CtpyktypHblE 3jiemehTbl 0PfAhh3ma
K JI ET K A - cellula (rp. cytus) MMh4aiiwaH cxl>opMJieHHasr
qacTHUa opraHH3Ma, B03HH_KwaH Iioctx>pMHBlliaHCH a npouecce HCTOpHqecKoro pa3BHTHH KaK BhICOKoopraHH30BaHHaH ctx>pMa :>KHBoif MapHH. HecMoTpH Ha 'MHOroo6pa3He <f>opM H pa3Ho00pa3He BhIIlOJIHH;eMblx <l>YHKUHjf, CTpoeHHIO pac
.THTeJlbHblX H .>l<HBOTHblX KJieTOK npHCYW.H p6w:He MOpcpbJIOfHqecKHe qepTbI, no oCJiy»<HBllIHe OCHOBaHHeM B POCCHH n. Cf>. fopHHHHOBy (1834), B lJeXHH 51. nyp·
KHHe (1837) BbICKaSaTh HneJO 0 K,lTeTOYHOM CTpoeHIUI ecex opraIIH3MOB, narue.u.
illyIO OTpa»<eHHe B KJietoqHOH Te<:>PHH, pa3pa60T3HHOA HeMeUKHMH 6HOJIOfaMH
T. IIlsaHHOM, (1810-1882) H M. illneA.n.eHoM (1804-1881) a 1839 r. ·
. KJieTKH no CBOHM pasMepaM KOJleOJUOTCff OT 2 .ao 200 MKM, a HO OpMe MOfYT
-Ob Tb IlJIOCKHMH, Ky6HqecKHMH, UHJIHHJ(pHqecKHMH, c<f>epuqecKHMH, 3Be3,Z(qaTbl- MH H T. Il. .
. CocTSBHbIMH CTpyKTypHb MH JieMen aMH KaH{;l{OH KJleTKH BBJUJIOTCSI URl"O-
;flJiasMa, HJ(pO H opraHeJIJlbl, K Ba»<HeHIUHM HS KOTOpbIX OTHOCSITCSI ueljTPOCOM, MHTOXOHAPHH, pH6ocoMbl, ceTqaThIA aanapat (KOManeKc fOJibJ:{»<H).
. flpo.noiuKHTeJlbHOCTb )KH3HH OT;ll,e.ilbllbIX KJteTOK He3UatlHleJlbHa .(KJ1en:e i<pOBH' H MHOfOCJIOHHOfO .3IlHTeJIHH), B TO apeM.H KaK .n.pyrue »<HBYT SHaqoob
HbIA cpoK (KJieTKH coe.n.HHHTeJibtlOH TKaHH) HJIH coxpaHHIOTCSI Ha BCIO .>l<H3Hb
(HepBHble KJieTKH). lJo Mepe OTMHpaHHH H rHOeJIH O)l;IUiX"KJie'I'OK 11p00CXOJ(HT HX
5
PHc . 2. CxeMa CTpoeHHH s,apo.1t1i1IIIa Ha pasJ1HqH1i1x CT8,IJ;HHX pasBHTlfH· (Ha paapesax):
I - CT3JlHH sapo.n;1i1IIIeaoro nys1i1p&Ka; // - .llBYXJIHCTKOBblii sapo,11;&1IIIeB1i1ii AHCKi /// - TpexJIHCTIS:OBblH sapo,11;1i1uiea1i1ii .QHcK; 1V - o6pasoaaHHe Meso.n;epM1i1 H saKJI3)lKa ocea1i1J11 'OpraHoa; 1 -T·poq,o6nacT; 2 -9M6pHo6nacT; 8 - 6nacTouen&; 4 -9HTo,11;epMa; 5 - '9KTO)lepMa; 6 -Meao.n;epMa;. 7 - Me3eHXil:Ma; 7' - KpOB.ffHble KJleTKH B npocBeTe Kpoee-.
HOCHoro cocy,11;a; . 8 - HepBHaH Tpy6Ka; 9 -·saKna.n;Ka xop,11;1i1, 9' - xop.ix a.
1.2
BOCIIOJIHeHHe .n:pyrHMH sa cqeT paiMHO.>KeHHH MaJIO,llHcfxl>epeHUHPOB3llHLIX" tcne TOK (KaM6HaJihHb1e KJieTKH) HJIH nyTeM .n:eJieHHH ·coxpaHHBllIHXCH. ,[(eJiemi:e M07
.>KeT ocyw.ecTBJlfiTbCH nyTeM npHMOro (aMHT03) H HenpHMOro, KapHOl{HHeTHqec- . Koro (MHTOS) ii;eneHHH. 11rnqe o6cTOHT .n:eno c paseHTHeM nonOBhIX KJieTOK, KO'f'.07 pbie B OTJiuque OT COMaTHqecKHX B peayJihTaTe pe.n:yKUHOHHOro .n:e.n:eHHH (Melioa) nocJie cospeBaHHH HMel()T He .llHilJIOH)l.HOe, a tanJIOH,llHOe qffCJIO XpOMOCOM. ..
I1oc.ne OilJIO,llOTBOpe HH, B CHJIY npoucweA11Ieli B33HMHOH accHMHJIHUHH MY}l{GKOH H »<eHcKoli raMeT . (gametes - cynpyr), HacTynaeT O,llHOKJieroqHaH
CTaHHH pa3BHTHH opraHH3Ma, HJIH 3HrOTa (zeygos -napa), J{JIH KOTOpOH xa- paKTepHO HaJrnque ,llBOHHOro (.llHilJIOH,llHbIH) Ha6opa xpoMOCOM, CBOHCTBeHHOro
.llJIH COMan1qecKHX KJieTOK. 3nroTa Ha Bcex nocJie.n:yiow.mc CTaJ{HHX BHyTpnyr;
po6HOro pa3!;JHTHH Clly»<HT e,llHHCTBeHHbIM 'HCTOqHHKOM ,llJIH o6pa30BaHHH BCeX TKaHeH H opraHOB TeJia .>KHBOTHOrO.
.
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fHcToreHe3 H 3aKJiaJlKa ocHOBHhlx opraaoe TeJ1a JKHBOTHoro. 3HrOTa nocpeJlCTBoM · MHT03a ,neJIHTCH Ha 61iacmOMepbt (rpeq. blastos 3apo.zi;1i1III, meros - qacr&), H3 Kotop1i1x o,nHH, MeH&IIrne no pa3MepaM, H.!IYT Ha nocTpoeHHe TeJia :'japo,111i1IIIa, 06pa3y11 sM6puo611ac.m (pHc. 2-2), a ,npyrne yqacwy10T e o6pa3oBaHHH mpo</Jo611acma (1), BhlnOJIHllIO!llero Tpoqm qeeKyro -(trophae niuaa) ff 33.lllHTHYIO «PYHKUHH . .
3M6p1106JiaCT nepBoHaqaJibHO npe.n;craeJieH OJ{IJOCJIOHHblM sapOJ{blIIIeBblM nys1i1pbKOM
-
c nepe11qHoii nOJIOCTblO, _HJIH -611acmou,eMM (3). Ba cqeT ewceJieHHH qacTH KJieToK BHYTP& 6JiaCTOUeJIH (y HH3IIIHX xop,!IOBblX) o6pa3YeTCH BTOpoii CJIOH KJieTOK, BblCTHJiaJQ!llHX nep BHqHyIO JKeJiy,n;oqayIO noJIOCI b, HJIH 2acmpou,e11b (rp. gaster lKMYtlOK). Ila CTi!AHH raeT .
PYJihl 3apOJ{blII! HMeeT J{Ba CJl_Oll KJleTOK - HapylKHblH, HJIH 8KmoiJepMY (5), H BHyTpeHHHH, HJIH 9HmoiJepMy (4). 4aCTb KJieTOK, BhlCeJIHBIIIHCb H3 flapylKH·oro H BHYTpeHHero CJIOOB,
o6pa3yeT TpeTHH, npoMelKYTO'IHblii: CJIOH KJieTOK, HJIH MeaoiJepMy (6).
TaKHM o6pa3oM, nepewii 3Tan pa3BHTHH 3apo.n;wrna 3aeepIIIaeTCll 06pa3oBaHH\!M Tpex 3apOJ{blIIIeBblX JIHCTKOB, KOTOphle CJiylKaT HCTOqHHKaMH ){JI.ff ttoCJieJ{ylO!llero pa3BHTHH ecex •
TKaHeii H opraHoB lKHBOTHoro opraHH3Ma. Ha 3Toii cTan;HH Meso){ef>Ma c 3KTo.n;epi.ioii lt:
<n . '
SH'fO;l(ejJMOil eoe,a;HHlHlTCH nepB11'!1i:Oii: coe,n;HHHTellbHOH TK aHblO, H IIH ffe31' H XU HOU
3M6pHo6JiaCT. o6oco6HBIIlHCb OT Tpo<flo6JI aCTa, pacTeT B. )lJIHHY H npeo6pasyi:-rc11 B YJlJil!HeHHoe TeJIO c nepe,nHHM; HJIH rOJIOBHhlM, H 3a,!IHHM, HJIH xeocTOBhlM, KOHU8MH. B
,itaJI&Heii:rneM npoHCXOJ{llT p83811THe TKaHeii; HJIH eucmoeeH£3, H saKJian;Ka oceBblX Tpy6qaTbl'X
opraHoe, HJIH opeanoeenea (pHc. 3). ·
lfa 9KmoiJepMbl J{Hcjxj>epeHUHpyeTCH 3UHTeJilfii KOlKHOro noKpoea c ero npOH3B0,!1HblMH H Bbl,lleJilleTCll Heiip03KTO,llepMa, H3 KOTOpoii pa3BHBaIOTCH ueHTpaJI&Hble (J) H nepH<l>epHttec
KHe mneJibl HepBHOii Cl!CTeMhl c HX ecnoMor.aTeJI&HblMH 3nHHJ{HMOrJIHaJI&HblMH 3JieMeHTaMH.
lfa snmoiJepMbl pa3BHBaIOTCH BblCTHJIKa KHllle'IHOH Tpy6KH (3) H ee lKeJie3HCTblH anna paT. B o6JiaCTH pOTONIOTKH 3HTO,llepMa, coe.n;HHllllCb c sKToJ{epMoii:, o6pasyeT npexop,nilJI&
Hy10
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. TOH TKaHH r11no<flH3a, IUHTOBHJ{HOii H napalUH· TOBH,!IHOH lKeJle3, THMYCa H JIHM«jJOH,!IHblX o6pa-
30BaHH rJIOTKH.
