CnuHhoa m03r
\
CrmHHoii: Mo3r - medulla spinalis (prrc. 243) - 9TO pe$1IeKropHo-npo- BOJJ.HifKOBblll OTJJ.M HepBHOH CifCTeMbl, B KOTOpOM pacnoJiaraIOTCH neHTpbI, Be
-
;a10w.we cpyHKUifHMH ahnaparn .n;srrmeHHH, Mb11errcnycKaHHS1, .n;e¢eKaurrrr rr apOBOJJ.SUIJ.lle nym, ocyIII.eCTBUIUOU He CBII3H neHTpOB cmrnHorO Mo3ra Me>K.n;y co6oii ,If c ueHTpa.Mif fOJIOBHoro M03ra. 3.n;ech 3aMblKaIOTCSI pe¢JieKTOpiib e .n;yrn, ocyIII.ecTBJIH!Olll. He nepe.n;a11y UMnyJibCOB c IIYBCTBifTMbHOfO 3BeHa Ha JJ.Bifra
Tel'lbHbIH, o63cneirn:saH UM caMblM aBTOMaTH3M JJ:BIDKeHIISI )KIIBOTHoro B cnuH-
HOM M03re 3aJio:lKeHbl ueHTpbl, OCYI.IJ.eCTBJ!HloIII.He .peryJISIUifIO IfHTeHCifBHOCTif 'KpOBOTOK8 B cocy.n;HCTOH CifCTeMe B 3aBHCifMOCTif OT tPYHKUifOHaJibHOrO COCTOHHIUI annapaTa ,a;BHJKeHIHI H BHyTpeHHHX opraHOB.
Paasurne cnuuuoro M03ra. CnHHHoii M03r pa3BHBaeTCH H3 Hapy)lrnoro 3a
po,n.hillieBoro JIHCTKa. Ero KJieTKH, pa3pacTaHch B,n;OJih cpe.n;Heii JIHHHH 3apo,n.hl
, rneBoro I:U;HTica, .$opMnpy10T nepsnym nJiacrnmcy, 1mTOpaS1 npespaI:U;aeTCH aa TeM B nepBIIbIH )l{eJI060K, orpanrr11ennbiii 60KOBblMH nepBIIbIMH BaJIHKaMH. BcJie,n.cTBHe cpacTaIIHH KpaeB :lKM06Ka no,n: 9KTo6JiacToM noHBJIHeTcH nepsHaH,
IMH M03f088H, Tpy6Ka c 1:1,e iTf>8JlbHbfM CHHHHOM03fOBblM KaIIaJIOM. Hep,BIIhle BaJIHKH npeBpaIII.BIOTCSI B raIIrJI.H03Hble aJiaCTifIIKif, a TIOCJie,n:nrre - B CDHIIHO M03f0Bble y3JibI, .IfJIH ranrJIHH, 11To o6ycJIOBJieno cerMeHTau11eii CKJiepoToMoB, 0Rpy JKa1011J;llx· xop)(y M Mo3roBy10 rpy6Ky.
lI,enTpa;llbilblH Kana.TI na fOJIOBIIOM KOIIue nepBitOH Tpy6Kif HeKOTOpoe Bpe MSI OCTaeTCSI OTKpbITblM, o6pa3ySI Heeponop - neuroporus, KOTOpbIH 3aTeM 3a- KpbIBaeTCSI KOHlf eBOii n.1U1CmunKOu ·-lamina terminalis. .
