nep8blf1 HeoceBOU iJopcaAbflblU nallbl{eBblU HepB - n. digitalis dorsalis I abaxialis. ·

Mhlme11eo-KO.>KHhlii eepe ....:... n. musculocutaneus (3) - 6epeT HatiaJIO R3

C VI-VII H, oT.n;as npoKCHMaJibHYIO BeTBb - r. proximalis - B KopaKoH,n;Ho­

IlJle11esy10 H .n;syrnaB IO MblllIUbI BMecTC co ' c e H H M o pa3yeT noiJMbltuettHy10 fl!!mAIO - ansa axillaris.

y IlJIOTOHJ!HhIX Mblllle'IHO-KO)KHblH Heps npoXOJ!HT ·no Me,n;HaJibHOH nosepx­

HOCTH nJie11a B.l{OJib J{ByrnaBOH Mbllllllbl (y KOilblTHbIX OH npoXOJtliT BM€CT€ .co cpe.n;HHHbIM HepBOM OT no.n;Mhlllle'IHOH neTJIH .n;o JtHCTaJibHOH TpeTH npeJ{nJie11b5'. r.n;e BHOBb npHo6peTaeT CBOIO caMOCTOHTeJibHOCTb). 0TJ{aB JtHC1'aJihlIYIO Mbillle'l­ HYIO BeTBh B n.ne11esy10 ·MblllIUY H o6Measmrrnch coeJJJUIHTellbHblMH BeTBHMH cc:> cpeJ{HHHbIM. HepBOM (y nJIOTOHJ!HbIX), Mhlllle'IHO-KO)KHbIH Heps npOJJ:OJI)KaeTCH KaK MeJlHaJibHhlii KO.>KH.hlii Heps npeJlne'lbH - n. cutaneus: ;mtebrachii me- dialis. · ·

Cpe,11,HHHhlii eepe :.._ n. medianus (5) - 6epeT Ha11aJio H3 C VII-VI II, Th I, npoXOJ!HT no MeJJ:HaJibHOH nosepXHOCTH nJie11a (y KOJ;IhITHh!X coBMecTHO c MblI11e11Ho-Ko)KHb1M HepsoM) u B ooJiacTH 110KTesoro cycTaBa OT;ll;aeT Ml>ttuettm:>Ie

BeTBH B Kpyrnhlli npoHaTOp H nosepXHOCTHhlH naJibUeBbIH crn6aTCJib (y IlJIOTO­ H,l{HbIX), B crn6aTCJIH 3anHCTbH H rny6oKRH naJihUeBhIH crn6aTCJib, B KOTOpOM HMeeT sayTpHMbIJlieqHble coeiiHHemui·c BeTBHMH JIOICTeooro Hepsa. 3a1eM, or - JJ:aB Me.>KKOCTHhlii Hepa npe)lnJie11bH - n. interosseus antebrachi i, cnycKaeTc.11 J!O J!HCTaJibHOro KOHUa npeJ{nJiellhH H J{eJIHTCH Ha 061.UHe haJibMapHbie naJibUe­ Bble HepBbI nn. digitales pafmares communes I . III (rr.noroHAHb1e), II . III (cBHHbH, )KBa'IHble), a y JIOlllaJ{H Ha Me,n;HaJihHbIH If JiaTCpaJibHbIH naJibMapHbie HepBbI - nn. ,palmares medialis t;t fateralis,' KOTOpbie COOTBeTCTBYIOT BTOpoMy H TP€TbeMy o6w;RM naJibMapIIbiM naJlbtteBDIM HepsaM (IS). 06mRe nam>Ma.pHhle naJibUeBble HepBbI c KOCTCH nHCTH nepeXOJ{HT B COQTBeTCTBYIOIUHe co6cTBeBBo

naJibMapHbie nJihUeBhle HepBbI- n. digitalis palmaris propriusI-IV (nJIOTO­ HAHble), II IV (eBHHhH, )Kl'lattHDte') M y JIOI1I8)(11 .Ha JtaTepa:nhHbIH H-MeJJ:HaJibHhIH

_unaJib_.MapH_.bie naJihUeBble HepsbI - nn. digi,tales palinares_.lateralis et medialis

JloKTeaoii aepa n. ulnaris (11) o6pa3yeTCH 3a c11eT ·C Vil I H 'I h I

(y JIOllIMH H co6aKH H Th II), npoxo11.HT no MeJJ:HaJibHOH nosepXHOCTH nJie11a

no mmpaBJieHHIO K JIOKTeBOMY ' 6yrpy' OTJ{aBaH no CBOeMY xo)(y KaYOallbliblU

nbtii nepB ttpedfVletl.b>l · n. cutaneus antebraclJu caudahs, KOTOpbifi JJ:O­ cTHraeT naJibMapHOH nosepXHOCTH 3anHCTbH, H Mblllie'IHble BeTBH B·KayJ{aJibHble

MblllIUbI npeJJ:IlJle11hH: HM. 3anHCTheM JIOKTeoofi Heps J{eJIHTCH Ha Jtci caJI H JO

T .