MeaoiJepMa e HatJaJl.e pa3BHTHH sapo.n;wrna 11pe,11cTaBJ1eHa COMumaMu, KOTQpble MeTaMepHO
eHM CTO OHaM XO bl H .
KalKJ{wii: COMHT, Ha'IHH3.ll c TpeT&ero OT KpaHHaJlbHOro KOHUa 'I'ena sapO,llblllla, ,!IHcjxj>e eHUH ye.Tell Ha TP.H yqaCTKa, H3 KOTOpblX ,nop-
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KOM coe,!IHHHTeJibH-OTKaHHOH I OCHOBbl KOlKH,
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xp1u 11; eeoii: H KDCTHOH TKaHeii CKeJleTa. a TpeTHii y<iaCTOK, pacnOJiaraIOIUHHCll MelK.!IY ,nepMaTOMOM ff CKJlepOTOMOM, llBJllleTCH 3aqaTKOM CKeJleTHOH MycKyJlaTypw, HJIH MUOmOMOM (5). . .
CerMeHTHble HOlKKH, HJIH. ite</JpomoMbt (9h
pacnOJ1ara11c& e,nOJI& Tena 3apo,111i1wa OT ero s:pa HHaJl&Horo ,110 Kay.n;an&HOro KOHUa, npHHHMaIOT yqaCTHe B pa3BHTHH MO'leBblJ{eJIHTeJlbHOH H no·
noeoii: CHCTeM. '
B0Koe1i1e nJiacTHHKH, HJIH cn11-anxHOf1JOMbl
(6), c npaeoii H Jieeoii CTopoHhl TeJia sapo,n1i1rna
PHc. 3. CxeMa nonepe•rnoro paspesa TYJIOBH!lla sapo,111i1wa noseof!O'!Hor9 1 - HepeHall Tpy6Ka; 2 - xop,na;
3 KHIIIeqHaH tpy6Ka; 4 - CKJ!ep·o-
TOM; 4' ..:... saKJia,n;Ka ,nyrH Il03BOllK8;
5 .MHOTOM; 5 -cnnaHXHOTOM: 7 -
napHeTaJl&HblH" JIHCTOK cep03HOH 060- JIO'IKH; 7' -BHcuepaJibHblil JIHCTOK cep03HOH 060JioqKH; 8 -UeJIOM;
9 - HetllpOTOM.
13
DOApa3AeJU JOTCJI Ha rrpHC'reffoqHblii, HJIH napuemaAbHbltl (7) JIHCTOK, BblCTHJlaIOm;HA . CTeHKY Tena H3HYTPH H rrpHJlelKam;Hii K 9KTO.ztepMe, H BHyTpeHHOCTHhlii, HJIH 8UC£4epallbltb1U (7'), o6pasyrom;HH cepo3HYIO o60JioqKy BHyTpeHHHX opraHOB. nOJioCTb, 3aKJIIOqeHHa.H MelK·
JJ.Y rrapHeT8JlbHblM H BHCU:epaJlbHbIMH JIHCTK aMH, H83blB8eTCH BTOpH'IHOii IIOJIOC'i'.b!O Tena 38- POAblW8 (8) HJIH qe.110.it (celom).
}fa Me3eHXUMbl, HJIH rrepBH'IHOii Coe.ztHHHTeJlbHOH TK8HH, 38IIOJIHHIOID;eii BCe IIpOMelKYT· KH Me:lK,lly 38PO.!lhlWeBblMH JIHCTKaMH H 9M6pHoHaJlbHblMH 38'1aTKaMH KaK B TeJle 3apo,Ab1Wa,
'raK H B ero rrpoBH30pHb1X opraHax, pa38HBaIOTCH KpOBb, JIHM<t>a, KpOBOTBOpHhle opraHbl, KpOBeHOCHble COCY.ztbl, a T8KlKe BOJIOKHHCTble, Xp.HUleBall, KOCTHall H rJla,!lKall Mb1We<IH811 TK8HH. .
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OTpa}Ka!OllJ,HMH
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HecMOTpsi: Ha 60Jib111oe paaHoo6paaHe po <}>opMe, cTpoeHHJO H paaBHTHIO, see TKaHH »<HBOTHoro opraHH3Ma yCJIOBHO no.n.paa.n.eJIHIOT Ha 'lCTbl e THna.
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MOrYT' pacnonaraTbCH B 0)1.HH (0.ztHOeJIOHHbIH) HJIH HCCKOJibKO CJIOCB MHOrOCJIO u -
u T HOe IlOJIO.>KeHHe Me»<.n.y HHMH 3aHHMaeT nepeXO)l.HblH .9IlHTe- JIHH, BblCTHJia!OllJ,HH IlOJIOeTb MO'leBoro aygbipH, MO'leTO'lHHK H noqequyJO JIO
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. 2 TKaHH BHyTpeuueii epe;ll;bl, HJIH eoerotnHl eJlhHble TKaHH, B OTJIH'lHe OT noKpOBHbIX TKaHeii He HMeJOT npHMOH eBH3H e BHerneii epe.n.oii H Hapsi:.n.y c KJieTO'lHhlMH 3JleMeHTaMH (<}>H6po6JiaeTh , rHeTHOUHThl, »<HpOBhle, TY'lHhle KJieT KB) XapaKTep11ay10re:ff 60JiblHHM 1roolrnqec·1BOM Me)KKJieTO'lHOrO aMop(f)Horo ae-
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pa.SI MOlKeT blTb lj>H p03HGH, KOr.zta ee OCHOBY COCT8BJIJl'IOT KOJJJJareHOBble, H 9JlaCTHqecKoii, KOr.zta OHa rrpe,11.CTSBJJeHa 9JJaCTH'leC KHMH BOJIOKHaMH. ' Cl>u6po3HaH coe.ztl!HHTeJl&Hall TKaHb yqaCTByeT B o6pa30BaHll H <t>acn:Hii,
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I'uaAUH06blU , HJJH cme1C1106UOHbtU , XPHlll B CBOeA OCHOBe HMeeT aMop<t>Hoe, !>eccTpyK TypHoe BemeCTBO, B KOTopoM Ha pa3JIH'IHOM pacCTOllHHH ,Apyr OT JJ,pyra pacIIOJJOlKeHbl xpH D.leBble KJleTKH, OKpyJKeHHble Karrcynoii. pHw; B3pocJiblX lKHBOTHbIX JJHWeH KpoeeHOCHbl:xl cocy.ztoB, ynpyrnii, Ho Henpo'!Hhlii Ha H3JJOM. fHaJJHHOBblH xpHw; cTaBJJ11eT oCHoay xpH· w;eii HOCa, ropTaHH, KOJlell TpaxeH H 6poHXOB. ' .
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14
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HMeIOT JiaHIIeTOBHIIHYIO cl><>PMY c ueHTpaJibHbIM pacnOJIO)KeHHeM HJI.pa KJleTKH. M.HO<PH6pHJIJibl KOHUeHTPHPYIOTCH no nepHpHH Te.Ila KJieTKH;
-
U3 .MUOtnO.MiJB - nonepelJHOHClleptJeHHaH MbllllelJHaH TK3Hb, COCT3BJIHIO
Il\3H ocHosy cKe.TieTHhlX MhllllII. BonOKHa nonepetJHOHctJeptJeHHOH. MbllllelJHOH TKaHH nocTpoeHhl no THny cliMnnacTa (syn - BMecTe, plastos ---: o6paaosaHHe), cHapy*H OKPY*eHbl o6oJIOlJKOH - capKOJieMMOii (sarcos - MHco), a BHYTPH HMeeT capKOII 1I33My c 60.ZibTUHM lJHC!JIOM Hl{ep, pacnonaraIOIIIHXCH no.n: o6onoq- KOH. BHy-i:pH capKonnaaMhl npoxo.n;HT npo.n;onbHble Mno<Pn6pHJIJibl c xapaKTep
HOH nonepelJHOH HClleptJeHHOCTbIO. 06maH .n:mrna MbllllelJHhIX BOJIOKOH B cpeJJ. H0M paBHa 12,5 CM;
-
U3 a.M.6pU1JHa.AbHOU tfe/lO.M.U'leCKOU 6blCmU/1.Ku pa3BHBaeTCH MbllllelJHaH TK3Hb cep.n:ua, KOTOpaH HMeeT -nonepetJHyIO HClJeptJeHHOCTb, HO OTJIHlJaeTCst OT CKeJieT
llOH MblIHelJHOH TKaHH paaB0TBJl0lUUIMH MblllleQHhlX BO.ZIOKOH, 33 cYeT qero o6pa- ayIOTCH BcTaBOlJHble nnacTHHKH. KaK H rJiaJI.KaH MhlllletJHaH TKaHb, cep.n;etJHilll MbIIIIelJHaH TK3Hb OTHOCHTCH K HenpOH3BOJibHbIM;
. . 4) U3 He8p(lAbHOOO 3fJ'l£lll'lK(l paaBHBaIOTCH MhlllIIJ;bl :1pa1uca (CM «Oprau ape-
HHH);
-
U3 .M.e3oiJep.Mbl. paaBHBaIOTCH KOp3HHlJ3Te COKp3THTeJibHble KJieTKH, KOTO
p@e OKpymaror KOHtteBble OT,ZteJihl llCMea 3H11J«lpMa.r!hHOro npOHCXOQeHHSI
(n6TOBble, CJIIOHHble, MOJIOlJHble). .
4. HepeHaH TKaHb cocTOHT .Ha HeiipoHOB H HeiipornHH. HepBHble KJieTKH. HJIR HeiipOHbl, RMelO'T reJIO, 11.n:po H orpOCTKH, y11acTBy1ow.11e B o6paaoBaHHH nepH<PepntJecKHX Hepsos. OTpocTKH HepBHhlX KJieTOK no.n.paa.n.e.11H10TCH Ha
iJeHiJputnbt, KOTOpble npoBOJl.HT paa.n.pa)KeHHH OT BocripHHHMaIOlll.HX peuenropoB a ueHTpaJihRbie O'l_'Jl.eJihl aepsaoH: cecreMbl, H neuputrtbt;, 1tJIH fIKC()ltbl., 1roropble
npOBOJl.HT HepBHble HMnyJibCbl OT ueHTpa K pa60lJHM opraHaM (MbillIUbl, )KeJie3b1). AKCOH MO)KeT 6h1Tb nOKp¥T MHeJIHHOBOH o6oJIOlJKOH - MHKOTHOe HepBHOe Bo
JIOKHO. B Tex CJiyqasix, KOr.l(a MHeJIHHOBaH O(XJJIOlJKa BblpruKeHa CJiaOO, JIOKHO
Haablaaercsi cephlM HJIH 6eaMHKOTHhlM. Te.11a HepBHhlX KJieTOK cocraaJIHIOT OCHOBY ceporo semecTBa rOJIOBHOro . H CnHHHOro M03ra H ytiacTBYIOT B 06- paaoBaHHH HepBHbIX rattrnHeB. HeiiporneSI BhIIIOJrnHe'I' no 01HOtUenero K nepa- HbIM KJieTKaM rpo<PHlJecKyIO, 33lll.HTHYIO (MaKpormrn) HJIH onopHyIO (MHKpOrJIHH)
<PYHKU:HH.
