1. 1(:01Eqec1ao koCl'eii e icJte noMaweex lKhboiHhlX

.M a c c a KOCTeH no -OTHOIIIeHHIO K Macce TeJia }KHBOTHOro KOJieOJieTCH B npe.n;eJiax OT 7 .n;o 15% (Ta6JI. 2) H HaXOl{HTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH.n;a }KHBOTHOro,

ero ynHTaHHOC!H, nopo.n;hl H Bo3pacTa• .Ua}Ke B npeJI,e.nax OJlHOro BH.Lla oTHorne­ HH.H MaCCbl CKeJieTa K MaCCe TeJia MoryT HMeTb 3Ha4HTeJibHble pa3JIH4HH. TaK,

y osen MHCHbIX nopoJI, Ha CKeJieT npHXOJI,HTCH 9%, y IIIepCTHhlX - 15%; y CBH­

HeH OTKOpMJieHHbIX - 6%, y HeoTKOpMJJeHHbIX - 9%; y HOBOpO}KJI,eHHbIX

TeJISIT CHMMeHTaJibCKOH nopo.n;bl - 24,4%,- B B03pacTe 11/s JieT - 11,3%, a y 'sspOCJibIX )l{HBOTHb X. - 10,4%.

26

rJo OTHOIIIeHIUO K qacrnM TeJia KOCTH CKeJieTa IlO.n;pa3,Zl;eJIHIOTCH Ha KOCTH rOJIOBbI, TYJIOBHIIla (n03BOHOqHbIH CTOJIO, pe()pa, rpy.n;HaH KOCTb), i'py.n;Hh X H . Ta30BbIX KOHeqHOCTeH (KOCTH OOHCOB H CBOOO)l;Hb X OT)l;eJIOB KOHeqHOCTeH). fio,

Macce 6o.TibIIIHH y.n;eJibHbIH Bee npHXO)l;HTCH Ha CKeJieT KOHeqHOCTei'I (51%).

3aTeM Ha KOCTH CKeJieTa TYJIOBHIIla (33 %) H B MeHhIIIeH CTeneHH Ha CKeJieT ro­ JIOBbI(16 %). CKeJiet Ta30BbIX KOHeqHOCTeH no OTHOIIIeHHIO K CKeJieTy rpy.n;HbIX 6oJiee TH)l{eJibIH H COCTaBJIHeT ²/3 HX o6meH: MaCCb , qTQ HaXO.l{HTCH B npHMOH

3aBHCHMOCTH c HX cpyHKQHeH.

2. Macca cKe.11era J(OMawHex lKHBOTHblX (a. % K Macce TeJia)

"

		BK.A l<(HBOTHoro
	Bospac11	Jl0lll8l(b	KpYfiHblll CKOT	0BU8	CBHHbJI I ·co()aKa H I KpQJIHK K0lllK8
Hoaopo:lK,!l.eHHble B3pocJJLJe		30 13-15	25 9-13	18 8-14	18,2 5-9	16 10	15 8

KOCTb KAK OPf AH

K o c T h - os, ossis - HMeeT CJIO}KHOe .cTpoeHHe, o6ycJIOBJieHHoe oco- 6eHHOCTHMH ee pa3BHTHH, TOnorpacpHH H BbinOJIHHeMOH cpyHKQHH.

Oenosy KOCTH COC'faBJUieT KOCTffaH TKaHb, B KOrupuii, Hapsi;n;y c K.IIeJUqHbI-

MH 3JieMeHTaMH (OCTOOQHTbI, ocreo6JiaCTbI, OCTeOKJiaCTbI), HMeIOTCH BOJIOKHHCTble

crpyKTypbl (KOJIJiareHOBble, HJIH occeHHOBhle, BOJIOKHa) H Me}KKJieroqHoe aMopcp- Hoe Betnecroo, nponuraHHble MHHepaJihHbIMH comtMif. c UOBepXHOCTH KOCTb

IlOKpblTa Ha.n;KOCTHHQeH, sa cqeT KOTOpoH: npoHCXO.l{HT pocT KOCTH B TOJIIIlHHY' a Ha KoHuax, o6pameHHblX B ooJIOCTb cycrasa, oHa HMeeT cycTaBHOH xpsim. ITo- JIOCI'H 1py6qarhIX H ryoqaThIX KOCTeH 3anOJIHeHbl KOCTHb M M03roM, KOTOphlH nocrpoeH H3 peTHKYJIHPHOH TKaHH H urpaeT Ba}KHYIO poJib B cpyHKQHH Kpose­ TBOpeHHH H 6HOJIOl'H1lecKOH 3amHTe opraHH3Ma. Bee KOCTH 6ol'aro KpOBOCHa6-

)l{a!OTCH H HHHepsupyIOTCH.