Jl.opcaAbHaR Betn8b .- r. dorsalis·- J{eJIHTCH, Ha 061.UHH .n;opcaJihHblH naJib­

ueBhIH Heps - n. digitalh dorsalis communis ;IV (IlJIOTOHJ!H:bie, CBHHMI,

:arnaqHble) Fl V !feocesoH J!OpcaJihHbIH naJibUeBbIH Heps n. digital s dorsalis

v abaxialis (nJIOTOHJ!Hbie, CBHHbH), KOTOpbie npOJ{OJI)KalOTCH JtHCTaJibHO H J{e­

' JISITCH Ha co6cTBeHHhie J!OpcaJibHble naJihUeable .He Bbl - nn. di itales dorsal s propr11 KOllIKa, CBHHbH, )KBa'IHbie)._ y JIOlllaJ{H J!OPCaJibHaH BeTBb pa3- BeTBJIHeTCH B KO:H<'e .n;opcOJiaTepaJibHOH nosepXHOCTH 3anHCTbH H nHCTH. '

llaAbMapHM Betn8b - r. palmaris, B CBOIO 011e e b e.TIRTCH ea n HOCTHYIO H my KYIO BeTBH.

llooepxHOcmHa.Jl. BemBb - r. superficialis -.n;enHTCH Ha ){Be seTBH. 0JJ:Ha H.n;eT KaK o6w;Hfi .n;opcaJibHbIH naJihues&ifi Heps - p.. digitalis palmaris commu­ ni IV (nJiciTOHJ!Hble" cBHHbH, )KBa'IHbie), a y JIOllIMH III , HJIH JiaTepaJihHbIH naJihUeBbIH Heps - n. palmaris lateralis, B o6pa3oBaHHH Koroporo nplfHHMaeT · yqacTH.e H naJib)'JapHaH 'JiaTepaJibl:iasi: !leTBh cpeJJ:HHHoro Hepsa. Ha cepe:nirne

• nHCTHOH° KOC1'H JiaTepaJthHbIH naJibMapHbIH HepB y JIOlllaJtH npHHHMaeT CQe){H­ HHTeJibHYIO BeTBh oT . Me,lJ;H:llJlhHoro naJibMapeoro Hepsa. B o6JiacTH nHcTHO­ nyrosoro cycTasa o6w,Hfi naJibMapH·blii aJihUeBbIH HepB .n;eJIHTCH Ha co6cT-BeHHO

455

naJiblleBhle JtepBbl, ocesoii K V (nJIOTOH,llHiile, CBHHb.sI,' >KsaqHhle), Heocesoii .K IV

(IlJIOTOSl.l{Hble,· CBHHbSI, >KBaqHble) H JiarepaJibHblH riaJihU.eBbIH y JIOUiciitH, 01' Hero

. OTXOJJ:HT .n:ot>caJibHaH BeTBb (15) MSI Jia-repo.n;opcaJibHOH nosepXHOCTH naJibUa. BTopaH BeTBb, OTXO,QHIIJ;aH OT, f. superficialis, HMeeTCH y r'!JIOTOHJJ:Hhix H CBHHbH H HHHepsHpyeT y HHX nHThIH naJieu - n. . digitalis palmaris V abaxialis.

. .I'Ay6oKOJl. Betn8b -r. profundus, OTXO,lJ;HIUaH OT IIaJibMapHOH BeTBH JIOK're­ Boro Hepsa, .n;eJIHTCH Ha naJihMapHhle IIHCTHhle' He Bbl - nn.. metaca ei al-

mares c aKa, Jiowa.n;b , pa3BeTBJIHIOUJ,HecH B Me>KKoCTHbIX e qepseo6pa3HbIX MbillIJ!.8X, ,lJ;OCTHfaH .l{HCTclJihHOfO KOHUa flHCTH. y .n;pyrx >KHBOTHblX OHa KOpOT-

KaH H BeTBHTCH B o6JiaCTH 3aI1HCTbH. •

fpy)Ulwe KpHHM&Hwe aepehl -nn. pectorales craniales (,,Z) _:_ B KOJIH­ qecTBe 4. seTBeH 06pa3ylQTCH C Me.l{H8JlbHOH nosepXHOCTH IlJI.e11eBOfO CnJie­

TeHHH OT' C VI-V I II H HanpaBJISIIOTCSI B nosepXHOCTHble rpy1lHble Mhllllllbl,.

