Tojicta.Sl khw ka - .IntEsTtNum crassum·

ToJICTaH KHiIIKa - intestinum.. . -COCTOHT .H3 ' c.ilenoii, o6o,noqHoA H npHMOH KHfilOK H 38KaffqR · M 'npOXQ.D.OM ..:... aOM.' B HeH npo-

. HCXO.ztHT OKOHq&'reJib HOe .Bciic ' .' 8TeJibHiiX BeIUeC'!'s:· noofy'nHBlllHX H3 'toHKoii · KliwKH. Ee CJJilsuc'ra ::·: ·.· noKpblTa KaeMtlWl':Lffl. 9DHTeJIHeM, Ho

Jrnweua BOpcHHOK• . YBeJiff' Ba!!JIQOWlee8ft-Jn[]QI!epXHlOC'l'B·_a.n'OiJIC'nuL-llJilllell. _

HHKe .nocTuraeTC.H ee Y.!f'i V yBeJiuqeHneM .ztHaMeTpa H HaJI,ntlffe MHo-

*ecTBa CKJia.zlpK, ocotie · *;'" x. y/ ncx;ne.llHHX B eA npo)lOJUKSIOTCH

·H npouecchl ne eB · HB8 ·· .. ewrl!lft.'...L..:'l'OlflfilliL....dlilll -'------------

1 weII1f8H *n01t,K:•. . . '. . · · pasBH'faH; yBMuqeuo KriJmqecTBO CJIH3HCThlx O.ztHOKJieTOirnhlx. H: Hhlx :menes. OpH KpyDHOJrf 8MeTJ>e ' KHWKH (JIOW8}lb CBHUb.ll. : . . . . . .. . . .·

Haxo.ztHTcR lir;( npocBeTa .KHWKH. Ceapy:>KH KapMaHhl. paa.ir.eJJeHi.r rJJy-

ca

. ·. .·" " . .-· . . . . I .

. i' ' ,' i i • ' / /• I

PHc. 147. OJICTasr KBW : .

A ...:.; co6aKB; ·s.-CBHH&H; !i -:- Koposw; .t-._ nowaJtu; ll.-sna,11.eHHe .no1ss.11;owHoA "KBWJ{H B 'l'OJICTYIO y CBHHbH B, J! ...;.. y KOpOBhl; 6 -.- ijeum; 6' - papilla ilealis et ostium ileale; 7 -.. ceum; 7' - basis cieci; 7" -corpus cecf t 7"' -apeJ! ceci; 8 -:- colon ·ascen· dens; 9 :- colon trans.versum; JO ......., colon. descendens: 11. -:- colon tenue; J2 - rectum; 18 - ansa spiralis (gyri centripetales); 18' - ansa proximalis coli; 14 - flexura centra­ Us; 14' fle.tura' pelvina; 15 -:'" ansa splralis (gyri centrif ugales); · JS'. - ansa distalis coli; J6 -cOlon ventrale dextrum; z,7 ,_ flexura sternalis (flexura diaphragrnatica ventralis); !8 - colon ventrale sinistrum; 19 - colon -dorsale sinistrum; 20 -flextira

diapbraniatica (dorsalis); 21 -colon dor'sale .dextrum; 22 .... ampulla coli; a - tenia;

. . B - haustra coll et ceci; c -Jy_µiphonoduli aggregati. .

.1252

OOKHMH oop03,llaMH. B JlHCTaJibHblX OT,lleJiax TOJICTOii KIUIJKH Mllpy10TCB Ka.llOBble Macchi. .

,0JlHHoqeble JIHMc}>aTHIIecKHe yseJIKH. KpynHhle . H BCTpeIIaIOTCjl. 11Jrile., qeM

B TOJIKOH KHWKe. CKOOJieHHH JIHMc}>aTH1lecKHX yseJIKOB HeMHOro, H lla•HTCSI

OHH JIHlllb B HaitaJibHOM OT,lleJie 000,llOIIHOii if CJie'noii KHWOK. . . .: <:

CJJenat1· KHWKa - cecum _.:.. npeJlcTaBJJSleT coooii Meno .QKaHIIHBat00J.fnl . BblpOCT HaqaJibHOii qacTH. TOJICTOH KH:WKH. fpaHHU.eii .CJienoii H OOOAOttli<>H KH•1 WOK CJIY)l(HT MecTO Bna.neHHSI B 'rOJICT}'IO KHWKY ; DOJlB3JJ.OIIIHOH . kumKir, JJH

cAenooOoiJo•uwe· oln8epcmite .....- ostium cecocolicum (pee. 147).' . .

Oco6ennocmu. _y cooaKH. CJienast KHillKa JlOBOJlbHO JlJIHHHaSI. (OKOJI8 20 CM), . o6pasyeT 2-3.H3rH6a, 00,llBemeHa Ha KOpOTKOA 6pWKeiiKe B o6Jiac'm cpelr.HHX (2=4-ro) DOSICHHqHbIX Il03BOHKOB enpaBO or cpeAHHHOH llJloCKOC IH. . .. '

y CBHHbH .CJienaSI KHillKa -OPOTK8SI, T9JICT8H., KO'HyCOBH,AHaH; HeeT TpH

TeHHH H TpH pSl.I(a KapMaROB -- haustra ceei. lepe,llHHH Kc:>Heu. ee.H3XOAHTCHI 6JJH3 .38.llHero KOHUa npasoii ITOIIKH, a BepxymKa HanpaBJieea IQi)';ZtaJibHlll H sa•

rayTa snpaso. . .. · .. . . . .

