MOq e.NOjiobo a An nApat apparatus u rog en italis oPfAHbI mOq eotaEnEhh
OpraHbl
MoqeoT,neJiemrn:
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B cocrns opraHbB MoqeoT,neJieI:IHH sxo.nsn: a) napHbie noqlpl, Bhl.l{eJisiIOIIJ.He
H3 opraHH3,Ma (KpOBH) Moy; MoqeToqHHKH npOTOKH noqeK, qepes KOTOphie
MOY3 .nona,n.aeT B MQqeBOH nyshlpb, r.ne IlOCTOHHHO OT.l{eJIHIOIII.3HCSI Moqa coxpa-
HHeTCH HeKoropoe speMH; eenapHhlH MoqeHcnycKaTeJihHhlH KaHaJI - qepes Hero Moqa Bhl.l{eJIHeTCSI aapy}K)'. ¥ Ca$OB. OH ripoBO.ll.HT H IlOJIOBble npo,nyKThl H Ha-
3blBaeTCSI MOYeno.110B b M, OTKpbIBaIOlllHMCH BhIBO,llHblM OTBepcTHeM Ha I roJIOBKe IlOJIOBoro 11JieHa. y caMOK :t;foqeHcnycKaTeJihHqlH KaHaJI. (:m:eHcKaH ypeTpa) OT
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MOQeOT.l{eUeHHH npoTeKaJia no nyTM yBeJIHqeHHH IlJIO·
m.a.nH conpuKOCHOBeHHH KpoBeHOCHOrQ pycJia c Bh .l{eJIHTeJibHOH TK8llhIO noqeK
B pe3yJihTaTe H36HpaTeJibHOCTH lfJHJibTpaUHOHHO-pesop6UHOHHOH CilOCOOHOCTH
pas;u1t111hix noqeqnhlx 06paaosam1u, a TaK>Ke (5.naroriaps aKTHBHOMy OTBeDeHHIO
Bb!BeJ(eHHIO a.ncop6HposaHHhlX Belll.e<!TB H BO.zthl. CTpH 3TOM pasBHTRe MoqeBqu C.HcTeMhl HMeeT TY oco6enHOcTb, qTd Olfa pasBHBaeTcH He Rs' o.nnoro saqaTKa, nocTeneHHO paeTyrd H · ycJIO)KHfl!Olllerocsi:, a npeACTaMeHa ps.u.oM Mopcpo.rro-
rHqecKHX ot5pasoBaHHH H3. pa3HhlX 3aqaTKOB.
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npo.nyK-
HS opraHH3Ma BO BHeWHIOIO cpe.ny .U.H$ q,ysno (KHweqlionoJioCTHhle - rH,npa).
BOTHblX B CBSISH c .nH<P<PepeHuHaUHeH pasJIHqHh X CHCTeM opraHH3Ma IlOHBJISI-.
Bhl.U.eJieHHH. HaH60Jiee npHMHTHBHhie Hs HHX - Bhll{eJIHTeJibHble . Tpyt5oqKH, HJIH
H npoHH3hl'B3IOIIJ.He Bee TeJIO (pHc.164).
y HH3IIIHX xop,nOBhlX, JiaHueTHHKa
pacnoJiaraIOTCH MeTaMepHO B :>l}a6epHOH o6JiaCTH H OTKpbl'BaIOTCSI o,nHHM KOHU:OM
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5
Hapy:m:y. BnOCJie.zicTBHH ¢lopMHpyeTcsi:
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PHc. 164. BbIAeJIJiteJibHble Tpy6oqKH c KOHUeBbIMH KJieTKBMH JieHToqHoro trepBSI:
A -BhlAeJJHTeJibHall Tpy6oqKa; E _:_ yae JIJllJeHHail KOHUeBall_ KJieTKa 'npOToliecppH
,ll.HSI Kpyrnoro qepall; 1 -KoHueaall KJieT Ka; 2 - Tpy6oqKa; 3 - Sl,ll.po KJ!eTKH Tpy6oqKH; 4 - OTpOCTOK K.ileTKH, nepe XOASIIUHH B ·Tpy6otiKy; 5 - KOJie6JIIOIUHe-
Cll BOJIOCKH.