Bee nepetJHCJieHHbie TKaHH, HMeiomHe CJIO)KHOe CTpoeaee H paasen e•
. yqacTBYIOT B o6paaoBaHHH opraHOB.
0 p r A H - organon - <><PopMJieHHaH lJaCTb opraHH3Ma c BHyTpeHHHM
crpoeHHeM H3 33KOHOMepHO COlJeTaHHblX TK3Heft, ot5'be)l.HHeHHblX B e.n;eHOe lf>YHK UHOHaJibHOe uenoe B Kaqecrse opyJl.HH (organon - opy.n.He) npHcnoco6JieunH opraHH3Ma K onpe.n.e.11eHHbfM yCJIOBHHM cymecTBOBaHHH H <PYHKU:HOHHpOBaHHH.
Ka)KJl.bIH opraH HMeeT TOJibKO eMy npncymyio ct><>PMY. MecronoJIO)KeHHe s opraHH3Me H BHJl.OByID cneue<PHlJHOCTb.
-
OpraH coCTOHT H3 coe.ll;HHHTeJibHOTKaHHoro ocro.aa (cmpo.Ma) H pa6otJeA
lJ3CTH (napeRXU.Ma), HMeeT CBOH HCTOlJHHKH HHHepBau,HH, Kpooocua6JKeHHH, nyrn OTT0Ka BeH03HOH KpOBH H JIHMt\>bl.
15
c H c T E M A I 0 p r H 0 B (A n n A p A T) - systema (appa- rat1,1s) - HCTOpHqecKH cJtO)KMBIIIaffcff cosoKynHOCTb opraHps, HaXO.llfflll.HXCH M)l.y co6oii B TecHOH MopqioJtor_uqecKO_H H cl>yHKU:HOHaJtbHOH B3aHMOCBff3H H BSaHMOSaBHCHMOCTH. ,
C JJ.M;lJ.aKTHqecKHX (nosHaBaTeJibHbIX) no3HU:HH no.n: annapanwM c.iieyeT no HHMaTb COBOKYilHOCTb opraHOB, KOTOpble, HeCMOTpH Ha pa3JIHqHff B cBoeM CTpO
·eHHH, ronorpacl>HH H npOHCXO}l{)J.eHHH, o6'be,n:HHfflOTCff' Me)K.n:y co6oiI .l{Jlff 06ecne tieHHff KaKoro-nH6o onpe.n:eneHHoro )KH3HeHHO aa}l{HOro npou:ecca B opraHH3Me
.(annapaT ,n:BH)KeHHff, annapaT nmu:esapeHHff , anna aT JJ:bIXaHHff .
-
cJie;ZtyeT noHHMaTb cosoKynHOCTb opraHOB, HMeJOw:Hx o6mee npoiicXO)K.l{eHHe, TecHyIO MOpcpOJIOrH'lecKyIO BSaHM03aBHCHMOCTb Jf Bbl
IlOJIHS!IOW:HX
crporo
onpe.n:eJieHHYIO
cl>YHKU:HIO
CHCTeMa
0
raHOB
' ff
CHCTeMa
. T.l{eJibHble
opraHbl
H
CHCTeMbl
MoryT
BXO.l{HTb
COCTaBHb!MH
qaCTJ
MH
B
annapaT
.
(MbIIIIeqHaff
H
KOCTHaff
CHCTeMbl
COCTaBJIS!IOT
nnapaT
,n:BH)KeHHff;
opraHbI
MoqeoT,n:eJie,aHff
H
o
raHbI
a
JipBOH
annapaT
.
B opraHHSMe MJieKonHTaIOm.Hx annapaTbIH cHcTeMbl opraHOB npHHHTO no.n:·
pa3,n:eJiffTb Ha COMamwteCKUe, COCTaBJIS!IO He OCHOB '
pallbHbte,
BXO.l{ffll(He
B
COCTaa
ero
BHyTpeHHOCTeH
(viscera).
CoMaTHlJeC
KHe
opraHbI
H
BHyTpeHHOCTH
06be.l{HHeHbl
Me)K.n:y
co6ofl
cep,n:eqHo-c9cy,n:HCTOH
H
HepEHOH
CHCTeMaMH
(cM.
HC._
1
.
C0M3TH'leCKHM opraHaM H annapaTaM OTHOCffTCH annapaT.JJ:Bl{}l{eHHff
H 06W:HH IlOKpOB. .
-
A n n a p a T .n: B lf * e H ll ff apparatus locomotorius COCTOHT H3
KOCTHOH H MbIIIIeqHoii cHcTeM systema ossia et muscularis, KOTOpbie 06ecne
qJfsa10T cpyHKU:HIO nepeMew:eHHH TeJia B OKpy}l{aJOw:eii cpe.n:e, sall(HTY TeJia H Bbl· IlOJIHeHHe Bcex }l{H3HeHHbIX npoueccoB, CB5138Hru.IX c o6MeHOM BetH;eCTB H pa3- MHO.>Ke.r:meM. ·
0 6 w: H iI n o K p o a -integumentum commune - CJIY}l{MT Hapy)KHOii
o6pJIO'IKOH Te.na )KHBOTHOro H He TO.llbKO BhUIOJIHHeT 3aHl;HTHYIO poJib OT Bpe.AHhlX B03,n:eiicTBHH BHeIIIHeiI cpe,n:bl, HO. H o6ecneqMaaeT c HeH TecHyIO B3aHMOCBH3b 11epe3 MHoroqHcJieHttble peu:enTOPbI, a TaK*e yqacTByeT a o6ecneqeHMH o6Me Ha 8eJ:AeCTB rasoo6MeH Ma •
. o6ru:eMy IlOKposy OTHOCffTCff KO}l{a H ee npOH3BO.l{Hble (BOJIOCbl, nepbff, MffKH· IIIH, porOBble o6pasoBaHHH H )KeJieSbl KO)KH).
I I. K auyTpeaeocTuM visceris · O'TuoestTeH opt aHbl, otSoe,n:MHeHHble
B IlHlll.eBapHTeJibHbIH, .l{bIXaTeJibHbIH H MoqenOJIOBOH annapaTbl; ' .
n H lll. e B a p H T e JI" b H bl H anpapaT - apparatus digestorius - 06ec neq1rnaeT npouecCblnp11eMa IUUU.H H BO){bl. HMina IIOCJJe MeXaHHqecKOH H XHMH·
qecl<OH o6pa60TKH nepeBO.l{HTCff B so.n:opaCTBOpHMble IlHTaTeJibHble aem,ecTBa,
KOTOpbie SaTeM nocTynaJOT B KPOBb H JIHMcl>Y' a HenepesapeHHble qacTHll.hl KOpMa BhIBOnSITCH H3 opraHH3Ma so snernmo10 cpe;ny. K 1rnmeaapMTeJibH0My annapaTy
OTHOCffTCff opraHbl poTOrJIOTKH, nepe.ztHeif, cpe.ztlieii H 3a.l{Heii KHIIIOK c HX BH)'T pHCTeHHbIMH H sacTeHHbIMH )KeJie33MH.
U bl X a T e 11 b fl bl ii aHHapaT . appat atus respiratortUS CJIY}l{HT ;lJ.JIH
nocTynJieHHff B opraHHSM HS BHeurneii cpe.ztbl KHCJIOpO.zta (02) H Bbl){eJieHHff H3
opraHH3Ma .ll.BYOKHCH yrnepo.n.a (C02). BO){bl (B BH){e napos) H HSJIHIIIKOB TenJia.
B cocTaB ,11.btXaT@JlbHOro aHHapaTa BXOAH'I opraHhI, nposp.n.ff w:He so3,nyx (Hoco- rJIOTKa, ropTaHb, Tpaxeff , 6poHxH), H opraH ra3oo6MeHa (JierKHe), r.zte ocyw:ecT- 8JiffeTCH o(iMeH raaaMH Me*JJ.Y Kpt>Bb!O H BHeurneii cpe.ztoii. ·
. M o 11 e 11 o JI o B o ii annapa1 . appaq1tus urogenitalis iloP.paa.n:eJiff·
eTS! Ha, CHCTeMbl MoqeOT){eJieHHH H paSMHO}l{eHirn. . .
.. · CHcreMa -(HJIH opraHb!) MO'leomiJeAeHuR - sistema (organa) uropoetica - oec;ne'IHBaeT BbIBe)J.eHHe H3 opraHH3Ma npOJI.YKTOB ceJIKOBOfQ, COJieBoro H BO)l• HOro o6MeHOB. B COCTaB opraHOB MoqeOT){eJieHHff BXO)l.HT opraH MO'leo6pa·
aosaHHff (noqKH) H opraHbI MOlJeBbl){eJieHHH (MO'le'tOqHHKH, MoqeaoH: nysblpb H MQqE;iHCU¥CKaTeJIJ>HbIH. KfillaJI). . . · · · ·
CHcTeMa (HJIH opraHhI) pa3MHo:J1CeHWl - systema,(organa) genitalia - CJiy:.
. .>KHT .D.JISI o6ecneqeHHSl cpyHKUHH p83MHO}l{eHhsi: H coxpaHeHHSl }l{H3HeHHOC'fH BH
)1.a. K opraHaM paaMHO}l{eHHSI OTHOCSITCSI opraHbl, ue npoHcxo.n.HT paaBHTHe
nOJIOBbIX KJieTOK, HJIH MY}l{CKHe H }l{eHCKHe, reHHTaJIHH (ceMeHHHKH, SIHqffHKH),
-
praHbl, npoBO.Zl.SIW:He noJIOBhle npo.n.yKThl (ceMsi:npoBO.Zl.bl, ·siiiueBO.Zl.bl), opraHbl COBOKynJieHHSl (Hapy:>KHble nOJIOBble opraHbl) H y caMOK eme. H opraH IlJIO.Zl.OH0- 111eHHSl (MaTKa).