TaKHM o6pasoM, Ka:>K.n;asi KOCTh B opraHH3Me .n;oJI)l{Ha paccMarpusaTbCH c nOSHilHH ueJIOCTHOl'O opraHa.

Cl> o p M a H K JI a c c H tfj H K a H H K o c r e ii. Kocm, HBJI1JHCb opra­

HaMH onopbI, 3alllHTbI H pbiqaraMH )l;BH)l{eHHH, npOTHBo.n;eHCTBYIOT CHJiaM C}Ka­

THH, paCTH}KeHHH,, H3FHOa H KpyqeHHH, KOTO hie Ha HHX 803.n;eit:CTB !OT n H B b - noJrneHHH yHKilHOHaJihHh X Harpy3oK. 4ro6hr npomso.n;eH:cTBOBaTh 3THM cu­

JiaM H BbIIlOJIHHTb CBOe Ha3HaqeHHe B opraHH3Me, KOCTH HMeIOT xapaKrepHbie

KaK BHeIIJHHe, TaK H BHyTpeHHHe oco6eHHOCTH crpoemrn, KOTOpbie npOHBJIHIOTCH B creneHH Bhlpali<eHHOCTH ux KOCTHhIX o6pa3oBaHuH:. ITo::iroMy npu 03yqeHHH

KOCTeH o6pamaI<;>T BHHMaHHe Ha HX pa3MepbI, cpopMy' creneHb Bbipa)l{eHHOCTH

TeJia,. HJIH aua</JU3(1, diaphysis, ero KOHIIeBbI X yqaCTKOB, HJUf Memmftu308 - metaphysis, KOHQeBbIX OT)l;eJIOB KOCTH, o6pameHHbIX B cropoHy cycrasa, HJIH

anlll/JU3oo - epiphysis, KOCTHhie oTpocTKH, pacnoJiaraiomrrecsi s6JIH3H ::inuqm3a,

HJIH ano</JU3bl apophysis, a TaK)Ke Ha

nosepxuocw fades KOCTe:ii, wx

KpaH - margo, 6yrphl - tuber, 6yropKH - tuberculum, rpe6HH - crista, rnepoxosarocw ......:... tuberositas, HMKH - fossa, fovea, HMoqKH - foveola, }KeJio- 6a .sulcus, BbipeaKu incisma, uenu fissura, KauaJihI canalis, noJio-

CTH - cavum, nHTaTeJihHhie orsepcTHH - foramen nutricium. ·

ITpu KJiaccucpnKaunu Kocreli Heo6xo.n;HMo yqurhlsaTh ux crpoeHHe, cpyHK­ UHIO H pa3BHTHe.

1. flo npOHCXOQeHHIO KOCTH no.n;pa3,Zl;eJI5{IOTCH Ha n e p B H q H bl e, KOf­

.n;a OHH B ,CBOeM pa3BHTHH npoxo.n;HT ace TPH CTa.n;HH - nepenoHqaTyIO, HJIH coe­

12. {HHHTeJibHOTKaHHYIO, xp.s1mesy10 H KOCTHYIO (6oJibIIIHHcTso KocTeii TyJiosnma H KOHeqHocTeH:), H B T 0 p H q H bl e, KOr.n;a KOCTb pa3BHBaeTc.st Henocpe.n;cTBeHHO

    . -

H3 coe.n;HHHTeJibHOH TKaHH, MHHYH xpsimesyIO CTa,ll;HIO (noKpOBHble KOCTH qepe-

27

s' .

PHc. 6. CxeMa CTpoeHHll .nJJHIJHOH Tpy611aToli KOCTH:

I npoiioJJbHblH pacnHJJ nJJeqeeoli Kocw; ll nonepeuue-npo.u;ollbl!blii: cpes ,11;11aljl11sa;

I I I - cxeMa cTpoeHHll ocTeoua; A - npoKcHM8JJbH1>11i snH<t>es; B -.nHa<t>Hs; C -,l(H­

cTaJJbHi.di 3DHcjms; 1 - KOCTHall IlOJIOCTb; 2 - KOMDaKTHOe se1.1.1.ecTBO KOCTH; 3 - ry6- .

'13TOe semecTBO KOCTH; 8' - KOCTHble nepeKJJ3.ll;HHbl; 4 -cycraBHble Xplll.IJ.H; 5 - Ha.ll;• KQCTllHHa; 6 11apy:Hmble 06111Ke OKp)'lKHDie KOCTHfile unaCIHHKH, 6' BHy 1peHHRe o6-

.IJJ.He OKPYlKHble KOCTHble DJl3CTHHKH; 7 - OCTeoH; 8 - K3H3JI OCTeoua; 9 - KpOBeHOCHble

cocy.111>1; JO - cocyp;HCTble K3H3Jibl; 11 - ll.HPKYJillpHbie KOCTHble nJJai::THHKH; 12 - KOCT­ Hble KJJeTKH.

na, cecaMOBH.l{Hble KOCTH, XOOOTKOBaH KOCTb CBHHbH, KOCTb IlOJIOBOrO qJieHa

xumHb X .