HHK; B Hero OTKphlBaIOTCSI see cerMeH TaJihHble Tpyt5oqKH, J3 IlOJIOCTM TeJia no
coce.ncTBy C· HelfJpH,nHHMH KpOBeHOCHhle cocy.nhl 06pasy10T rycTyIO ceTh KanHJIJIH· po:B a BH,ne KJ1yt5oqKOB. HelfJPHJlHH KaK CTpyKTYPHhie e,nHHHU:hIBX01lHT H B .coc TaB noqeK Il03BOHOqHblX.
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PHc. 165. Pa3BHTHe no11eK
A -cxeMa CTpOeHHll npoHecppoca, Me30He<j>poca H MeTaHecppoca; B, B. r, a -nocJieAO·
DaTeJibHble
CTa.QHH
3M'6pHpHaJI&HOrO
pa3BHTHll
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Ta c no11e11Hb1MH apTepHSIMH; 5·-BHyTpeHHee IlO'le'IHOe TeJI&ue Me3oHe<j>poca H BOpOHKH; 6 -MO'leOT.QeJIHTe.jl&Hble KaHaJiblU:l c KancyJioA H cocy,llHCTblM KJiy6o'IKOM; 7·_ no11e11HaS1 apTepHSI: 8 CJienble . KaHa.nIN; 9 M01 eT011HHK ,&e$1fllllTllBllOH HO*IKH, J(} • npuHecp·
poc; JI -Me30Hecp1>oc; 12 - MeTaHecppoc; 13 -3KTo,n:epMa: 14 - Mo3rc:iBaSI Tpy6Ka;
15 -3HTOAepMa; 16-COMHT;o 17 - 38KJlal{Ka Mo'leBbll{eJIHTeJibHOA Tpy60'IKH; 18 - no·
. ' JIOCTb
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(60KOBaSI
IlJiaCTHHKa).
y Il03BOHOqHbJX B apoa.ecce,cj>u.11oreHeaa HCHO npocnelKHBaIOTCH H3M:eHe HHH M01JeoTne.n0rerrbeoro aaaapaTa. Ilpoocxop,HT nocreneHHO yracaHne q,yaK- IJ.HH TPY6otieK nepe,nHHX OT,neJIOB TyJIOBHIIla c o,nHospeMeHHblM yc0Jie1rneM pa3· BHTHH MdtieBbIX Tpy6o11eK 3a,nHHX OT,lteJIOB, KOHIJ,eHTPHPYIOIIlHX<;:SI B K01\maKTHble
opraHbl Ha (5oJiee lI03,WIHX CTB;.lllHIX SBOJIIOJ:l;HH y HHX IlOSIMS1e1'CH ut5m;HH ;ztJHI
,BCeX BbI.l{eJIHTe.TibHblX 'l'py6oqeK BblBO.l{HOH npOTOK. 3TOT npotoK OTKpbIBaeTCH Hapy}K)' B 3a,l{HHii KOHea. KHUieqHoH Tpy6Kit: _; KJIOaKy.
TaKoft XO,!!.. paaHTHH MOlleeTJ{eJiHTeJlbffOfO annapa Ia IIOCJIY:>KHJI OCHOBa-
H'HeM pa3JIH'laTb TpH caMOCTOHTe.Til/Hble teHepaIJ.HH IlO'leK: 1) npe,nnO'IKH, HJIH
npoHeit>poca; 2)- npoMe}K)'TOqeou IlO'IKH, HJIH Me30He<J:>poca, H 3) .i{e$HHHTHB HOit not1KH, ,JIJUf Menme$poca. Jl.Ju1 ocex, reaeplla.eii xapaKTepHo HaJrnq0e oco-
6oro $HJibtpauHoHeoro np11cnoco6JieHH<H - noqeqHoro TeJihua (pHc. 165).