Hepna51 Tpy6Ka nepooHa11aJ1bII o o6pa3osana o.n;nHM cJ1oeM ,KJieToK, KoTo pbie B npouecce pa3BHTHSI .n;mppepenurrpy10TCS1 na rJirro6JiaCThl H Heiipo6JiacThl. I-fa rJIH06JiaCTOB pa3BHBaeTCSI neiipornm1, B13IDOJIIIHIOIII.ciH 38I.IJ.HTHYIO, onopHylb H Tpo¢rr11eCKYIO ¢yIIKUiflO JJ.JISI He:HponoB, B03HHKaiow.H H Heiipo6J1aCToB. HeiipOeAUR - neuroglia _:_ npe.11;cTa84eHa KJ1eTKaMH 3neHJJ;HMbl, MaKpo-
' 411
..
rmm H OJIHro.n:eH,lij)orJIHH. KJieTK 9neHJJ;HMbl - ependyn1a - Bh dHJiaIOT, H3HyTpH ueHTpaJibHhlil: cnHHHOM03rooil: KaHaJI H o6pa3yJOT BHyTpeHHJOIO H Hapy:arnyio norpaHHIIHhle MeM6paHbI- membrana limitansinterna et externa., 11ocJie.n:H5LSI H36JIHpyeT Mo3r0By10 Tpy6l<:y OT OKpy:lKaiow.eii Me3eHXHMhl. ·MaKpo f.JIHH, COCT05II.IJ.a51 H3 3Be3)J:IIaTblX KJieTOK - acTpOUHTOB,: CBOHMH OTpocTKaMH
tPoPMHpyeT CTP,OMY M03ra, 13 KOTOpoii pacnOJiaralOTC51 HeiipoHbl, H norpaHHIIHYJO eM6paHy BOKpyr BpacTaIOI.IJ.HX B M03r KpoBeHocHhIX coc .n:oB. KJieTKH oJIHro-
. yr
HeHpOHOII
KaK
l3
caMOM
M03re,
TaK
H
BOKpyr
OTpOCTKOB
HeiipOH0)3
B
HepBax
-
B
BH.n;e
«llIBaHHOBCKHX»
KJieTOK HeBpHJJeMMbl.
B
HeBpHJieMMe
Ha'pa3HblX
91:anax
pa3BTH51
nJio.n;a
IlOSIBJISieTCSI
MHeJIHH
K
T
•. Ill.
x OJiee
Me)l:JieHHblM
npoBe.n:eHHeM
HMnyJibCOB
nepBble
-
.
.ll.0 120 M/C, BTOpble - 0,8y M/c).
H:eCKOJlhKO
Il03JJ;He
noSIBJISieTC51
a
u
eHT
aJibHOH
He
BH
v
Me3eHXHMHoro
npoHCXO:lK.ll.eHHH.
MHKpOrJIHSI
npoHHKaeT
B
Mo3r
BMecne
c
KpOBeHOCHb
¥H
cocy.n;aMH.. . .
B
npouecce
.n:aJibHeiiurero
·
pa3BHTHH
6oKOBble 0
acTalOTCSI
H
.n;H peHUHPYIOTC51.
Ha
.n;opcaJibHble
(IIYBCTBHTeJibHble)
OT)J:eJibl, HJIH OOKOBble nJiaCTHHKH; H BeHTpaJibHt. e (.n;BHraTeJibHhie) OTJlbl, HJIH ocHOBHhre nJiaCTHHKH ..B 6oKOBhle nJiaCTHHlm BpacTaJOT pcanbHDie Kopeunm
CIIllHHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB, a H3 OCHOBHbl nJiaCTHHOK BhIXOJJ;SIT BeHTpaJibHble KO
pellIKH
.
IiepBOB.
.[(opcaJihHaH
H'
BeHTpaJibHa51
CTeHKH
M03rOBOH
Tpy6KH
(nJiaC
THHKa
IlOKpblllIKH
H
IlJl3CTH_HKa Ha
oc
H
peHuHpOBKa
ceporo
M03rOBOro
Bew.ecTBa
Ha
.n;opcaJibHble
H
BeHT-
paJibHble
CTOJI6bl
o6yCJIOBJIHBaeTC51
oco6eHHOCT5IMH
opraHH33UHH
Toro
HJIH
HHOro
BH,n;a
:lKHBOTHhlX
•
.