J I. no BHyTpeHHeMy CTpoeHHIO KOCTH )l.eJIHTCH Ha K 0 M Il a K T H ble - os compactum, r y 6 q a T bl e - os spongiosum - H c M e IH a H H bl e -

os mixtum.

III. no cJ>opMe KOCTH 6blBaIOT )(JIHHHb e, KOpOTKHe, IlJIOCKHe H CMeill'aHHble.

,l(JJHHHhle KOCTH - OSlongum ·- MOr:yT 6bITb Tpy6qaTbIMH H nJIOCKHMH H30rH}'TbIMH . B Tpy6YaThlX KOCTSIX xopowo Bbipa:lKeff.bI )(Ba KORY.a H T€JIO c MOS

roBOH IlOJIOCTbIO - cavum medullare, 3a110J1HeHHOH }KeJITbIM KOCTHblM M03rOM

- medulla oss.ium flava (puc. 6). B Tex cJ1yqasix, Kor.zi;a M03rosasi noJIOCTb

Tpy6YaToH KOCTif sanoIIHeHa Il03JlYXOM, Offa Ha3hIBaeTCH B03){)'XOHOCHOH OS

pneumaticum (KOCTH KOHetIHOCTeH IITHU). f!JJOCKHe H30rHyTble KOCTH (pe6pa)

no csoeli cpopMe opyrJihie HJIH. UHJIHH,ll.pHtrecKne. BiiyTpeHHHH. noJIOCTb TaKHX KOCTelf npe){CTaMeHa ryotiaTbIM Be'fBOM substantia spongiosa, H'leMKH

KoToporo 3aIIOJIHeHbr KpacHhIM KOCTHhIM Mo3roM - medulla ossium rubra. KopoTKHe KOCTH - os breve -:- . rro,ll.pa3)1.HIOTCH Ha T p y 6 q a T bl e (KOCTH HHC'fH, muoenbf, cf>amrnrn na;mneB), nocrpoetrn&e no runy )(JIHHHblX

Tpy6tiaTbIX KOCTeH, HO c He60JibllIOH M03f0BOH IlOJIOCTbIO, H r y 6 q a T ble, K KOTOpbIM OTJiOCHTCH KQCTH 3al1HCTbH, IIpe.zi;IIJIIOCHbl, cerMeHTbl rpy]lHHbl H ce­ CaMOBH;ZJ;Hhfe KOCTH. BHy TpemIHH liOJIOCl b Iy64a1'blX KOC1't!H npe)(CTaBJieHa ry6"

. tiaTbIM semecTBOM, HtieHKH KOTOporp 3aIIOJIHeHbl KpaCHbl blM M03rOM.•

nnoCKHe KOCTH - OS planum - no CBOeMy npOIJCXO}K)l.eIDUO 6bIBaIOT

nepBH4Hble (KOCTH CKeJieTa nOHCOB) H BTOpH4Hble (noKpOBHble KOCTH qepeIIa). B nJIOCKHX KOCTHX npocTpaHCTBO MeJK.ll.Y Hc;tpy}KHOH Ii BHyTpeHHeH DJiaCTHHKaMH 3anoJ1HeHo cJia6o s:p1pa*eHH.1;>IM, MeJIKosiqencTblM ry64aTblM BemecTBOM•. B KOC­ THX 4epeIIa BHyTpeHHHH nJiaCTHHKa ---;- laminainterna, o6pameHHaH B M03rO­ BYIO nOJIOCTb, 04eHb TOHK H/ IIJIOTHaH H xpyIIKaH, 4TO n03BOJIHJIO ee fa3b!BaTb .

cTeKJiosn.zi;Hoii (lamina vitrea). Me*.ll.Y 3THMH nJiaCTHHKaMH HMe,eTCH He3Ha4H-

28

TeJibHOe KOJIHtiecTBO 'ry6qaTOro Bem.ecTBa, B KOTOpoM npo,XO)l.HT MHoro1111CJieH­ Hhle seH03Hhle cocy,!l,hl. TaKoe cTpoeHue ry6qan>ro BeIIJ.ecTBa KOCTeH cBo)l.a tiepena IlOJiyqHJIO Ha3BaHHe aunllOa - diplois. , .