0Ho npe,!lcTaBJIHeT coooli H3Melieeey10 y eaqaJJbH.oro yqacTKa TpyooqKy, 3n0- TMHaJibHasi: eremca KOTopoii pacwHpHt!TCH H <t>opMHpyeT qarneo6pa3HYIO cKJia,n
Ky. B aOCJie,nHIOIO sxo.zun ·neTJISI apTepHaJJbHoro cocy,neKa, npespalllaIOIIlasi:csi: s cocy.necThlH KJiy6oqeK, a CKJia,nKa TpyooqKe· cTaHOBHTC51 KancyJioif KJiyooq- ica. KaneyJia u cocy;:tucu>IH KJ1y6o1JeK nOJiyqHJIH Ha3BaHHe noW1Jt029 ntellbtf<J. 3KcKperopHa51 <P.YHKUH51 OCYIIlecTBJIHeTCsi: anHTeJIH.eM notietIHhIX Tpy6otieK.
0.zlH9speMeHHo c npeot5pa3osaHHeM MO'lesoro annapaTa npOTeKaJIH H?Me HeHHH H B OTBO.ltHIIlHX KaHaJiax aonosoro annapaTa. s - o6JiacTH npe.anotIKH
pa3BHBaJICH OTBO.lt.siIIJ.HH nyTh ){JIH nOJIOBOro annapara caMKH (MIOilIJiepoB Ka· Ha.ii), a npoMe:>KyTO'lffiaH noqKa qacTHqHd npespaTHJiacb B OTBO,ltHIIlHH nyTb MR KJieToK noJioBoro annapara caMa.a (BOJibtpoB KaHaJI) (cM. pee. 171).
3M6pHoHaJJhHOe pa3BHTHe CHCTeMbl . MoqeoT,Zel JleHHSI Il03BOHO'l!HbIX B ocHOB- HOM cosna.!{aeT c .!{aHHhIMH 1l>HJ1oreuesa. , '
279
. fl peono11Xa , HJIH roJIOBHasi: noqKa -:-- metanephros, y BbICIIIHX no3soHoq HbIX BCTpeqaeTCH pe.ztKO, COCTOHT qaw.e !JCero H3 3-4 nap KaHaJibUeB c aopoH
KaMH. TipoTHB Ka:>K,l{OH BOpOHKH .cTeHK UeJIOM,bI passmiaeTCH CCY){HCTb H KJiy6oiJeK, Tipe){n.oqKa BCTpeqaeTCH y 'KpyrJIOP()TbIX pbI6, HeMHornx' ·KOCTHCTbIX pbI6 H. y Ji:HtIHHOK aMtPH6HH. . • ·
fl poMe31C ymotiJ.taa, HJIH TYJIOBlU.Ulla.H, nol/XIJ, - mesonephros - 6oJiee CJIO)K
HaH no <PYHKUHH li CTPHHIO . PasBHBaeTCH no38){H poffe<Ppoca, Ha ypoBHe lQ..:.-..29-ro cenreHTOB, H BOCTeHCI BO saMeHHeT e10. IpaqH.PJaeren Hermcpe)t- CTBeHHa.11 CBH3b c u oMoli ; npH STOM ·npona.11;aeT MeTaMepmI, H: noqKa. cTaHo
. BHTCSI KOMilaKTHbIM opraaoM. 'CbYHKJ.tHOHHpyeT OHa y pbI6 H aM<PH6HH, a y oc
TaJiblll>IX Il03BOH01HibfX - T<Ji ihKO B nepHO.l{ BX sapO.zu>JilleBOH :>KH3HH.
D,e<j.Jt,J.HUmtUmaa, ffJIU·. ' TOBasi:, · . fU)t{.Ka - pronephros - cpyHKUHOHHpyeT'
y BSpoc.ril>Ix peBTHJIIi,..Jie!KHT .B' Ta30BOH IlOJIOCTH IlTHll H MJieKOilHTaIOIItJ;HX
-
na ypoane 31-39 J:C) .eei'Mellros. PaaBBJ3l1eTC.H ns .nsyx pasHbIX -saqaTKoB. Moqe- OT,l{eJIHTeJibH8.H· ee tTi;. npOHCXO.l{HT, 'H;3 HecpporeHHOif rfK8HH, TK :>Ke KaK npo
Hecppoc H Me30He<}lpoc:.'8 MOlleOTBO){.HW.aH qai:Tb -' H3 oTpOCTKa· Ha 38,l{HeM KOHUe BOJif>¢oBa QpO!(I; .l«lr' opl:IIH H CTaHQBHTCH MoqervqHHKQM. • .