fioJiee
JieTKOe
0
oro
Hapy:lKHBaeTCSI
y
phr6,
·
y
KOTophlx
06oco6JISJ10TCSI
H
BeHTpaJibllhle
croJI6bI
B
CBSI3ir
c
pa3BHTHeM
TyJloBHI.IJ.HOii
MycKyJiaTyphr;
.n;opcaJibHble
:lKe
CTOJI-
6bl
y
HHX
e.n;Ba
HaMeIIHbl,
qTQ
·OIThsJCH'iieTCSI
J.!X
CJiaooii:
lffi}KIIOiI
llYBCTBfI
IeJib-
HOCTJ>IO.
y Ha3eMHblX _ LKHBOTHbIX CKeJieTH351 MycKyJiaTypa 3HaIIHnJibHO MOW.He2,
If OT Hlf3llIHX :lKHBOTHb X K Bh!CIIU!M OHa ycJIO)KH5IeTpSI, tf TO ftJie'fle I 33 co6o.ii CllJib- Hoe pa3paCTaHife BeHTf)3JlbHb X CTOJI60B If o6pa30B3Hlfe BeHTpaJihHOH cpe.n:HH-'
Hoii: I.IJ.eJIH. fiOJihuraSI HaChII.IJ.eHHTh KO:lKHoro noKpoaa 9KCTep6peuenropaMii: C()IlQOBO:lK.ll,ae,TCSJ IlOBh IIIeH«eM ero peU@HTOpIIOfl <lJyHKil:ffH, 0BCJie.ll.C IBlle IIero CHJlbHO pa3pacTaioTCSI If . ,ll;OpcaJibHble CTOJI6bl ceporo M03fOBOrO BeI.IJ.ecTBa, If CeTII3TOe BeI.IJ.ecTBO. . . . .
C HaJIHIIHeM Ho.roo6pa3a1,>1x KoHe11nocTei1 cBH3aHo ¢opMnposaane urerrnoro H noHCHHIIHoro yTOJII.IJ.eHHii: cnHHHoro M03ra. .[(BHraTeJihHble SI,n;pa .ll.JIH MycKy JiaTyP,hl KOHeIIHOCTeH B CilHHHOM M03re ·pacnoJiaralOTC51 JiarepaJihHO, a B Me,nH-
3JlbHblX m.n;euax BeH1'p3JlbIIblX C'f&JIOOB Jiemar smpa ){JIH TYJIOBHI.IJ.HOH MYCKY- JiaTyphl. I1m1cm{11Hoe yTOJII.IJ.eHHe Jiyqrn Bhrpa:lKeo y nTHU H nphrraJOI.IJ.If X MJie
K.omttaIOI.IJ.HX, a meil:Hoe yTOJII.IJ.eHHe - y JieTyIIHX MblllleH. 11pH' pe.n:yKUHH 'Horoo(5pa3HblX KOH@IIHOCTeil (y SMeti) o6a y IOJIID.eHirn IfCIIe33IOT.
Pe.n:yKUHSI\ xBocTa KaK opraHa .ll.Blf:lKeHHSJ BJie11eT 3a co6oii yKopo11eHHe CilHHHoro M03ra H IlOSIBJieHHe «KOHCKoro XBOCTa». TaK, y exH,n;Hbl M03-I' )J:OXO.ll.HT To.nhKO ;n.o. cepeunu· f!OSICHHUM, a· y e:m:eit .n;a:lKe .n;o 7 9-ro rpy.n;Horo no-
412
BHTifSI
MbI
IIIU
If,
CJie)J:OBaTeJibHO,
OT
Il
O)J:Blf*HOCTif
)KifBOTHbIX
If
OT
yrrncnrn
KO}l{- Horo
noKpoBa
B
peuenUHH.
·
.
· ,
-
CTpoeeue cnuueoro MOOra. CnHHHoli Moar medulla spinalis HMeeT
.