13 HeKoTOpbIX fIJIOCKHX KOCTHX qepena HMeIOTCH H B03,!l,YXOHOCHble IlOJIOCTH.:

coo6m:aioIIJ.HecH c HOCQBOH IlOJIOCTblO H BbICTJiaHHble H3HYTPH CJIH3HCTOH o6oJioq- KOH (BepxHeqeJIIOCTHaH, JI06HaH KOCTH). · ·

CMeWaJfHhle· KOCTH - os mixtum - B CBoeM crpoeHHH coqeTaIOT npH3HaKHi KaK Tpy6 IaTbIX, TaK H l'IJIOCKHX KOCTeH, tJTO o6ycJIOBJieHo oco6eHHOCTHMH HX pa3-

BHTHH u BhIHOJIHHeMoif <f>'.Y HKnueii. K HHM O.THocsi:rc.H uooBoHKK u KOcru oceosa-

HHH tiepena (3aTh JIOqHaH, KJIHHOBH,!l,HaH), y KOTOpblX TeJio HMeeT CXO,!l,J:IDe CTpo­ eHHe c opOTKHMH ry6qaThIMH, a HepBHhle Jl.Y}KKH, OCTHCThle, nonepeqHbie H.

CTPOEHHE' KOCTEA

H OC06EHHOCTH HX BHYTPEHHEA APXHTEKTOHHKH

CHapy}KH KOCTh, 3a' HCKJiioqeHHeM ee cycraBHhlX noBepxHocTeH:, noKpb!Ta HaAKOCTHHeH - penosteum (pnc. 6), KOTOpaH HMeeT .ltBYCJIOHHOe CTpoeHHe

H c IlOMOIIJ.blO coe,ltHHHTeJibHOTKaHHbIX nytlKOB npo6o.ztaIOIIJ.HX BOJIOKOH - fibra perforans - qepe3 MH9roqucJieHHhle cneuH'aJibHhle KaHaJibUhI npoHH.KaeT s no- BepXHOCTHhle CJIOH KOCTHoro sell(ecTBa.

• ·. TiosepXHOCTHbIH, HJIH 80/lOKHUCmblU, CJIOH Ha,!l,KOCTHHUbI - stratum fib- rosum - IlOCTpoeH H3 nJIOTHOH cpu6po3HOH TKaHH H C0,!1,ep}KHT 60JibIIIOe ql{CJIO- KpOBeHOCHbIX cocy,!l,OB H Hepsos, 3a ci:i:eT KOTOpblX KOC'.fb B opraHH3Me HMeer CJia6o-po30BYIO OKpacKy H 60JibllIYIO qyscTBHTeJibHOCTb. <l>u6po3Hb H CJIOH HM­ KOCTHHUhl B MecTaX npHKpenJieHHH .CBH30K H cyXO)KHJIHH MblllIU K KOCTHM HMeeT· HaHOOJihllIYIO TOJIIIJ.HHy. , .

, BH;y'fpeHHHii., HJIH KaM6Ua!lbHblU, CJIOH Ha,!l,KOCTHHJlbl - stratum cambiale

- HMeeT 60Jiee He}KHOe CTpoeHHe, 6elleH cocy,naMH, HO 6orc'J.T COnfplKHHeM· OCTeoreHHbIX KJieTOK - osteoblastus, ' 3a CtieT KOTOpbIX npoHCXO,!l,HT poCT KOC­

TH 'B TOJIIIJ.HHy. c B03paCTOM OCTeoreHHaH ,cpyHKJlHH Ha.ztKOCTHHUbI CHH}KaeTCH H

a«TIIBH3HpyeTCH JIHIIIb npH ee TpaBWITHYecKHX nospe>K,!temrn:x eJl ope KaKHX.,.

;1m6o cneuucpHtiecKHX 3a6oJiesaHHHX, conpoBo)K)laIOIIJ.HXCH H3MeHeHHHMH o6MeH-· ' HbIX npoueccos, npOHCX0,!1,HIIJ.HX B KOcTHOH TKaHH. y CTapbIX }KHBOTHbIX B OTJIH -

Yee OT MOJlQJV> X e 3pe1IblX OCTeo611aCT&l B KaM6HaJibHOM CJIOO Ha){KOCTHHnl>I pac IJOJlaraIOTCSI OT,!l,eJibHb M OCTpOBKaMH, tITO B 3HatJHTeJibHOH CTeneHH CHH}KaeT ee

KOCTeo6paosaTeJihlIYIO cpyHKJlHIO. . ' ' .

Cocy)\l>I Ha,!l;KOCTHHilhl, • HpOHHKaH B FJIYOb KOCTH qepea MHOFOlJHCJieHHble cocy,!l,HCThle oTBepcTHH - fora men vasculosa, ytracTByioT B KpoBOCHa6}KeHHH KaK KOCTHOH TKaHH, TaK H KOCTHOro M03ra. B Tpy6t1aTblX KOCTHX HaH6oJiee KpynHhle COCYJUICThle OTBCpCTHH BC!)ey'f B n H T a T e JI b H bl e KaHaJibl eanalis nut- riciUs', KOTOphle OTJIHtJalOTCH IlOCTOHHCTBOM cooero pacnoJIO)l{eHHH H cJiy}Ka:r ,!l,JIH npoxo)K)leHHH 9KCTpaopraHHhIX cocy,!l,OB H HepBOB HE)nocpe,!l,CTBeHHO B KOCTHO- MOSfOBYIO HCTJIOCTb.