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B OHTQFeH.esf'-OpraHbI Bbl.l{eJieH1f.H o6pa,syTC.H H3 Meoo.nepMbI. MeTaHe<flpoc
3aKJia.l{blBa . • BOH IlOJIOCTH, HO Il03)J;Hee CMem,aeTC.fl aliHaJibHO .....:. s
. . ... ' '·' . poca. a paH.HHX CTa,l(H.HX pasBliTRH IlOBepx-
raroro
CK9'1'4
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. CH Ti:l'IOKe H. o'cHOBHble co6HpaTeJJI>Hbie KaHaJibUbI, B TO BpeM.H KaK y OCTaJibHbIX
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</;ipotf.tnaAbHa!l nepe2opo0Ka; OHa OT.l{eJI.HeT ,nopca.llhHYIO qacrb IqIOaKH, B . KoTCi
PYlO Bna.u.aeT KHWKa, OT rpaJihHOH qacTH, cvxpaesnoru,eli csoro c:sai. c aJI JiaHTOHcoM1 (MO'le6blM MeltlK.OM). Tiepsasi: npespaw.aeTc.H B npHMyro KH:tlIKy• c aHy coM, BTOpaH -:- B MoqenOJIOBOH CHHyc; . B Hero OTKpb1BalOTC11 n.oJIOBbie npoH.
(BOJI$Bhl H MIO.rr nepoBbl) II MOqeToqHHKH.
280
r Pnc.167. Tio'IKn: . . ,
A - MHOiKecneHHall noqKa ,ll.e.nb(jllrna; B - cxeMa ee cTpoenm1; B - 6opo3)1.qaTall MHorococo'IKOllall flO'IK KOPOBbl; r - cxeMa ee CTpoeHHll; JJ. -r.na.11,Kall MHOrococoqKOBall noqKa ' CBHHbH;' E -'CRMa ee CTpOeHHll; )I( - r.na,!l.Kall 0,!l.HOCOCO'IKOBall n<1'1Ka co6aKu: 3 -cxeMa· ee CTpoeHHll; HT ru.v.xas 0)1.ll(l· coco'll<oea11 noqKa ilowa.D.H; I( noqeqn1>1ll cocoqeK oaq1>1 co CTOPOHl>I noqequoll .nox11ntcB; JI .., c.llem>K 1110'!eoTBo)l.11ux nyrell Kopoe1>1; I -renlculus; P -lobull cortlca_les; 2 -cortex renls; /J 7"" z!>Sta ·inter.
media: 4 -medulla renis;. S -papillae renal es; 6 -callces renales: 7 -cre6eJ1eK MO'tft()Ui!Ka; . 8 _..
ureter; 9 -sulcus; JO -calces renales majores; 1/ -pelvis renalls; 12 -column.e . reli«fes: 13 - pyramldes renales; 14 -1ecessus termlnales; IS - a. arcuatae; 16 -capsula flbrosa 0 11 ,.- hlus tena.•
lls; 18 -a. renall; 19 -v. renalls. · ·
2s1
PHc.. 168.. f.onorpaCflHlI no'leK:
A - co6aKH (c BeHTpaJibHOl! noBepXHOCTH); 6 - CBHHbH; B - KOpOBbl; r -JJOW3.l(H (c ii;opcan&Hol! noaepxHoCTH); ,1 - cene3eHKa, 2 -nesa.11 no<rKa; 8 - MO'leTO'IHHK;
4 aopxa; 5 no11c11H•rna11 QHeTepua; 6 nayB,an&Ha.11 nona11 Bena, 7 noqeqabie
apTepHR n BeHa; 8 - npaBalI no'!Ka; 9 -ii;seaa,11;uaTHnepcTHa.11 KHWKa; 10 .- cnena.11 KHuiKa; 11-Haii;no'le'!HHK; 12 -ne'leH&; X II , X VII , X VII I - pe6pa; /, II , II I , /V
noHcHHllHb!e Il03BOHKH.