III. CucTeMhl aeiiporyMopa.nbHOH peryJur H, HJIH CHCTeMbl :>KH3Heo6ec
neqeHHSI, ocyw:ecTBJISIIOW:He o6'be){HHeHHe Bcex CHCTeM H opraHOB opraHH3Ma B. . e){Imoe JJ:eJioe a ero ea'aHMoes11311 c eaernaett cpe,Zl.OH. K HHM OTHOCSITCSI :>KeJieabl
J3HyTpeHHeii ceKpeUHH, cep.Zl.eqHO-COCY.Zl.HCTaSI H HepeHaSI CHCTeMbl. .
a) )l(e.11eabl BHyTpeaHeii ceKpea - glandulae sine ductibus, s. I. endo-
-
· . ·ormao - eoa Y*.Zl.aio), Koropble nocrynaSI B KpOBb H pa3HOCSICb no opraHH3My, yqacTBYIOT B peryJISIUHH BceMH
Ba}l{Heii111HMH
npoueq:aMH,
npOHCXO.Zl.SlW:HMH
B
opraHHSMe
OCT
aaBHTHe
-
HHe ceKpeuHH l>THOCHTCSI rnnoq H3, .9nHqlH3, Ha.n,noqeqHHK, W:HTOBH){HaSI, OKOJIOW:HTOBH){HaSI :>KeJie3bl H HHKpeTOpHble o6paao
BaHHSl no){}l{eJiy.Zl.oqHOH H nOJIOBblX }l{eJle3.
6)
Cep.l{e'IHo-l:ocyJ(HCTasi
cacTeMa
systema
vasotum
npe.Zl.cTaeneHa
CHCTeMOH
KpOBeHOCHb!X
H
JIHMcp3THllecKHX
cocy){OB,
aanOJIHeHHhIX
KPOBbIO
H
JJHMcpoii,
BbIDOJIHSIIOW:HX
TpaHcnopTHYJO
H
H
HOOHOJiornqecK
IO
- Y.Zl.HCTOH
CHCTeMbl
BXO.Zl.SIT
KpOBb,
JIHM<l>a,
KpoBeTBopiihle
opraHbl,
cep.Zl.ue,
apTepHaJihHhie,
BeH_03Hhle
H
JIHM<l>aTHqecKHe
cocy.n.hl.
CoeoKyn-
.
HOCTb
JIHM<t>aTHllecKHX
cocy.Zl.OB
H
JIHM H){HblX
06
aaoBaHH
u
IO
cHcTeMy
-
sys
ema
ymphaticum.
e)
Hepeuasi:
cacTeMa.-
systema
nervosum
-
BblnOJIHSieT
perynHpyIOw:y10,
KOOp){HHHPYIOW:YIO
H
o6'be){HHSIIOII(
IO
HK
HH . .
H CTh opraHH3Ma H ero e.Zl.HHCTBO c oKpy}l{aiomeii cpe.n.oii. HepeHaSI cHc
TeMa,
qiyHKUHOHHpysi
no
npHHl(Hny
pe<PneKca
(reflexus
-
oTpa:>KeHHe),
ocyw:ecT:.
BJISleT
BCIO
BbICllIYIO
H
HH3111
IO
He
BH
IO
SI .
epBHOH CHCTeMbl BXO.D.SIT UeHTpaJibHble opraHbl (rO-!IOBHOH H cnHHHOH M03r) H nepmpepHqecKHe HepBbI, ocyw:ecTBJISIIOll'.J,He B3aHMOCBSl3b ueHTpaJibH;blX OT.D.eJIOB c COM3THqecKHMH (coMaTHqe He He B
Bbl
opraHaMH. 
c
BHellIHeii H BHyTpeHHeii cpe){aMH ueHTp.a.llbHble OT){e.llbl HepBHOH CHCTeMbl CBSI38Hbl c nOMOII(bIO BOcnpHHHMaIOII\HX 3KC'l'ep0- H HHTepopetteHTOpOB, 601 a'I'O
npe.n.cTaBeHHhIX B KO}l{e, 130 ecex BHyTpeHHHX opraHax H cocy.n.ax, H opraHOB qyeci'B - organa sensuum (opraHbl speHHSI, CJ1yxa, o6oHSIHHSI H BKyca}, 'eoc npHHHMalOII(HX cBeT, .IIBeT, 3BYK. sanax H 1ncyc.
)
'OCHOBHbIE 3A KOHbl nOCTPOEHHSI H PA3BHTHSI
)l(lf BOTHOFO 0PfAHH3MA
Ka}l{.Zl.hlH }l{HBoii opraHH3M, HecMOTpSI Ha MHoroo6paaHe H. ·paaHooopaaHe CDOHX cpopM H ananTHBHbIX npHCflOP06JieHHi K ycJIOBHSlM cym;ecTBOBaHHSl H cpyDKUHOHHpOBaHHSI, B CBOeM crpoeHHH -H p83BHTHH no.n.qHHeH CTporo onpe.n.a JieHHbIM OHOJiornqecKHM aaKoHaM.
L 3aKou · ac-oopa11ecKoro paseHTHH. Bee HbIHe :nrnaym;He pacTHTeJihHble H
}l{JfBOTHhle opraHH3Mbl, He33BHCHMO OT ypoBHSl HX 6praHH3aUHH, npOIIIJIH
-
l.JIHTeJibHbl;H n}'Tb CBoero HCTOpHqecKoro pa3BHTHSI. 3roT 3aK,OH, BnepBble IlO)J, Me9fHHb1H M B JloMOHOCOBblM (1747) H ccpopMyJIRpoBaHHbIH 4. napBHHblM
(1859), Harnen .Zl.,aJihHeiirnee paaBHTHe B Tpy.n.ax A· H. CeeepuoBa (1912, 1939) ·
lf oco6eHHO 11. 11. llIMaJihrayseHa (1934, 1964), OOOcHOBaBWHX MOHOtPHJieTH• l:i:ecKyIO Teopl!IO npOHcXO}l{.D.eHHSl HaaeMHbIX n03BOHQqHblX. .
2. 3aKoH eJJ,HHCTea opraaasMa u cpeJJ.b1, Bnepable qeTKO . o6ocHoBaHHhl:ii
-
M. .CeqeHOBblM (1861), rnacHT o TOM, qro. c0praHH3M 6ea BHeIIIHeH cpe.Zl.hl, noJUJ,ep:m:HBa10w:eii ero ·cyw:ecTBOBaHHe, HeB03MO.>KeH, Il0.9TOMY B HyqHoe onpe
-
:eHHe opraHH3Ma ;ll,OJI}l{Ha BXO){HTh H cpe.n.a1 BJIHHIOII(aSI Ha Hero». Bee Mlioro o6paaHe;lKHBOTHhIX il><>pM H pa3JIHqHH IllCTpoeHH.H o6yJIOBJIHO OCOOeHHOCT.HMH
17
a,naDTaU:HH opraHH3MOB K onpe.ne.neHHblM ycJIOBHHM C}'ll\ecTBOBaHHH H <l>YHKU:HO HHpoBaHHH·. E.D.HHCTBO opraHH3M8 H cpe.n.hl COCT3BJIHeT OCHOBy 3BOJllOU:HH opra HHqecKHX <f>opM, KOTOpoe o6ecneqHaae-rcH HepaHOH cHcreMoH:. Be,n}'ll\aH poJih
HepBHOii CHCTeMhl B .9TOM apouecce BhICTynae1 K3K «TOHqaii:urn;H: HHCTpyMeHT, ypaaHOBeIIIHBaIOW.Hii opraHH3M c OKpy.>1<a10UJ.eii cpe.n.oH:» (11. n. DaBJIOB, 1927).
3. 3aKOH U,eJIOCTHOCTH H He,AeJIHMOCTH opr8HH3Ma. 3ToT 33KOH Bbipa»<a eTCH B TOM, qro KruK.ll.hIA opraHHSM HBJIHeTCH e.n.HHhIM ueJibIM, B KOTOpOM ace opraHhl H tHCTeMbl H3XO.D.HTCH B TeCHOH reHeTHqecKOH, MOp<f>oJiornqecKOH H <l>YHK 'uudHaJJbHOH B33HMOCBHSH, B38HM0331UICHMOCTH H B38HMOOOYCJIOBJieHHOCTH. Baepahle BblCKa3aHHhIH. KJiaccHKaMH ecTeCTBOSHaHHH ew.e so BTopoli nonoBHHe XIII a., STOT aaKOH H8llleJI y6e.D.HTeJihHoe o6ocHoaaHHe a Tpy.n.ax 11. M. CeqeHo
oa (1866) H ocoCSeeHo 11. n. fiaBJioua (1924, 1927).
-
3aKOH e.AHHCTea cj>opMhl H <l>YHKll,HH. B ocHose }KH3He.n.eHTeJibHOCTH Ka»<.
.n.oro .>KHBOro opraHH3M8 ne»<aT <f>H3HJiornqecKHe H a.n.eKBaTHble HM Mop<f>onorn- 1JecK11e peaKUHH, KOTOphle HO;ll BOO){eHCTBHeM cpaKTOpOB BMenm:eu cpe:n;@ H ueJie- HanpaaneHHoro aoa.n.eiiCTBHH qe.noseKa ao.n.sepraIOTcH H3MeHeHHHM.
0
AHroH D,opH (1875), cblrpaaIIIHli oonbIIIy10 ponb s paaanTHH soonornH H
cpaBIHITeJlbHOJI anaroMHH Ha npHHllHnax ;ll;apBMIUtaMa, paapa6onm yReHHe 0
cMeHe <f>YHKU:HH. OH nepahlii yKaaaJI DYTH K Hccne.n.oaaaHIO .9BOJIIOUHH HX »<Halle JJ.eHTeJihHOCTH. B .D.aJibHeliIIIeM yqeHHe A. JlopHa Hamno WHpoKoe paaBHTHe a Tpy;Z1;ax B. KneiiM6epra (1886), Jl. ITna1e (1913), A. H. CeBepuoaa (1912, 1939)
H 11. 11. llIMaJibrayaeHa (1934, 1964); KOTOpblMH YKa3hIBaJIOCb, qro KruK.ll.3SI qacTb
H Ka>k.zu,18 opraH opraHH3Ma o6.na,naeT HecKOJibKHMH <f>YHKUHHMH. Bo apeMst He- ropaqecKHX npeoopa30BaHHA upraaa O.l{Ha H3 <l>YHKU:Hii: M02KeT DOJiyqHTb npe- 06na.n.a10w.ee aHaqeHHe, .n.pyrHe - HcqeaHYTh HJIH H3MeHHTbCH. DpH acex STHX npeo6paaosaHHHX a o.n.HHaKOBOH creneHH yqacrayIOT H crpoeHHe opraHa, H ero
ornpaBJieHRH; O.l{Ho acer.n.a onpe,ne.nHeT .ll.pyroe, T. e. tpOpMa u <flyHKUHH o6paay
IOT HepaapblBHoe uenoe. 3roT saKOH Hame.n OTp32KeHHe a Tpy.n.ax <I>. 3Hre.nbCa
(1875-1876), anepsble ony6JIHKOBaHHhIX a PoccHH a 1924 r., H .ll.aJibHeliw 10 aayqHy10 paspa ·KY a Tpy.ll.ax ecra opo heaa, B. H. ToH-
KoBa H Jl.p.