3a Ha,!l,KOCTHHueH: pacnoJiaraeTCH COOCTBeHHO KOCTHaH TKaJfb, OCHOBY KOTopoH: COCTaBJIHIOT o6IIJ.He, BCTaBOqHble •If OCTeOHHhle nJiaCTHHKH, HBJIHIOIIJ.He-

CH' upO)(y KIOM 1KH3He)(blIeJibHUC I'0 KOCreoOpa30BaTeJibHbIX KJieTOK UCTeu-- 6JiacTOB, KOTOpble B OOJlbllleH CTeneHH KOHlleHTpHpyiotcH B Ha,itKOCTHHue, 9H,!l,E>­ OCTe H B o6JiaCTH 9nHcpH3apHoro xpsim.a.

·CTpyRTypHOH e,!l,HHHUeH KOCTH HBJIHeTCH ocmeoH - osteonum (puc. 6

II/), npe.ztcTaBJIHIOIUHH co15<?H: CHCTeMY 1:13 4-20 KOCTHhlX Tpy6olleK - stratum osteonorum, BCTaBJieHHhIX O.ztHa s .ztpyryio H no rpaHHUaM cKpenJieHHblX Me}K­

JJ..Y co6oii MHoroqHcJieHHhIMH oTpOCTKaMH KOctnH.b/.X KAemoK - osteocytus. 06-

µtee KOJIHqecTBO OCTeOHOB B )tJIHHHblX Tpy6t1aT1;ilX KOCTHX COCTilBJIHeT ,ll,(I) 5 TblC. H

6oJiee. Ocn:oHhI opHeHTHposaHhI B,!l,OJib CHJI CJKaTHH, 1:1cnhlTbJ'BaeMhlX KOCTbIO. npu cl>YHKuHoHaJibHhlX Harpy3Kax. Ka)K)laH UllPKYJIHpHaH nJiacTHHKa, sxo,!l,H­ m.asi B COCTaB OCTeom,1, nocTpoeHa H3 occeHHOBb!X BOJIOKOH, KOTOpb!e B K;DK,!l,OK

.

uHpK'.y.11Hpl:loH n.naCTHHKe HMeIOT npoTHBollOJIO)l<Hoe no cpasHeHHIO c coce.l(HH-

'

MH HanpaBJieHHe H yrOJI HaKJioHa K npO.l(OJibHOH OCH OCTeOHa B 45°, t{TO o6ecne­ llHBaeT KpenOCTb KOCTH Ha H3rH6 H CKpyqHBaHHe.

Me:>K.ny ocreoHaMH pacnOJiaraIOTCH BCtna801iHblC. DJiaCTHHKH-lamella in­ tercalata, KOTOpble BMec·Te c OCTeOHaMH 3aDOJIHSllOT npOCTpaHCTBO Me.>K.ny .Ha­

pyHb MH H BHyTpeHHHMH CJIOHMH o6ux UHPKYJIHpHbIX nJiaCTHHOK - stratum

lamellarum generalium externum etinternum (6,6¹). Hapy.>KHaH OKpy.>Ka10IUaS1

. DJiaCTHHKa HapyJKHOro CJIOSI 06IUHX aJiaCTHHOK-lamella circumferentalis externa - rpaHHt{HT c BHYTpeHHHM CJioeM Ha.l{KOCTHit:uJx, a BHyTpeHHHH - lamella circumferentalisinterna - BMecre c n0Kpb1Ba10rueu ee TOHKOH coeJ(HHH­ TeJibHOTKaHHOH OOoJIOt{KOii, 9HiJocmoM - endosteum - yqacTByeT B o6pa30Ba­

HHH M03rDBOH IlOJIOCTH, 3ailOJIHeHHOH KOCTHb M M03roM.

BHyTpeHHHe H Hapy.>KHble 06ruHe UHPKYJIHpHble nJiaCTHHKH no HanpasJie­ HHIO K KOHUeBbIM yqacTKaM Tena KOCTH paCXO.l{SITCSI .npyr OT .npyra H o6pa3YIOT KOCmHble nepeKAadUHbl - trabecula ossea KO.TOpble, nepeKpeu HBaHCb c TaKo- Bb MH npOTHBODOJIO:>KHblX CTOpOH, o6pa3ylOT Tpa6eKyJIHpHoe ry6qaToe aem.ecTBO

- substantia spongiosa ttabeculosa. 51qeifK:H ry6t1aTOro. aemecTBa 3anOJIHeHbl

KpaCHblM KOCTHblM M03rOM.