. no.n:paa.n:emieTCH 6ea BH.Il:IfMhIX rpaHHU aa IIIeir' ny10, rpy.n:Hy10, .noS1CHHqHy10, KpecTUOByJO If XBOCTOByIO lJ3CTli (puc 243)
fpaHHUeH Melli'..n:y CillfHHbIM I! fOJIOBHbIM . M03fOM ycJIOBHO cqHTaeTCSI KpaHHaJI:&HbIH Kpai'I: aTJiaHTa.
Ha Moare aaMeTHbl · wetlHoe. u noRCH lltlHOe ymoAWf3HUfl intu mescentia
cervicalis et lumbalis. B o6JiaCTH smx, •yroJirueHHH ono.n:HT .n:opcaJibHhie II BeHTpaJibHble KOpHH HepBOB nJieqeBoro, IlOSICHifqeoro If KpecTUOBoro HepBHbIX.• cnJieTeHHH lIJIH KOHeqaocwif, a T3K)Ke opraHOB Taaoeoi"1 noJiocm it 6p10wHblX . cTeiioK. Kay.n:aJihHO OT nOHCHifqHoro yroJirueHHSI cnHHHofr M:oar o6paayeT .uoseo eou Konye -:- conus medularis, KOTOpbiii: nepexo.n:HT B KOHtfeey10 liumb ..,.... filum terminale, nocmrmow.yio 6 ro XBOCTOBoro noSBOHKa.
Ha BeHTPaJibHOH rJOBepxaoCTH cnHHHOro. Moara aaxo.n:HTCH BeHTpaJibHaa cpeauHHOfl U{ellb - fissura mediana ventralis (6); B Heli. Jie:lKHT cnuHHO.Mos,eoeaJt eeH.mpanl:JHafl apmepim a. spinalis ventralis. Ho ;n:opcaJ1\bHOH noaepxHOCTH M03fa npOXO)J:IfT MeJIKa51 aopcClllbHaJl cpeauHHaJl 6oposaa .- sulcus medianus
dorsalis. JlaTepaJibHO OT cpe.nHHHOH 6opoa.zi:br TEHYTCH AamepaAbHbte .n:op,caJihHhle 6op03JJ.bl su)ci laterales dorsales, qepea Korop@e sxo.zr;s:1T B Moar .n:opcaJI.hHbre
qyBCTBifTeJibHbie KopeIIIKH CilHHHOM03f0BbIX HepBOB. JlaTepaJib,HO OT cpe.n:HHHOH
IUeJIH Haxo.n:HTCH 1tamepd1tbftbte BeHril.paAbHbte 6oposobt - sulci laterales ventra:
}es; 1rnpea HUX BhlXO;ZVIT BettrpaJibftbie ){Brtl 3TeJlbHble KOpeIIIKlf CilHIIIIOM03f0BbIX nepBOB. \ . ' .
Ha nonepeHbIX paapeaax cnHHHOro Moara BH.1J:HO, qTo OH cocTOHT H3 ceporo -
II 6enoro Moaroaoro aeruecTBa. Cepoe A-toseoeoe Betl{ecmeo - sbstantia grisea - aanHMaeT ueHTpaJihHy10 qacTh J\;I03ra · II. paaeJIHeTCH aa napHbie .n:opcaJibIIbie If Ben'I'paJibIIhle croJI(5hr - columna grisea dorsalis et ventralis, coe.nmi:eHnhre
,npyr c ,npyroM cepoi'I: cnai'mo.fi -:-- comissµra giisea, KOropy10 npoHH3hIBaer uen'I'paJibHbiii: KanaJI cnHHnoro .Moara - canalis centralis. .UopcaJibnbie cTOJI- 6br - «qyacTBHTeJibHbie>>, a BeHTpaJibHbre - «.ll.BHfaTeJibHble». Ha nonepeqHbIX
413
.pa3pe3ax M03ra cepoe BeIIJ.ecTBO HanoM1rnaeT 6yKBY · H HJIH KpbIJibH 6a6oqKH, Il030MY fOBOpS!T 0 ,n:opcaJibHMX H BeHTpaJibHblX porax ceporo Bew,ecT:Ba.