-
3aKOH uac.ne,ACTBeHHOCTH H H3MeH'IHBOCTH. H a c JI e .ll. c T a e H- H 0 c T b 9TO HCTOpHqecKH CJIO.>KHBllieecH B npouecce CMeHbl noKOJ(eHHA
csolicTBO »<HBblX opraHH3MOB Tpe6oaaTb oape.ne.neHHblX yCJioBHH .D.JIH caoero paaBHTHH, pocra H 2KH3HeJleHTeJlhHOCTH. HaCJie.ll.cTBeHHoli ocHoBoii, HJIH reHo- THDOM opraHH3Ma, HBJIHIOTCH reHbl, 06na.n.a10w.He OOJibulOH ycroliqHBOCTblO H 00ecaequaa10w.He OTHOCHTeJlbHoe IlOCTOHHCTBO (KOHcepaaTH3M) BH.D.OBhIX npH3-
H3KOB, T. e. o6ycJIOBJIHBalOT <lieHOTHil .>KHBblX opraHH3MOB.
<I> e H o T H n - .9TO coaoKynHOCTb aHeIIIHHX H BHYTpeHHHX npH3H8KOB
opraHH3M8, o6yCJIOBJieHHblX B33HMO.D.eHBHeM HaCJI,e)l.CTBeHHOH OCHOBbl opra
HH3M8 e yCJIOBHHMH BHeIIIHeii cpe.ll.bl. YnpaaJIHH aaKOHaMH HSMeHqusocru (Mo,u,H-
<f>HKaunoHHOH, MYTaU:HOHHoii , uHTOnJiaaMaTHqecKoii ),. MO»<HO naMeHHTb He TOJlbKO cpeHOTHil opraHH3Ma, HO H ero reHOTHD, qro IIIHpOKO HCilOJib3yeTCH B ce JieKl!HOHHOH pa6ore. 3HaHHe saKOHOB nepen.aYH Hac.nPJtCTBeHHbIX npH3HaKOS HMeeT 60JibIIIOe 3HaqeHHe B MeJlHU:HHCKOH H BeTepnHapHOH npaKTHKe.
6. 3aKOH fOMOJIOrH'IHblX pst,AOB rnacHT 0 TOM, qTo «qeM 6JIH2Ke reHeTffqe
.CKHe BHll.bl, TeM pesqe H TOYHee nposrnm1ercsi: CXTBO pAAOB MOPclx>JiorH1 ecKHX H <f>HSHOJIOnfqecKHX npH3H3KOB>. 3roT 33KOH 6blJI ao.n.rOTOBJieH 3HaqHTeJlbHLIM
qHCJIOM: HCCJieJlOBaTe.neii , npHAaBaBIIIHX . ooJii.IIIoe sHaqeHHe HayqeHHIO roMono
ruYHbIX
(cxo.n;HblX
no
pa3BHTHIO)
oprauoo
(11.
feTe,
)I(.
K1oehe,
BnK
)l\A..sap,
-
feKKeJib, K. rereH6ayp), HO HaIIIeJI caoe OKOHqaTMbHOe o<f>opMJieHHe B Tpyp;ax H• .H. BaaHnoaa (1920, 1922).
-
3aKOH 9KOHOMHH MaTepllua H MeCTa, COrJI3CHO. KoropoMy Ka}K.ll.bIH op
-
raH H KruK.ll.8H CHCTeMa nocrpoeHbl TK. qro('ihl npH MHHHMaJibHOH 88TP3Te CTpOH TeJlbHOro MarepHaJia OHH MOrJIH 6bl BhlilOJIHHTb M8KCHM8.JlbHYIO paooT.y
(n. <I>. Jlecra<f>T, 1895). 00.ll.TBep.>K)teHHe sroro aaKOHa MO.>KHO BlfAeTb B CTpoe
HHH acex opraHOB .>KHBOro opraHH3Ma, H oco6eHHO OH Bblp32KeH B CTpOeHHH ueHT p8.JlbHbIX OT.ll.eJIOB HepBHOH CHCTMbl, cep,D.ua, aoqeK, neqeHH, o6Jiap;alOW.HX HC-
18
KJllOqHTe.llbHO BblCOKHMH nOTeHUHa.T.IbHbIMH B03MO.>KHOCTSIMH npH BblrIOJIHeHHff
I CBOHX <l>YHKUHH.
-
.l(JJH Bcex rI03BOHOqHblX xapaKTepHbl 061IV1e npHHUHribl nocTpoeHHH TeJia H roMOJIOrHqHbIX opraHOB, a HMeHHO: '
a) O,IJ)IOOCHOCTb, .HJIH 6HnOJUlpHOCTb, , Bblpa»<aiomasicH B HaJIHqHH .n.ayx
.nu<jxf>epeHUHposaHHblX rIOJIIOCOB TeJia - rOJIOBHoro, HJIH KpaHHaJibHOro, H 33)1.Hero, HJIH Kay.n.aJibHOro; 6) cerMeHT8PHOCTb, HJIH. MeTaMepHsi;
B) aHTHMepHD (anti - npOTHB, meros - qacrb), .n.aycropOHHHH, HJIM 6HJiarepa.ribH3SI (bi )I.Ba, latus cropoHa), CHMMeTpUSI, xapaKTepH03 IOIIJ;aSICH aepKaJibHblM cxo.n.cTBOM. npasoii ·H JiesoH: nonoBHH Tena »<HBOTHoro. BHJiaTepaJib HaH CHMMeTpHH, KaK H 6Hnom1pHOCTb, ecTb OTpa.>KeHHe pa3BHTHSI npHMOJIHHeii HOro, 11ocTynaTem,Horo J{BIUKeHHff, csoAcTBeIIHoro 6on1>m1u1crsy xop.l{OBhJX,
r) aaxon Tpy6Kooopaanoro nocTpoena11. Bee CHCTeMbIH annapaTbl »<HBOT aoro opraHH3Ma pa3BHBaIOTcsi KaK Tpy6qaTble o6paooaaHHH (nmri:eaapHTe.J:Ib Has, Ab1XaTMbH8:SI, MOtteaaH, HOJIOB8JI, HepnHaff). ;Um1 60JihillHHCTBa Tpy6qa- Tblx opraHOB npHcym npHHUHn TpexCJioiiHOCTH. Tpy6qaTble cTpyKTYPhl ecrb peayJibTaT OTpa»<eHHH 38KOHa 9KOHOMHH MaTepa8JJa H MecTa.
UOHSITHE 0 HOPME, BAPHAHTAX H AHOMAJJHSIX
•
Ho.»; HopMoli erpoeHHff reJia JKHBOTHuro noRHMaeTCH «rapMOHHqecKaH coso-
KynHOCTb cTpyKTypHo-cpyHKU HOHaJihHblX .n.aHHhIX opraHH3Ma, a.n.eKBaTHbIX ero OKpy»<aIOmeii cpe.n.e H o6ecneqHBaIOI1J,HX opraHH3MY OrITHMaJibHYJO .>KH3He.n.esi- TeJihHOCTh» (F. H. l:J;aphrupo.u.ues). .
HopMa c · ToqKH apeHHH aHaTOMHH - H:aH6oJiee qacTo acTpeqaIOW.HHCH
aapHaHT CTpoeHHH
KOHKpeTHoro BH,!l.a
.>KHBoTHblX,
xapaKTepH3 IOllJ,HHCSI
){HHa
H M
Mop JiornqecKHx
H H3HOJiornqecKHX
oco6eHHocreii
opraHH3Ma ll3MeHHIOIIJ.HMCSI ycJIOBHSIM 0Kpy.>1<a10meli cpe.n.hl. B paMKax BH.n.osoif
uopMbl H Hapsi.n.y c Hett cyw.ecTByeT B03pacTHaH H rIOJIOBaH H3MeHqHBOCTb qiopM H cTpoeHHH, KOTOpaH onpe.n.eJIHeT TaIOKe o6IIJ.He, Ho He ,!1.JIH acero BH.ll.a, a .ztJISI
onpe.n.eJieHHOH rpynnbl .>KHBOTHblX (nonyJIHUHH; nopo.n.a) B03paCTHhl..e H rIOJIOBbie HppMbl..
BapaaHTbl - pa3HOBH,ll.HOCTH o6menpHHHTOtt HOpMbl, KOTOpble MoryT HO CHTb nporpeccHBHble npH3HaKH, ecJIH OHH rIOBblIIIaIOT .lKH3HeHHOCTb opraHH3M3 HJJH OTBeqaJOT Tpe6oBaHHHM ceJieKUHH, H perpeccHBHble, Korna B HHX nposi:JU - JOTCH npHaHaKH npoii.n.eHHoro nyTH .9BOJIIOUHOHHoro pa3BHTHH. PesKo Bhlpa»<eH Hhlli perpecCHBHhlA npH3HaK H33blBaeTCH aTaBH3MOM (atavus - npe.n.oK).
AHOM8JIHH OTKJIOHeHHH OT
HOpMbl, xapaKrep1rny10llUfecs
H0061A1
H01i
ronorpa<f>Hett
opraHOB
HJIH
qacreii
TeJia,
HX
qpeaMepHbIM
HJIH,
Hao6opoT,
cna-
6hlM pa3BHTHeM, He conpoBO.>K,l{3IOIIVfMCH rJJy6oKHMH HapyureHHHMH .lKH3He,!l.eSl TeJibHOcTH opraHH3Ma. 0TC}"fCTBHe H.TIH CBepXKOMilll0KTHOCTh opranoa HJIH qacTeH TeJia .>KHBOTHOro, npHBO){SlllJ,He K 'lfH2Ke.llhlM HapyIIIeHHHM Bceii .>KH3He.n.esi Te.llbHOCTH opraHH3Ma HJIH .n.a»<e HecQOC06HOCTH K cymecTBOBaH'HIO, HOCSIT Ha- 3B8HHe yponCTsa IJoc.neJJ.Hue qam.e B03HHKaIOT npa 6.nnaKOPOtteTBeHHhiX paase-
.n,eHHHX .>KHBOTHblX HJIH no.n. BJIHHHHeM KaKHX-JIHOO TeparoreHHblX ¢a.KTOpOB (noBblIIIeHHaH pa.n.HaIJ.HH, aoa.n.eAcTBHe XHMHqecKHx aew.ecTB H T. n.). HayKa, uayYBJ011tas ypTBl:l H npHtIKHhl HX BOOHHK11oaem 1H, Ha3hIBaeTcsi: reparm1orn- eii (teratus - ypo.n.cTBa).