CycTaeaoii xpnm, - cartilago articularis - noKpbrnaer noaepxHOCTb 9DHcpH30B, oopam.eHHYIO B IlOJIOCTb CYCTaBa, H DOCTpoeH H3 rHa,IIHHOBoro XpHID.a.

OcHOBHoe aemecTBo rHaJIHHOBOro xpS1Iua HMeeT roMoreHHYIO (011Hopo11Hy10)1 · noJiynpoopaqHylO CTPYKTYPY B BH.l{e Macchi MOJIOt{H0-6eJioro uaeTa c CHHeBaTbIM OTTeHKOM. DoaepXHOCTH rHaJIHHOBblX XpHmeif, CMoqeHHble CHHOBHaJibHOH .>KH.l{­

KOCTblO, o6ecnet{HBalOT JierKoe CMeIU.eHHe coqJieHmou rnxcs: KOCTeH n pH TtBH:>Ke- HHSIX, a TaK:>Ke BbinOJIHSllOT pOJib CBoeo6pa3HblX 6ycpepoB .l{JISI KOCTeH npH HX C.l{aBJIHBaHHH.

KocTHhlii Moor medulla ossium y B3pOCJiblX MJieKOmfTa10n11x 11 urnu

D0.l{pa3.l{eJIHeTCSI Ha KPOCHblU - medulla ossium rubra. - H eAmblU, HJIH u­

pooou, KOCTHb H Moor - medulla ossium flava. DocJie.l{HHH 3anoJIHHeT .l{Ha4>H3bl

Tpy6'!12TblX KOCreH H COCTOHT 113 >KHpOBOH TKaHlf C OT){MbHbiMH OCTpOBKa.MH pe-

THKYJIHpHOH TKaHH• .KpaCHblH KOCTHbIH M03r pacnoJiaraeTCSI B ry6qaTOM ' mecTBe KTeH (B D03BOHKax, pe6pax, rpy.l{HHe, 9DHcpH3aX Tpy6t1aTbIX Kocreii,

KOCTHX ocHoBaHHH •1epena). Kpacmx1 ·KOCTHb11°1 Moar 9TO opran MHeJIOHJf.HOro

KpOBeTBOpeHHH H ·npe.l{CTaBJISleT COOoH reMOUHTOil09THt{eCKYIO TKaHb, r.l{e npoHC­ XO.l{HT pa3BHTHe cpopMeHHblX MeMeHTOB KpOBH. B3aHMHbIH nepexo.ll KpacHoro

KOCTnoro Mosra B HreJITblii· H uao6opOT npoHexo;1tHT 6e3 lfeTKOH rpaHHftbl.. HpH

OOJiblliHX KpOBODOTepSIX .>KeJITblH M03r MO:>KeT B0300HOBHTb CBOIO MHeJIOH.llHYIO

<l>YHKUHIO H CTaTb KpaCHblM KOCTHblM M03fOM. DpH He.l{OCT31:,0t{HOM n11:,raHHH, ro­

JIO;ltaHHH, CTapocTH H H3HYPSllOIIUf X 3a6cmeBaHHSIX JKeJIIbUI KOCTHbIH Moor 3a- MeHSleTCSI CTy.neliHCTOH, HJIH CJIH3HCTOH, TKaHblO (:>KeJiaTHH03HblH, HJIH CJIH3HC­ TbIH, M03r).

Macca KOCIHUI 0 M03Ia no OTHOllieHHlO K Macce KOCTeH y B3pOCJibIX Kupos

COCTaBJIHeT 43-45%, H3 KOTOpbIX 55% CO.l{ep.>KHTCSI B KOCTSIX oceooro CKeJieni.

COOTHOllieHHe Me.>K.llY KpaCHbIM H :>KeJITblM KOCTHbfM M03roM y 20-.l{HeBHblX TeJIHT COCTaBJISleT 9 ; 1, a y B3pOCJiblX - 1 l 1 (3. 11. BpO.l{OBCKaSI, 1958). y B3pOCJib1X nTHU KOCTHblH M03r HMeeTCSI DOt{TH BO ecex KOCTSIX, HO B KOCTSIX qepena, .l{HC­

Ta.iibHb X 3BeHbSIX KOHet{HOcteH H B DJiet{eBOH KOCTSIX ero CO.l{ep.>KHTCSI oqeHb Ma-

JIO, qeM MO:>KHO OO'bHCHHTb 60Jlbmy10 qyacTBHTeJibHOCTb nTHU K KpoaonoTepHM. KpacHb H KOCTHb H Moor y .l{OMalliHHX MJieKonHTalOW:HX Haq11HaeT pa3BHBaTbCH B

paHHHH nepHO.l{ oppa30BaHHSI xpHmesoro CKeJieTa, a y DTHU - c 10-.l{HeBHOro

.B03pacTa 9M6pHoHaJibHOro pa3BHTHSI.