JlaTepaJibHO y OCHOBaHHH ,n:opcaJibHblX CTOJI60B no.n: MHKpOCKOilOM pa3JIH
-iiaIDT ceTqaToe o6pa3oBaline - formatio reticularis, cOCTOHUI.ee H3 HepBHblX KJieTOK pa3H0ff cpopMbI H Be.llHqHHbl, 3aKJIIDqeHHbIX B CeTb HepBHblX BOJIOKOH, n.n:ym.nx BJI.O;iib n nonepeK·cnHHHOro M03ra. CTqaToe o6pa3oBaHne Han6oJiee · Bblpa:x<:eHO B rneii:Hoii:. qacTH M03ra, CJia6o - B rpy,n:HOH H He3HaqHTeJibHO -
B OCTaJiliHLIX qacTHX. B 06.llaCTH e 1 ro rpy;:uwro· no 3 4 If HOHCHH'UlblR cer-
MeHT
MeJK,n:y
,n:opcaJibHblMH
H
BeHTpaJibHbIMH
CTOJI6aMH
HaXO,D:HTCH
JiinepaJibHbie
CTOJI6hl
-
columna
grisea
lateralis.
B
HHX
3aJio:x<:eHbI
serernTHBHbie
(cocy,n:nc-
Ee;we .Moseoooe eew,ecti'llJo ---'- substantia alba - pacnoJio:x<:eHo oo nepmpe pnn ceporo. CTOJI6aMn noCJie,n:Hero OHO pa3,n:eJIHeTCH Ha napHbie M03rOBhre Ka HarnKn. AOpcaJrhHEie, Jrar epaJibHbie n BeHipmrMibie funieulus dorsalis,
lateralis et ventralis (4, 5). BeHTpaJibHble KaHaTHKH coe,n:nHHIDTCH BeHTpaJihHOH
oeJioii: cnaii:Koii: - comissura ventralis alba, pa3Mew,arom.eii:cH HM BeHTpaJih- HOH cpetI;BHHOH meJiblO. B yqacTRax lllefieoro H IlOHCHHqHOI 0 y IwnueHin'i: BeHT paJibHble CTOJI6hr J1.?103r0Boro Bew,ecTBa, a oTqacTH n ,n:opcaJihHbre rnKJKe yToJim,a lOTCH. BeJioe M03roBoe Bew,ecTBo CHJibHee pa3BHTO B KpaHHaJihHbIX oT,n:CJiax CilHHHOro M03ra, a B Kay,n:aJibHOM HanpaBJieHHH, T. e. K M03fOBOMy Roaycy, OHO
y6hrnaeT.
Ha BCeM npOTHJKeHHH OT CilHHHOro. M03ra B KaJK,D:OM cerM'eHTe OTXO,D:HT
cnuHHOM03e08ble Hep8bt - nerv1 spmales. KaJK.D:bIH HepB HaqnHaeTCH nyqKaMH KopernKOBbIX HHTeH - filia radicularia; OHH ¢opMHPYIDT ,n:opcaJibHbIH (qys
•CTBHTCJibHblH)
H
·BeHTpaJibHbIH
(,n:BnraTeJibHbIH)
KOpHH
-
radi){
.
dorsalis
et
ventralis.
Ha
,n:opcaJibHbIX
KOpm:rx
HMCK>TCH
cnuHHo.Moseooble
ys11.bt
-
ganghcn
Spinale
(9).
1B
rneii:HOH
H
rpy,n:HOH
qacrnx
CilHHHOfO
M03ra
HepBbI
OTXO,D:HT
OT
M03ra
nepneH.D:HKYJIHpHO
K
HeMy,
a
B
IlOHCHHqHoKpecTUOBOH
-
KOCO,
Bee
OOJiee
OTKJIOHHHCb
B
Kay,n:aJibHOM
HanpaBJieHHH.