'IA€TH H 06JJACTH TEJIA )l(HBOTHOro
TeJio .ll.OMallIHHX .»rnBOTHblX .ivrn y.o;o6cTBa HayqeHHH no.n.paa.n.eJIHeTCH Ha qacTH H 06.nacTH. K qacn1M TeJia - partes corporis -OTHOCSITCH rOJioaa, we.H, TYJIOBHe. XBOCT H KoHeqHocTH. Ka>K.l{M qacTh, B ceoro oqepe.o;b, no.n.paa· JleJI.HeTCH Ha OT.ll.MbHble 06.nacTH - rgiones (rg.) corporis (pHc. 4).
fOJJOBA - caput - no.n.pas.n.eJI.HeTC.H Ha qepen a JIHIJ.O.
Ha IJ e p e n e (cranium) Bbl.ll.eJIHIOT: 1'eMH -vertex, nepe.n.HeeepxHIOIO qacTb J'OJJOBhl - sinciput, J106 - irons, saTWoK occiput, eecoK - tempo-
19
. PHc 4 0611acrH 'W Jl3 Kopoa1>1'
.1 - rOJJosa; 2 -nJie'lerOJJOBHall oliJiacr&; 3 - rpy'AHHoroJJosHall o6JJacT&; 3' ..:.. Tpaxe aJJ&Hall oliJJacTb; 4 - oliJiacr& XOJJKH; 5 - cnHHope6epHall oliJJaCTb; 6 pe6epHall o6- "'1aCTb; 7 - npe'ArpyAHHHall o6nacr&; 8 -rpy.)J.HHHall oliJJacr&; 9 -oliJJacT& Me'leBH.ll;Horo xplllu.a; JO o6JJacTb no.aJ1e6ep&H; 11 noHCHH'IHall o6JJacrh; 12 -60KoBaS1 06JJacrh; 13 - nyno'IHall oliJJacr&; 14 - oKdJionoHcHH<rnaH oliJJacr& (rOJJO'AHall llMKa); 15 - oli
.JJaCTb CKJl3AKH lioKa; 16 -OOJJ3CTb BblMeHH;·}7 - oliJJaCTb KOpHll XBOCTa; 18 - JJonaTO'l
·H3ll o6nacx&; 19 o6nacr& nneua; 20 o6nacrb nneuesoro cycxasa; 21 o6nacr& JJOK- Tesoro cycTasa; 22 - oliJJacr& npe,1urne'l≪ 23 - o6JJaCTb sanHcT≪ 24 - oliJJaCTb nHc
.TH; 25 - o6JJacr& nan&ua rPYAHoii KoHe'IHOCTH; 26 - oliJJacTb KpecTua; 27 - o6natTb MaKJJOKa; 28 - HrO'AH'IHall otSJJacr&; 29 -ceAaJJHtUHall o6nacT&; 30 - oliJJa<;Tb TasolieA peHHOI o cycrnsa, 31 . o6nac1& 6eli;pa, 32 7 o6naci& 10neHH, 33 o6nacn. sann10ett1>1;
,34 - o6JJaCTb ll'JJIOCHbl; 35 - oliJiaCTb nan&ues: Ta30BOH KOHe'IHOCTH; 36 - oliJJaCTb KO
JleHHoro cycTasa; 37 - o6JJaCTb KOJJeHHOA CKJlaAKH.
ra, por cornu, yxo - auris, yurnyio paKOBHHY - auricula, KoTophle cocTaB m u m ocHosy 06.nacTeib 3aTwoqHoH rg nccipitalis, i;eMeHHOH rg. parietalis, sucoqHoH - rg. temporalis c mmrna3HHqHoH: SJ,MKOH - fossa supraorbitalis. yurnoH: paKoBHH - rg. at,tricularis u no6HoH - rg. frontalis. Y »rnaqHblX
'.}KIUIOTHblX B Ji06Hoit: 06.nacw: Bbl)\eJI.SllOT 0611acTb pora rg cornualis
Ha n u ne (facies) pa3nuqaioT Hocosyio, poTOsyio, rneqHyIO, rna3HHqHyIO u Me}KqeJIJOCTHYIO 06.nacTH.
06/lacmb µma rg. oralis nOt{}laeJIHeTCH ua 06.1Iacn1 uepn:eu u HUlK-
HeH ry6 - rg. labiales superior et inferior. Ha.n; sepxHeH ryooH: pacnonaraeT c.s1 HOCOBOe 3epKaJihne - plamim nasale, KOTOpoe y KpynHbIX }l{BaqHblX CJIHBa eTC:H e scpxncH: ry6oi1 B uoeory6noe sepKaJihrte planum nasolabiale. HH:!KHSIH ry6a BHH3Y liJepexo.n;HT s ' no.n;Gopo.n;oK, mcntum, 06pa3yiornmino.n;Gopo,n;oqHyio
-o6nacTh - rg. mcntalis. ·
06Aacmb noca rg. nasalis ;neJrnTesi: na cnHHKOBYIO rg. · dorsalis nasi, OOKOBYIQ - rg. lateralis nasi H 06.1JaCTb Ho3.n;pu - rg. naris. Y caHHbH HOC OKaHqHsaeTCH XOOOTKOM - rostrum,! ncpc,n;HHH CTCHKa KOToporo 06pa3yeT nnTaqoK planum tos h ale. ·
r/la3 - oculus - BMecTe c OKpy}KaIOIIJ.HMH qacTHMH 06pa3ycT Z/lQ31tU't1tyto
-06JZaCmb - rg. orbitalis, Ha KoropoH: Bhl,n;eJ1Si10T 06.nacTH sepxilcro H HH}l{Hero BeK - rg. palpebrales superior ct inferior, pa3,n;CJICHHblX rncn·hIO BeK - rima palpcbrarum. 06.nacTb HH1KHero BeKa cncpe.n;u ncpexo.n;HT B no.n;rna3euqeyro
- rg. infraorbitalis, a cHH3Y - s cKynosyIO - rg. zygomatica. CKynosaH
·OOJiaCTb C3a.n;H npo.n;OJI}KaeTCH B 06.naCTb BHcoqHoHH}KffCqeJIJOCTHOro cycTaBa-rg. ' articulaHonis tcmporomandibularis, CHH3y - B 06.naCTb OOJibllIOH }KeBaTeJib-.
a
.lloH: Mbllllbl - rg. , massetcrica, KoropaH cncpc.n;u rpaHuqHT c rneqH?H o6Jla-
20
CTbIO - rg.. buccalis. ll(eqHast 06.naCTb .l{eJIHTCH Ha sepxaeqe,IIIOCTHYIO H HHlK-
HeqeJUOC'I'.HYIO - rg. maxillaris et mandibularis. ; · . _
c BeHTpaJihHOH nosepXHOCTH roJJOBbl IlO.ll6opooqHaH 06.JiaCTb nepeXO)l.HT B
Me)!{qemOCTHYIO - rg.intermandibularis, a nocJJe)l.HHH - B 06.nacTb nO.ll'hH3hfq Holi KOCTH - rg. subhyoidea.
llJE.sI -collum (Cervix) ..: npocTHpaeTcH OT 3aTbIJioqm)li o6JJaCTH .llO JionaTKH. Ha HeH: pa3JIHqaroT .llOpcaJihHyro,. JiaTpaJJhHyIO H seHTpaJibHYIO
-
JiacTH rg. colli dorsalis, Iateralis et ventralis. DpasaH H Jiesan .l{Opca 111>- Hbie o6Jiac.rn me0 Ha .llOpcaJJbHOM pae me0 margo colli dorslis coe)l.HHH IOTCH Me)!{.llY C06oH, o6pa3yH rpHBy -juba. 00.ll OCHOBaHHeM yllIHOH paKOBH- Hbl - JiaTepaJihHaH 06.naCTb meH HMeHyeTCH 06JiaCTbIO OK v
.
'
)l.H
KOTOpoH
HaXO.l{HTCH
no3a.l{HHH)!{HeqeJJIOCTHaH
HMKa
-
fossa
retromandibularis,
ssepxy
nepexo.llstmast
B
3aymHy10
06.JiacTb
-
rg.
retroauri
cularis,
a
CHH3Y
-
B
rJioTOqHyIO
-
r
.
har
n
003a)l.HHH)!{HeqeJJIOCTH H HMKa nepeXO)l.HT B nJJeqeroJIOBHYIO o6JJaCTb
-
rg.
brachiocephalica, orpaHHqHBaH BHH3J
stpeMHblH *eJio6
-
sulcus
jugularis,
KOTOpblH
C3a)l.H
3aKaHq0saeTCH v •
v • •
eHTpaJJbHO OT HpeMHOro :>KeJio6a B.llOJlb IIIeH npoXO)l.HT rpy.llHHOfOJIOBHaH 06- JiaCTb -rg.1 sternocephalica, KOTopaH 86.JI030 JionaTKH HOCHT Ha3BaHHe npe.ll-
JionaToqHoH:
-
rg.
resca
ul
aris. ·
a BeHTpaJJbHOH nosepXHOCTH rneH pa3JJHqaIOT ropTaHHYIO 06.naCTb - rg. laryngea - H TpaxeaJihHYIO - rg. trachea1is. 1
l;YJIO BHIU E truncus nozq>a3Jl,e11si:eTc11 na enHHY dotsum, rpy;n- Hyro KJJeTKY - thorax - c rpy.llHOH noJioCThIO - cavum thoracis ...:.... H rpy.llh
pectus, Ha KOTOpOH no o6eHM cTOpoHaM y caMOK XHmHhlX H CBHHbH HaXO)l.HTCH rpy.lliihle MOJioqHhre )KeJie3hl mammae thoracicae. -
3a rpy)l.HOH KJleTKOH pacnoJJaraeTCH )!{HBOT - abdomen - c 6pIOIIIHOH no-
JIOCTbIO -cavum abdominis, orpaH0qeHHOH csepxy noHCHHueli -Iumbus, , C33.llH naxoM ingnen,
y caMOK Ha BeHTpaJibHOH nosepXHOCTH pacnoJiaraIOTCH 6pIOlIIHble H na
XOBhle MOJioqHhle )KeJie3hI- mam_mae abdominales et i nguinales, a y caM- uoB npenyu0li preputium H MOIHoHKa scrotum.