TIMKB ' ren (rpeq. nephros) napHbIH' opraH IIJIOTHOH KOHCBCTeHII.00 KpacHo-6yporo UBeTa. 0THOC.HTCSI K may pa3BeTBJieHHbIX Tpy611aTh X 1KeJie3 c '
o6BJihHbIM KpQBOCHa611<eHBeM, pacnoJI011<eHbI B ' no.HCHBllHOH · o6Jiacm (pnc: 166==168). . .
KJiac<;u<finKau.usr nOlleK. 3a . ocHoay npn KJiaccmp0Kan00 CTJ>OeHB.H IIOtJeK
II pBH.HTO 6paTb BX cTpyK;rypHylO e){nh:nny, COOTBeTCTB\TIOIID'IO 3M6pnoHaJibHOH
){OJihKe no11KB n Ha3bIBaeMylO nottetarou. Ka11<){a.H no11e11Ka n6cTpoeHa no o6w.eMy
IIJiaHy 06hi:11HOH IIOIJKB, B Hee .BMelOTC.H ·ace 30Hbl o6bIIJHOH IIOIJKB 0 CBOH COCOIJeK
c 11aUietIKOH. Dolle'f{KH coe){HHeHhl .npyr c ApyroM Bi.IBOJi.HIUHMH Tpy6otIKaMH H coe.zurneteJibHoif TKa.f!blO. Ha pa3pe3e no11e11Ka cOCTOHT H3 ){Byx 30H.- nep0- ipep011ecKoii H II.eHTpaJibHOH. II.e11.mjJaJ1.bH.aR (M03fOBa.H, HJIB MOlleoTBO.ll.HW.a.H) 3oHa a mrne KoHyca c sepnnrnoii, Ha3bIBaeMoii 1UJtletlH.bUt cocottKOM.IloeTpoeHa
OHa H3 MplleoTBO.ll.HW.HX ,KaHaJibII.eJ3, OTKpbIBaIOIUHXC.H Ha IIOIJeHOM COCOIJKe
MHOfOIJHCJieHHbIMH OTBepeTH.HMH. flepu</JeputteCKOJl (KOpKOBa.H, l:fJIH MOlleoT){e JIHTeJibHa.H) ao11.a o.n.esaeT KOJinatJKOM ueHTpaJibHyIO 30Hy. B Heii KOHUeHTpH
pyroTc.H MOIJeOT,lleJIHTeJibHble KaHa.llbIJ.bl, HatJHHalOIUHeC.H B IIOtJetJHbIX TeJibII.ax H
282
nepeXO)'.l..HIII.He B OTBO)'.l..HUJ.He KaHaJII>II.bI Mo3roooif · 30Hhf. Ka:m.n.a.H. noqeqKa OT·
.n.aeT BbIXO.lVIIIJ.He Tpy6o1JKH, HJIH CTe6eJibKH MOIJeTOIJHHKa, KOTOpble, coe}lHH.H.HCb,
cpopMHPyIOT MoqeTOtJHHK. noqKH TaKoro rp03)'.l.eBH)'.l.HOf0 CTPOeHH.H OTHOC.HTCSI K MHCXJ/CecmeeHJ-tblM H. scTpeqaroTc.H, HanpHMep, y 6eJioro ME!,u;se,u;.H H
.lleJll>QJHHa. . . ... . . .
- - · EopoaiJttambte .M1-t<:JeococottKOBble nottKu 0TJIH1Ja10Tc.H oT MHo:mecTBeHHhix,TeM; qTo oT,u;eJibHb e noqeqKH cpacTaIOTC.H cBOHMH ueHTpaJibHb MH qacTSIMH. Ha rro sepxHocTH TaKOH noqKH .HCHO 3aMeTHbl ,llOJibKH, pa3,u;eJieHHbie 6op03,!J.KaMB, a Ha pa3pese BBJlHbl MHoroqm;JieHHble nupaMH)(bl, saKaHttH13aIOI:IJ;Heeff eoeoimaMH. TaKoe cTpoeHBe y noqeK KpynHoro poraToro cKoTa.