J/fa-3a
CBOeii:
¢opMbI
M03f0BOH
KOHYC
BMeCTe
c
KOCOH,D:YllJ.HMH
liepBaMH'
Ha3bIBaeTCH
IWHCKUM
X80CrllOM
-
cauda equina, KOTOpbIH Han6QJlee HCHO Bbipa:x<:eH y co6aK (y HHX OH ,n:OXOllHT
)1.0 6-7-ro nd'HCHHqHoro Il03BOHKa), a y ,n:pyrnx .D:OMaUIHHX 2K:UBOTHbIX, Hanpn Mep y JIOUIMH, .D:OCTHraeT 2-3-ro KpecTIJ:OBoro Il03BOHKa.
CnnHHOH M03r COCTOHT H3irnyx pa3JIHqHbIX no csoeii: ¢YHKUHH n CTPYKType annapaTOB - co6TBeHHOro n npoBO,n:HHKOBoro.' Co6ctn8eHHbtii., HJIH C/3i!MeHm ilbtii., Rnnapam CilHHHOfO M03ra · .siBJI.HeTCH MetTOM 3aMbIKaHHH Oe3yCJIOBHbIX
pecp.neKCOB C KmKHhlX pertem op<>B Ha MycKyJiaTypy H Ha cocynbl. Do CBOeMy pa3BHTHID OH ape;:i;crnBJIHeT 60Jiee ;:i;peBHee o6pa30Bamie. llp0800HUKO{fbl11 an napam -:-- 6oJiee no3,n:Hero nponcxoJK,n:eHHH n cBH3aH c pa3JIHqHbIMH OT,n:eJiaMH
ro110BHoro M03ra OH :eo3HI4Kae-r B p_e3y111>TaTe pa3BllTllll MblrneYHoli cncxeMbl H
.nmpq>ep.eHUHPOBKH roJIOBHOfO .M03ra. llepe3 npOBO.D:HHKOBbIH annapaT npn yqacTHH ceTqaToro o6paaoBaHHH ocyµi.eCTBJIHIDTCH pe¢JieKchI - KaK yCJim libre, TaK H 6eaycJIOBHble c paa.IUPIHhlX aHaJIHaaTopoB (o60HHTeJlbHhlii, 3pHTeJlbHblii:,
<lllYXOBOii:, BecTHOYJIHpHbIH .H .zq>.). '
, fOJIOBHOR M03f
FoJIOBHOH M03r . encephalon BbtClllMM ome.n HepBHOH CMCTeMhI1 KO'f'O pbIH Be,n:aeT BCeMH npoueccaMH, 'npoHCXO,D:HllJ,HMH B opraHH3Me, H o6ecneqnBaeT Bc19 Bbrcrny10 n HH3ffiYID HepsHyro ,n:eHTeJibHOCTb. CTeneHh pa3BHtHH roJIOBHoro M03ra H ero OT,D:eJIOB Ha'XOJJ.HtcH B npHMOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ypoBHH opraHH3a i:urn, a TaKJKe OT nopO,!U>I, KOHCTHTYUHH H B03pacTa JKHBOTHOro (Ta6JI. 16).
Pa3BHTHe rOJIOBHoro . MOSra. foJIOBHOH M03r pa3BHBaeTCH B CBH3H c B03-
HHKHOBeHneM, .n:mW>epeHueauneii: H COBeprneHCTBOBaHHeM pa3JIHqtibIX BblCIDHX HepBHbIX ueHTpOB (peuenropHbIX, MOTOpHbI.X H accounaTHBHbIX); o6ecneqn Ba10llI,HX cornacoBaHHyK> <l>YHKUHID Bcex opraHOB JKHBOTHOfO (coMaTHqeCKHX, BHCUepaJibHbIX, cocyJJ;HCThlX).
414