)KHBOT Kay.l{aJibHO npO.l{OJI)!{aeTCH B Ta3 - pelvis - c Ta30BOH IlOJIOCTbK>-
cavum pelvis, orpaHHqeHHOH c6oKy Ta30BOH KOCThIO - coxa, · a C3a./lH - stro-
.nmraMH na tes -
Me*.llY HrO)l.HuaMH 3aKJJIOqeHa npoMe)!{HOCTb - perineum - co meJJbIO
3a)l.Hero npoxo.lla - crena ani.• a y caMOK H Hapy)!{HhlMH cpaMHbIMH opraHa- MH pudendum iemininum (vulva).
CnnHa - dorsum - .lleJIHTCH Ha no3BOHOqHyIO o6JiacTb rpy.llHOH K.JieTKH,
HJIH .llOpcope6epHyIO 06.JiacTb - rg. vertebralis t.horacis, s. rg. dorsocostalis,
-
u MeiKJionaT011Hy10 06.naeTb tg..inle1scapularis, 3aKJIIOq HHYIO Me*.llY JJorra- ToqHblMH xpstmaMH. y KpyrrHblX MJleKOIIHTaIOIII.HX 3)1.eCb CHJlbHO Bhl.l{aIOTCH OCTHCTble OTPOCTKH nepBbIX 8---:10 rpy)l.HblX ll03BOHKOB., 06pa3 iomux KOCTHbIH Kay)l.aJihHO no3BOHoqHaH 06.JiacTb rpy.llHOH KJJeTKH nepexo]lHT B nostca0q-
HYIO .,...... rg. Iumbalis. · Ha BeH:rpanhllon nosepxHOcTH rpy.llH cnepe.llH pacooJJaraeTCH npe.nrpy.llHH
HaH 06.JracTh rg. presternalis, orpaHuqeHHaH Me.llHaHHhlM H JJaTepaJJhHhlM
rpy.llHhlMH
*eJio6aMH
-
sulcus
pectoralis
medianus
et
·lateralis H -
rpy.llHHHyro
o acTb
-
rg.
sternalis.
no
o6eHM
cropo
HaM
OT
rpy;n;HHHOH
06.JracTH
y
xHmHhIX
H
CBHHbH
pacnoJJaraeTCH
o6JiaCTb
rpy.ll:..
Hhrx
MoJJoqHhrx
*eJJe3
-
rg•.
mammaria
.thoracica. . -
JlopcaJJbHO npe.llrpy.llHHHaH 06.JraCTb nepeXO)l.HT B JJonaTOqHyIO o6JJaCTb -' rg. scapularis, Ha KOTOpoli asepxy BhI.lleJJHT o6JJaCTh JionaTOqHoro xpm1a - rg. cartilaginis scapulae, crrepe)l.H - rrpe.llOCTHYJO --rg. supraspinata, C3aJlH - saocTHyio - rg. infraspinata, a CHH3Y - aKpoMHaJJhHYIO - rg. - acromialis. Kay)l.aJihHO JJonaroqHaH 06.n:ac.Th nepexo)l.H-P-- B pe6epHyIO - rg. costalis,
orpaHHqeHHYIO Kay.llaJJbHo pe6epHoH: .llyroli - arcus costalis.
21
c JieBOH CTOpOHbJ Ha ypoBHe JIOKTeBOro cycrnsa Bbl,zteJISllOT cep,zte4HYIO o6JiacTb - rg. cardiaca. ·
06.nacTH lKHBOTa - rg. abdominalis - no.ztpa3.zteJHUOTc.H Ha KpaeuaJih uyro, cpe.ztliIOIO u Kay,ztaJihHYIO o6JiacTu - rg. abdominis cranialis, media et caudalis. ·
KpaHuaJihHaH o6JiacTh )l{UBOTa )teJIUTCH Ha npasyro u .11esyio o6JiacTU no.zt pe6epbH - rg. hypochondrica dextra et sinistra - u 06.11acTb Me4eBU,!l,Horo xpmra - rg. xiphoidea.
. Cpeu.HSJSJ 06.qacTb lKHBOTa J{CJUITCSI ua napuyio 6oKosy10 rg. abdina l'is lateralis, Hll KOTopoH pacnoJiaraIOTCH OKOJIOOOHCHU4HaH HMKa - fossa pa
ralumbalis - u o6JiacTb CKJia,!l,KU 6oKa - rg. plicae lateralis, u nyno4HYIO o6JiacTir rg umbilicalis. .
Kay.n.aJihHasi o6J1aCTh *UBota c6oKy UMeeT naxosyio o6JiacTh - rg. ingui Dalis, a C . BeHTpaJihHOH IlOBepXHOCTU - JIOHHyIO - rg. pubica, Ha KOTOpOH y
poraTOro cKoTa H
1rn6hIJHlfl
BhI;B;eJIHIO'f
06.llaeTb BbfMemt rg.
uberis.
·
K 06.nacTBM Ta3a - rg. pelvis - OTHOCHTCH Kpecruosasi -·rg. sacralis, siro,!l,U4Hasi - rg. glutea, 06.iiacTh MaKJIOKa -rg. tuberis coxae, ce.l{amn.1HaH - rg. clunis, o6Jiae'fb ee)f<lJIHtttHoro t'iyrpa r g. tubetis ischiadici H 06nac1h XBOCTa - rg. caudalis. BeHTpaJibHO OT 06J1aCTU KOpHH XBOCTa - rg. radicis caudae - pacnoJiaraeTcH 06J1aCTb npoMe)l{HOCTU - rg. perinealis, BKJI1oqaioasi anaJihHYIO rg. analis H Moqeno;msyro 06;1acm rg. urogenitalis. BeHTpaJib- HOH rpaHuueii npoMe)l{HOCTU CJIY)l{UT Kay.l{aJibHblH Kpaii MOlIIOH04HOH o6JiacTH
- rg. scrotalis, · a y caMoK - Ha.l(BhIMeHnoii o6JiacTu - rg.supramammaria. Y
xpsiKa H Kora MOlliOHKa BXU.l{HT B M04eIIOJIOBYIO 06JiaCTb, u II03TOMY y HHX
BeHTpaJihHaH rpaHuua npoMeJKHOCTU npoxo.zi;uT no MecTy KpaHuaJibHoro np1:rnpen
.11eHUH MOIIIOHKU.
KOHElf HOCTH membra· no.ztpas,!l,eJIHIOTCH Ha rpyJl.Hbie H ' Tasosble. f p y ,!I, H a H K 0 H e q H 0 C T b - membrum thoracicum - BBepxy C Me.zi;uaJibHOH IIOBepXHOCTU npH nepexo,!l,e Ha rpy.zi;UHHYIO o6JiaCTb HMeeT IIO,!l,Mbl-
me4Byl0 HMKY - fossa ax11larts, orpaHH1IeHHYIO IIO.l{Mhlllle4HOH CKJia]lKOH plica axillaris. Bea 3Ta o6JiacTh HocuT Ha3BaHue IIOJ1.Mhlllle4Holi - rg. axilla ris.
Cnepe.nu OT ll0.llMblllie4HOH o6JlacTH Ha MecTe coe.n1rneHH.SI nJie4eBOH KOCTU c J10naTKoH: .pacnoJiaraeTcH o6JiacTb nJ1eqesoro cycTasa -rg. articulationis humeri.
Ha nJleq,e - brachium - pa3JIU4aIOT o6JiacTb TpexrnaBoH: MblllIUhI - rg. tricipitalis, orpaHH4eHHyto csa.nu, KpaeM TpexrnasoH: MhIIIIllhI - margo trici
pitalis - oT pe6epHoH: o6Jiacrn. Ha rpaHuue coenuHeHUSI nJieqa H npe,n;UJie%H
pacnoJiaraeTCH o6JiacTb JIOKTesoro cycrnsa - rg.. cubiti u JIOKTeBoro 6yrpa rg. olecrani.
Ha npeanAe 'ibe -antebrachium - BhIJleJllIIOT KpaHua.zu ayro, KaYJl.a.rrb- uyio, JiarepaJihHYIO u_ Me,nuaJihHYIO o6JiacTU - rg. antebrachii cranialis, .cau
dalis, lateralis et mediaJJs.
Ha Kucmu manus pa3.zn14aK>T cmrnKy dorsum manus n IIAAOHb
- palma manus. B COCTaB KUC.TU BXO.llSIT 3aIIHCTbe - carpus, IlHCTb - meta carpus - u na.i:ibuhI KUCTU - digiti manus.
Ha sa nHCThf> u m1cTu Bbl,Ll.eJISUOT JlOpca 11i.uy10, naJiaMapuy10, JiaTepaJI&
uyro H Me.l1,Ha.nbHYIO o6,11acTU - rg.carpi (metacarpi) dorsalis, palmaris, lateralis et medialis. Ha rpaHurie coe,11;uHeHUH nsicTHbIX KocTeli e ripoKCUMaJihHblMH l}>a.naHraMH pacnoJiarae1'CR 1rncTHo<}lanaurosasi: 06.nacTb rg. metacarpoph
langea, sa KOTopoH: cJie,nyIOT o6JiacTH npoKcuMa:11hHOH H cpe.AHeii <tiaJiaHr - rg. phalangis proximalis et mediae - u.o6JiacTh KOrTH - rg. unguiculae. Y Ko nhITHbIX )KHBOTHbIX 3TU o6JiacTH COOTBeTCTBeHHO HOCHT Ha3BaHUSI o6JiacTeH nyTa
- rg. compedis, BeH4UKa - rg. coronalis H KonbITa - rg. ungulae. Y }l{Baq
HhIX Me}K,zty TpeTbUM u 4eTBepTbIM naJihQaMU HaXO,ztUTCH Me}l{OaJihUeBOe npocT- paHCTBO - spatium interdigitale. ·
-
T a s o B a H .K o H e q H o c T h - membrum pelvinum - Ha Mecre coe
,nuHeHUH c Ta3oM UMeeT o6JiacTh Ta3o6e.npeHHor:o cycrnBa -rg. articulationis
22
coxae, KayJihHee KoTopoH: BhIJJ.emuoT BepTJiyJ1rnyIO 06.1JaCTb -:- rg. trochaote
·rica.