B KOTOpbJX, H pa$BeTBJIHIOTCH. . . .

fpy.llnoii KY.D:aJlbHWii aepe _,. n. pectoralis caudalis (8) -6epeT Ha11aJio

c Me.n;HaJihHOH rrosepxHocrn rrJie11esoro· cnJieTeHHH OT C VII I..:....Th I (y co6aKe H JIOlua,l{H H OT Th II) OT.l{aB MblUie'IHyIO BeTBb B Kay.11aJibHYIO nosepXHOCTHOH rpyJJ.HOH Mhllllllbl, npo.n:omKaeTCH KaK OOKOBOH rpy,11;lH>ii uepe,,_ n. thoracicus

lateralis (8)· rum HHHepsaµHH OOKOBOH CTeHKH rpyHHOH K.lleTKH y noluapu

OT Hero OT.l{eJISieTCH seHTPaJihH,aH BeTBb, rrpoxa.n;mu;aSI BJJ.OJib rro'BepXHOCTHOH rpy.n;HoH MblllIUbI B Kay.n;BJibHOM HarrpaBJieHHH, TepRHCb B KO>Ke Jil:l.TeposeHTPaJih­

HOH nosepxHoCTH rpyrumli CTeHKH

' .

f PYHblE HEPBbl

rpy.l{Hlile; Hepalil - nn. thoracici (Th) - y Ka)J{,n;oro BH,n;a >KHBOTHbIX no Ko.i:iH11ecTBy COOTBeTCTBYIOT 11HCJIY rpy,n;HhlX cerMeHTOB. Ka)J{.l{blii: Heps OT;iaeT CHMUBTHYecKQMy C'rBo.ny 6enyi0 COe,nHHHTeJibHYIO B€1'Bh .H, HOJIYllliB O'f Hero 1-2 cepble coeHHHTeJibHble BeTBH, .l{eJIHTCSI Ha .nopcaJibHYIO H BeHTpaJibHyIO BeTBll (pm::. 264). I . .

.llopCaJibHWe BeTBH HAyt fil .nopca.n:hHble MbIHill;bl H03BOII011IIOP6 C'fOJI6a, B .nopCaJibHhIH 3y611aTbIH B.n;blXaTeJih, pOMOoBH.11.HyIO MblllIUY H: . B KO*Y. BeHT­ paJibHb!e BeTBH Ha3bIB8IOTCH Me1Kpe6epHhlMH . aepBaMH - nn. intercostales, KO'rophle conpoBOQalO'f O){HOHMeHnble aPTeinm . H BeHbI' B .· pe6ei>1:1Dix

>KeJiooax, 3a ecKJI1011emeM nocJie).lHero rpy,11;11oro Hepsa, KOTOpbiii: HJJ:eT rroJibKo B 6p10mHy10 cTeHKY ·(n. costoabdomi nalis). ·

JlcrrepaJILIIble BC'fBH Me>Kpe6epHbif IepBOB JHJ3erM1110Trn B llOJtKO»rnoii M}'CKyJiaType H KtJ>Ke rpy.naoii: H 6pi0UlHOH CTeHOK. BeTBH 11--I II Me)J{pe6ep­

lloro Hepsa, coeJlHHslHCb c BeTBHMH OOKOBOro rpy,11;11oro, OTXO.nHmero OT nJie­

qesoro cno11creHHH, o6pa3yIOT MeJKpe6epeollJle'leaoi; eepe n. costobr achialis,

pa3BeTBJISllOmHiksi B nO.l{KO:>KHOU M.bIUIµe H .KO>Ke o6.JiaCTH JIOnaTKH H IlJle11a.

• Me.n;HaJibHhle Be'l'BH Me>Kf>epepHbIX · 11epoos npoxo.n;HT rro.n nJiespoii:. HHHep­ BHpytoT eOepffhle MhlllIUbl, a TBIOKe nonepe1111yro rpy.ztHYIO H 11aCTH'IHO 6pIOUillbie Mblllillbl.