I'.naiJKue Mft0eDCOCO'lK08ble nO'llCU xapaKTepB3YIOTC.H IIOJIHb M CJIH.HHHeM KOp· KOBOH 30Hbl. c IIOBepXHOCTH TaKHe noqKH. rna;n;KHe, HO Ha HX pa3pe3e BH;l{flli
noqeqHbie IIHpaMB)'.l.bl. 3To yKa3blBae1' Ha TO, qTo rna,u;KHe noqKH COCTO.HT H3 MHoroqHcJieHHblX noqeqHbJX ,u;oJieK. Ka:mii.a.H nHpaMH)'.l.Ka OKaHqH:5aeTc.H qaruq- KOH. 110tte'lftble ,ttatue'l!CU OTKpblBaIOTC.H B o6m.yro IIOJIOCTb TUJ,ttettny/O /IOXQ[t·
KY ,.Ha· KOTopoli y:me Bhixo)'.l.HT MoqeToqHHK. TaKoe cTpoeHHe HMeIOT noqKH cBHHbH
H qeJIOBeKa.
TJUiiJKue 00ftOCOCO'lK08ble nottKU ,u;mpipepeHuupylOTC.H ,no npH3H8KJ IIOJIHOI 0 CJIH.HHH.H He TOJibKO KOpKOBblX, HO H M03f0BbIX 30H: y HHX JIHlllb O)J.HH o6IIJ.HH.
cocoqeK, norpy.a<:eHHbIH· B noqeqHyIO JIOXaHKY. rJia,u;Illie 0)'.l.HOCOCOIJKOBhie IIOIJKB
oqeHb pacnpocTpaHeHbl H csolicTBeHHbl JIOQ.Ia,u;H,' MeJIKHM :a<saqHblM, oneHIO., co6aKe, KpOJIHKy, KOUIKe H .npyrnM :>KHBOTHblM. .
CTpoeene OO'leK. nolJKH - cpaBHHTeJibHO KpyIIHb e o6pa3oBaHH.H. npaBa.H
H Jiesa.H IIOIJKH IIO pa3Mepy IIpHMepHO O,!l;HHaKOBbie• . y pa3HblX BH,ll.OB )KHBOT Hb!X Macca HX pa3JIHIJHa (Ta6JI. 15). .
B MOJIOlIOM ooapacTe IIOIJKH OTHOCHTeJibHO KpynHee. y noqeK xapaKTepHa.H
6o6oBH,D;Ha.H
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15. Macca no11eK y lKHBOTHblX
Cnapy)KH BO'IKa BOKpb!Ta ;l{OBOJibHO BJIOTHOH rjJu6p08HOU KORC!JAOU cap
sula renalis fibrosa, KOTOpa.H p:&1xJ10 coe,u;HH.HeTc.H c napeHxHMOH noqkH H, aa oopaqHsa.Hcb BHYTPh opraHa, npHKpenJI.HeTC.H K noqeqHoli JioxaHKe. C nosepx HOCTH cpH6poaHa.H KancyJia oKpy:a<eHa :HCupoeoa o6011otttcoa - capsula adipos_a. C seHTpaJibHOH rioBepxHocTH DOIJKa noKpbITa, KpoMe oro, cepoaHoH: o6oJioqK'o8 (6pIOlllHHOH). . . . .
Ha noqKax paccMaTPHBam ynJJow.eHHble JJ:OpcaJibHyro H BeHTpaJibHyro no sepxHocTH_, BblIIYIOiblH JiarepaJibHblH H BOrHYTblH: Me,D;HaJibHbIH: KpaSI, ! Kpa m aJlbHblA - HecKOJlbKO 380CTpeHbIH H 'Kay,naJibHblH - npHTyuJieHHblH KoHUi.r
283
1
I - C'rpoeaae lfe$poaa (H3 Miller); lJ -crpoenlle no'le•rnoA ,11.0JlbKH; f .,..- cortex renis;
' 3 -1zona lntermedi&,; 4 - medulla renalis; 5 - papill a renalis; 6 r- calici& rehal is
15 - a. arcuatae; 15' ,- a. interl obulares; 16 _,. ca sul a fibrosa· 20 - · ·•
·, -
u
u rena
es
rec
1;
22
-
duct
us
papill
ares;
23
-