Ha 6eape - femur, KaK H Ha coAeHu - crus, pasJinqaIOT KpaHHaJihHyIO, Kay.l(aJibHyIO, JiarepaJihHyIO H MeJJ.HaJibHYIO o6JiaCTH - rg. femoris (cruris) cranialis, caudalis, lateralis et medialis.
B OMf'.TH KOAeHHOeo cyc.masa pasJinqa!OT KpaHaaJihHyIO, HJIH o6JiaCTb Ko-. JieHHoli qaIIIKH - rg. genus cranialis, s. patellaris Kay.l(aJihHyIO, HJIH OOJI.KOJieH
HyIO o6JiacTh
- rg.
genus
caudalis, s.
poplitea,
JiaTe aJibH
IO
H Me
HaJihH
IO
T ......-
g. enus a
era IS
e me ta
Is.
KayJJ.aJibHa·si o6JiacTh roJieHH B JI.HCTaJihHOM OTJJ.eJie oepeXOJJ.HT B 06-
JiaCTb o6ero cyxmKHJIHH IHITOqHoro 6yr a aXHJIJIOBO c XO)KHJIHe . - r i Is ca caneI c9tnmun1s. · •
Ha cmone - pes - pasJinqaIOT coHHKy - dorsum pedis - H oo.n;oIIIBY cTo- obl planta pedis. B cocrns CTOOhI 8xo,n:HT 3aoJIIOCHa tarsus, n.mocHa metatarsus - H naJihUhIcTOIIhI- digiti pedis.
Ha
san1t10cHe
H n1t10cHe
pasJinqaIOT
JJ.OpcaJihHyIO,
oJiaH'1:apHyIO,.
JiaTepaJih· HYIO
H Me.l(HaJihH
IO o6JiaCTH
- r
. tarsi
metatar ·
ra 1s et media is.
Ha IIJiaHTapHoit: nosepxHOCTH saIIJIIOCHhI npHHHTO BhIJI.eJIHTh QHTOqHyIO
o6JiacTh rg.
calcanea.
Ha
na1tb4ax
CTOIIbl
pa3JIHqaIOT
Te
)Ke
o6JiacTH,
qTo
H
Ha
oaJibUaX
KHCTH.
TEPMHHbl, YK A3b1BAIOII{HE PACDOJIO)l(EH HE H HAnPABJI EHHE qACTEA TEJIA
:l!JIH 6oJiee ToqHoro om1camrn xonorpacpuu u BaaHMopacnoJI0>neI 1HH o'I"-
.l(eJibHbIX qacTeH H opraHOB see TeJIO )l{HBOTHOfO ycJI,OBHQ pacceKaIOT OJIQCKOCTH MH B Tpex B3aHMHO IIepIIeHJJ.HKYJIHpHbIX HaIIpaBJieHHHX (pHc. 5).
Cpe)(euuasi a11ocKOCT1:> planum medianum, nposeJtettna11 !WtJib TeJia BepTHKaJibHO, J.J.eJIHT TeJIQ )l{HBOTHOfO Ha JI.Be CHMMeTpHqHble IlOJIOBHHbI. CTapaJI
JieJibHO 'cpe,!l.HHHOH UJIOCKOCTH MQ)l{HQ opoBecTH carnTTaJibHhle (sagitta -CTpe Jia), HIIH aapaMe.u.ii:aHHhle, nJiocKoC'fH plana sagittalia, s. paramediana. Ka)!{-
,!l.aH camTTaJibHaH OJJOCKOCTb HMeeT JJ.Be nosepXHOCTH, H3 KOTOpbIX OJI.Ha o6pa eHa K ueHTPY TeJia, T. e. K cpe.l(HHHOH OJIQCKOCTH, H Ha3hIBaeTCH MeJJ.HaJibHOH
medialis, a ;l{pyrasi o6paena B 6oKOny10 cTopoHy reaa, RJIH JtaTepaJihHO lal:eral is.
.r.opcilJJbHble nJIOCKOCTH - plani dorsalia, IIpose.n;eHHble oapa.1IJieJ1bHO ropH3011'1'0JibHOH ltJ!OCKOCTH, ;llCJUIT see reno Ha sepxHHe H HH)l{HHe OT.ll;eJibl, H3 KOTOpbIX IIepBbie o6paeHbIK CIIHHe, HJIH .n;opcaJibHO - dorsalis, a HH}KHHe - 6Jirr *e K }KHBoTy, HJI« BeHTpaJJbHo - ventralis.
Ronepe<1HblMH IIJIOCKOCI'HMH plan! transversaha Te.no }KHBOTHoro ll.e-
JIHTCH Ha 0Tpe3KH, HJIH cerMeHTbI, H3 KOTOpblX O.ll;HH pacnoJiaraIOTCH MH}Ke K
roJiose (qepeny),
T. e.
KpaHuilJzbHO
-
cranialis,
a
.n;pyrne
-
6JIH}Ke
K
xsocTy-
KU!JaaAbttu caudalis.
KoM6HHHpysi B pa3JIHqHblX coqernHHHX· paccMoTpeHHhie TepMHHhl, MO}KHO
Ha TeJJe yKa3bIBaTb Ha .n;opcoKayJJ.aJibHoe, BeHTpOMe.n;HaJibHOe, K aHHO.D;O cam. -
23
. Ha roJioBe HanpaBJieHHe, oopaeHHOe .6JJH}Ke K HOCY' Ha3hIBaeTCH HOCO• .
(Jbl.M. HJIH pocmpa.!l.bltbl.M. - rostralis, aaMeHHIOM TepMHH KpaHHaJibHblH.
Ha KOHeqHOCTHX HanpaBJieHHe, oopaeHHoe BBepx;. Ha3hIBaeTCH npoKCU•
.M.aJlbHbt.M. - proximalis, T. e. 6JIH)l{aHIIIHM K TeJiy, a HanpasJieHHe, o6pa eHHoe BHH3; - aucmaJlbltbt.M. - distaJis - HJIH y,!l.aJieHHblM OT ·TeJia.
B o6JiacTH nJieqa, npe.llnJie%H, 6eJI.pa u roJieHH Hapy*Hasi, BJiyTpeHHHH, nepe.n;HHH H 3aJl.H.HH nosepXHOCTH Ha3bIBalOTCH JiaTepaJibHOH, Me.l{HaJibHOH, Kpa
HHaJibHOH H Kay,!l.aJibHOH. B o6JiacTH KHCTH H CTOObInepe,n;HHH nosepXHOCTb HO-
CHT Ha3BaHHe CnUHK080U HJIH aopCOJlbHOU - dorsalis, B TO BpeMH KaK 3a,!l.HHH 00· sepxHocTh KHCTH Ha3hIBaeTcH 1taaonnou uJln na/lb.M.apnou - palmaris, a Ha
CTOne - noaoUt6eHHOU HJIH n1ta1tmap1tou - plantaris. KpoMe TOfO, Ha naJibuax KHCTH If CTOIIbI y )l{BaqHbIX, CBHHbH H IIJIOTOH.l{HbIX BbIJl.eJifIIOT oceBylO H neoceByto nosepxHOCTH - fades axialis et abaxialis. . ·
H asBaHHhle nosepXHOCTH HMeIOT OTHbrneHue 'K cJlyHKIU.JOHa rrbHOH ocu KOHeqHQCTH, KoropaH npoxo.n;HT Me)IS:Jl.Y TpeTbHM H qeTBepTbIM naJibµ;aMH KHC· TH HJIH CTOUbI•.
AOOAPAT }lBH>KEHHSI
TiporpeCCHBHOMY paaBHTHIO MJieKOOHTaIOmHX, 3aHHBllIHX roCOO.l(CTBYIOmee
: llOJIOJKeHHe B MHpe Jl<HBOTHbIX, CUOCOOCTBOB&Jla HX BbiCOKaH .llBHraTeJihHaH aK THBHOCTb, BblpaBHBWaSICSI B BOOllHlffiOBeHHH cosepmeHHblX " OlleHb paattoo6pas- Bhl:X cnocooos fiepe.11.BH>KeHHH (xo.zi;h6a, 6er, Jia3aHhe, nmisaeue, noJieT) H a.zi;an TaIJ.HH K pa3JIHqffhlM yCJioBHHM cymecTBosaHHH (Ha3eMHoe, Ha3eMHo-,ApesecHoe,
B03,n;yuIHoe, BOillIOe). .
Tiepe.zi;BH)KeHHe )KHBOTHOrO B OKpy)KaIOmefi cpe,!l.e HBJIHeTC.SI HeOOXO.llHMblM yCJ10BHE$1 s o6ecneqeHHH BaJKHeiirnux cpyHKUHH opraHH3Mai noucK H aaxsaT IIUlB,u, 8KTHBHa:SI aatt(HTil H mmaJJ:eJrn:e, o,cyui;eCTBJieHHe .l{bIXaTeJibHOH <IJYHKilHH, BbipaooTKa TeOJI8 H ,coxpaHeHHe IIOCTOHHCTBa TeMnepaTypblTeJia (y TeIIJIOKpOB
HblX), yqacTHe IKJ>OBO- H JIHMcpooopameHHH, MoqencnycKaHHH, Jl$KaUHH, oeeMeHeHHH M po,ztaX. Bee 310 pa3HOOopa3He JlBHraTeJibHbIX <IJYHKIJ,HH o6eCne'IH-·
llaeTC.SI HepBHOH ff cepJlelJ:HO-COCYJlHCTOH CHCTeMaMH, opraHaMH nHmesapeHH.SI,
' .Jl:bIX8HHJ , MOlJ:eoTJleJieHHHt KO)KHOrO nOKposa H )KeJie3aMlt BHyTpeHHeH CeK e-
AnnapaT llBH}l{eHHSI IIPe.llcTaBJIHeT co6ou cosoKynHocTh naccUBHblX opeaH08t
BblllOJIHHIOmHx onopHylO pOJib H cpyHKUHIO pbilJ:aros KOCTH, x HmH H HX i'.
H H H aKlllU81tblX opeaHOB COKpaTHTeJibHOH cpyHKUHH (MbilliUbl c HX BCITOMOra Te.llbHb MH IIpHcIIoco6JieHHHMH). KaK aKTHBHasi, TK H naccuseasi qacTH annapa Ta JI.B.H)KeHHH HMeIOT oomee npOHCXOX(JleHHe H3 C e-,!l.Hero 3a O.llbillJeBOro JIHCTKa Me3o.n;epMa . H HaXO.l{HTCH 8 TeCHOH MopcpocpyHKUHOHaJihHOH B3aHM033BHCHMOCTH.