Cocy.n.hl KOCTeii. Ka.>K.llaH KOCTb cHa6.>KeHa KpoaeHOCHbIMH cocy.l{aMH, KOTO­ pb e BXO.l{SIT B KOCTHoe aemecTBO co CTOpOHbl Ha.l{KOCTHHUbl qepes MeJibtlaHlliHe oTaepcTHH, ae.nymHe B cocy.l{HCTble KaHaJibUbl, coe.l{HHHIOW:HecH c KaHaJiaMH oc­ TeoHoB. Cocy.l{HCTble oTaepcTHH B OOJibmeH: c'I'eneHH KOHUeHTpH:pylOTCH BMH3H

9DHcpH30B, r.l{e HX t{HCJio .l{OCTHraeT 25-30 Ha IcM²• Ha .l{HacpH3e, KaK npaBHJio,

pacaoJiaraeTt!H 0.l{HO KpynHoe DHTaTeJibHoe OTBepCTHe, Be.l{ymee B DHTaTeJib­ HbIH KaHaJI, !JO KOTOPOMY KpOBeHOCHble cocy.llbl npoxO.l{HT pe.l{CTBeHHo B DOJIOCTb KOCTH H TaM .l{eJISITCH Ha BeTBH, HanpaBJIHIOUI:HecSI .K \cpH3aM.

ae-.

30 I I

H03Hble CoCy){bl H3 ,l{JIHHHblX Tpy()qaThlX KOCTeH BhlXO,l{HT B OOJibllleii CTeaeHH qepes cocy){HCThle OTBepcTHH 9aH<J>H30B (cM. IJ.B. Ta6JI. II). . .

ff · bl KOCTeii. BHYTpb KOCTH HepBhl BCTyDalOT OT BeTBeH HepBOB Ha)l- KOCTHH KOTOpaH oqeHb ooraTO CHa6JKeaa 11yBCTBHTeJlbHblMH HepBHbIMH

OKOHqaHHH H.

XHM HllECK H A COCTAB KOCTH H EE fl)H3H llEC K H E CBOACTBA

Koc:TH cKeJ1e 1a HMeIDT cJimKHhtH x H M H q e c K H i1 c o c T a B. KocTb,

H3BJieqeHHaH H3 opraHH3Ma H He ao.n:aeprmaHCH lf>HKCaD;HH HJIH BbICYIIIHBaHHIO, COCTOHT H3 50% BO,l{bl, 15,5% :>KHpa, 12,5% opraHHqecKHX H 22% HeopraHHqec KHX aemecTB, npe,n.cTaBJieHHblX B BH){e pa3J1HtlHblX coe,l{HHeHHH (Ta6Jl. 3). B Bbl­ cymeHHblX H 0(5e3:>KHpeHHblX KOCTHX CO){ep:>KHTCH OKOJIO ¹/3 OpraHHqecKHX H ⁹/3

HeopraHHqecKHX Bem.ecTB, H3 KOTOpbIX KOJIHqecTBO Heo raHHqecKHX Be ecTB eT KOJie aTbCH OT ' ,l{O

3. XHMH'lecKHA COCTAB CBe.lKeA KOCTH (no B. H. :>Ke.11.eaoey, 1958)

4. Bospacmwe ocoieHHOCTH

Bospa«:7 :aumO'l'Boro

-_r• e coeAHHeHHB \OCCeHH' ^'

HeopraHH'lecKHe coeJJ.HHeHHB

13%

87%

OrHoweBHe opraHH'leCKHX eeec:TB K aeopraHH'leC• _{. ,. -}

JODI

^{a ...,..,} &

.v,

0rHOweHHe opraHHt1ec1mx BettteCTB K .aeopraHHtteCKHM 11 npoueHTHoe co-

Aep:>KaHHe MHHepaJibHhlX Coe,l{HHeHHH B KOCTHX UO)lBep:>KeHbl 3HaqHTeJibHblM KO­ JieOOHHHM, qro 3aBHCHT OT BH)la H aopO.zthl JKJIBOTHOro, ero B03pacTa, ycJIOBHH

DHrnHIH , .OOAePllffiHHH, cesotta r<>;n:a H lf>11s11NecKOro COCTOHHHH (6epeMeHHOCTb, ycHJieHHaH paooTa, ypoBeHb Mo.n;oqHoii apo.nyKTHBHOCTH, OOJie3Hb). B 3TOM MO:>K­

HO y6e)lHTbCH apH cpaBHeHHH KOCTeH MOJIO,l{Oro :>KHBOTHOro, y KOTOporo KOCTH MHFime H 9mtCTHlfHbfe 3a cqe1 OOJiblJloro co.n:ep:>KaHHH opraHHtteeKHX aemecTB, H CTaporo :>KHBOTHOro, y KOToporo B CHJIY MHHepaJIH3aUHH KOCTH CTaHOBHTCH

MeHee 9JiaCTHqHhlMH H 6oJiee xpynKHMH (Ta6JI. 4). qTOObl y.n:ocTOBepHTbCH B 3Ha­

IJeHHH pa3JIHqaoro co.nep:>KaHHH opraaHqecKHx H HeopraHHqecKHX BecTB Ha KpeOOCTb KOCTH, .noctaroqHo Ha Hee B03,l{eiicTBOBaTb KHCJIOTOH (.n:eKaJibll;HHaUHH)

c :UeJiblO y.n:aJieHHH H3 KoCTHOH TKaHH MHHepaJibHblX COJleH HJIH C:>Ke% - B 9TOM cJiyqae H3 KOCTH y){am1eTCH ee opraHHIJecKaH qacTb. B.oooHx cnyqaHx pa3Mephl H ¢opMa KOCTH coxpaHHIOTCH, HO KpeUClCTb pe3KO H3MeHHeTCH. B aepBOM CJiy-

11ae OHa CTaHOBHTCH MHrKOH H rH6KOH, a BO BTOpOM - xpyOKOH. CT0){06Hble H3Me-

31

Hemm MO:>KHO HaO.tIIO.llaTb H p :>KHBOM opraHH3Me npH pa3JIHl{HOro pO.lla 3a<5<r

.neBaHHSIX, conpOBO:>K.U.aIOUlHXCH HapyiileHHSIMH B KOCTSIX ocreoreHHOH cpyHKl{HH H ypoBHSI MHHepaJibHOro ooMeHa (ocTeO.llHCTpo4>HH, paxHT, ocTeoMaJIS1D;HS1).

, Cne.n;oBaTeJibHO, nponeHTHOe COOTHOllleHHe B KOCTSIX oprafrnqecKHX H Heop-

. raHHl{ecKHX Bew,ecTB B COl{eTaHHH c ocooeHHOCTSIMH HX BH:euIHeH cpopMbIH BHyr­

peHHeH apX'HTeKTOH.HKH ooecneqaaaeT HM OoJiblllYIO npo:qHoCTb, 9JiaCTHl{H0CTb, qro DO.!J.TBep:>K.llaeTCSI HX BbICOKHMH IlOKaaaTeJISIMH conpOTHBJISleMOCTH . Ha C:>Ka­

THe, H3rHO, pacTSl:>KeHHe H CKpy'l{HBaHHe.

no CBOaM ct> H 3 H q e c K H M c B 0 H c T B a M KOCTb npHOnH>KaeTcH K eaolicTBaM :>KeJieao6eToHHblX KOHCTpyKa;HH:. Ee npoqHOCTb MO:>KeT ObITb cpasHeHa c npoqHOCTblO qyryHa, a ynpyrocTb aHaqHTeJibHO npeBbIIIIaeT ynpyrocrb ,n:y6o•

BOro .n:epeaa (Ta6JI. 5). · .

'·

4. «l>H3H'leCKaH .xapaKtepHCTHKa 9.lleMeHTOB opraHOB annapara ,D.BHJKeHHH B cpaeHeHHH

co C'l'pGHTe.llloHYMH MatepHllJl3MH .

...,.·_ ""' - -- A ·_.-·--

9neMeHTEI opr&Hoe	ConpoTHBJU eMOCT& (Kr/MM•)				CTpoHTen&H1>1e		ConpornenHeMOCT& (Kr/MM1) '
.	Ha pacTHllleHBe I	ea c;igaTHe		,•		Ha pat:'l'HllleHHe IIla CJllaTHe
Koctb I KoCTHblii xpmu.	9-12 1,51 I\ 17	. 12-16 2,72		CtaJih JIHTaH :>Ke.ne30 DOJIOCOBOe "·-··- '		80-110 40 1::1		100 : t ' , ;
CyxOJKHJIHe Mb!llIUbl	1:0 0,4	1 "'" - -		CeHaeu KHpnHq .JJ:y6,		1,3 0,5 8, I		5,2·: 1 . ' · 5;3 .

HaHBbICIIIeH coapoTHB.IIHeMOCTblO Ha H3rHObl, c>KaTHSI H pacTSl>KeHHSI OTJIR- qa!OTCSI KQCTH cKe.iieTa KOHeqHocTeH:. TaK, CBe:>KHe KOcTH USICTH Kopoa CHMMeH­

TaJib<;:KOH nopO.llbI BbI.llep:>KHBaIOT Ha C:>KaTHe 1590 Kr/CM² (11. 11. Xou;sIHo,BCKHH,