y poraroro ,CKOTa CJienaH KHillKa UHJIHHJlPH'llecK sl, AO 30-70 CM An HOH,

Y Jiowa.nu CJienast .KHwi<a cHJI&Ho pasBHTa, u¥eeT cs · pasay10 · · PMY

ruraHTCKOH sanS1TOH. Ha Heii pasJIHIIalOT: OcHOBaHHe .;.... basis· ceci (7'), HMeIO-

ee au * Koo6 asnoro acIIIH emu1 c 6oJihUioit H MaJIOH KpHBH3Hoii - '

HaIIaJIOM ooo.zxoqaoa KHillKH, HJIH . CJienooOO,l(011Hoe OTBepCTHe -- ostium CecO• colicum, 06pasy10lll,ee Menoo6o.noIIHy10 . saCJioHKy - valva cecocolicum, KO·

xopoe oKpyH<elfo ccpHHKTepoM cnenoo KHWKH _.,. m. sphincter ceCi. ·. B'i'opoe OT·

sepcTHe. CJIY:>KH'l' MecTOM Bq8JleHHSI DOJlB3JlOWHOH KHWKH .....,..._ ostium ileale, OK• pyHHoe ctj>nHKrep0M - Iil. sphincer .ilei - H ·o6pasy10lll,ee ·· cocoqeK -..:.. pa· pilla . ilealis c y s Jl e Y 'K o ii c o c o q. x a 'frenulum papillae ilealis

.(pHc. 147-J! H. E). · . ) '. · · . .

. · B MhIWeimoii creHKe CJienoH:. KH.WKH poxOJUIT IJeTlll,pe. 'l'eHHH - tenia dor­ salis, ·ventralis, medialis et lateralis, ¹ MelKJJ.Y lfHMH pacnpaBJJeHw nOJiynyum.ie c:icitaJlKH - plicae semilunares ceci, OTropa)lmBaIOID,He Kap.MaHhi CJienoii :ipiill­ KH -·haustra ceci. Iloc:JJeJJ.Hlie pacnOJJaraiarcH Ha. .u,opcaJI&HOH, ·seHTpanhHOii H 6oKOBWl cropoaax Te.Iia H BepxytuKH ·CJienoli: KHWKH . Ha OCOOBaHHH HX HeT.

• CeposHaSI, o6oJto11xa c.JiaTepaJibHOii T'eHHH ney.exo.n11T lia OOOJI.OllUYK> KHllJ- Ky, o6pasyH lig. cecocoli um, a c ..nopcai.Hoii, TeHHH e.ner.· Ha no.n.BSJlOIIIHyio KHmKy, 06pasy11 lg..· iliocecale. · · ' · · · .

Oceosauue CJienoA ·KHliIKH JlOpcan&HQ np1meraeT · K nostclinIIiioo MyckyJia­ zype, K npasoA DOY H no,ll)KeJiyJJ.Ol!HOH. >keJie$e,c KOTOpblMH coeJJ.HHHeTC.ff pbIX• JIOH KJte1qaTKO'it I<saJlM. eJJena:ff KHWKa npoe'l11paeTCS1 JJ.O. BXQl\8 B T88\ a 'KpaHH· aJibHO rpaHHIIHT c. Ile1leHbl0, AocTHra.H ,nJrOCiq>CTH 13-ro pe6pa; cnpaBa. npH6JIH•

*aeTCj{. I{ 6pl0llleoii 'erenKe, oTlleJI.HSlc& oT aee • .JJ.aeHa,n.uaTHnepcTeoii KHUIKoii (pHc. '148). Te;110 CJtenoif KHIDKH olf)eKae:ff Ha·seu-rpaJibHYIO 6p1,0weyro - Ky. BepxymKa HanpaBJieHa KpaHH8JlhHo, HO OT Mel!eBHlJ.HO[O c:>TPOCTKa OT,ll.eJIH- ' eTtSI BeHTJ)aJibffbIM AHa$parMaJlbHbIM HSrHOOM OOOJJ.Ol!HOA KHillKH. .

Ooo.11.011 aH l<HwKa . . colon. (8)' . saullMaer epe;ztHeA oT;lleJI roJicrqii KHW·

KH. :Xo.zi. ee KPaiiue paseoo6paseH s pS1JlY :>KHBOTHhlx; JlJIHHa HanMeHbWaj{ y

XHlll.HblX )KHBOTHhIX H MaKCHMaJIHaff y rpaBOH.IJ.HbIX. y 0)\HH:JI: )KHBO'l'Hl>IX (ett

BepHhlA OJieHb) OHa MO:lKeT 6bIT'b ,ll81Ke TOHbllle TOHKOH KHillKH,. a y Jlp}irHX 40'!•

. THraeT rpoMa,llHbIX pasMepOB;- IirtpHMep ·Y J,IOillaJl.H. . • . . ' ' :.. ' Hau6oJiee n'pHMf!THBeH XOJl 069.ll()qHOil IKHillKH y co6airn. no 13M.;()e"Ha

CJienoA KHillKH (nocJie Bna.11.eHHSI noJlB3JlOillltOH) O(k>JloqffaH KHmKa .y c n.a npaBJISleTCH cHaIIaJia KpaHHaJibHO K8K npaBoe, H.llH 60Cx00Jlfl4tt Ion ascendens, a aareM, ·.noii,u.s JJ.O npaBoii no11KH, tresopaqHsaet BJieb(l,:(iUJ'asb1A

"°

253

PHc. 148: Tonorpact>n BHyTpeHHHX opraHOB (BH.ll' '

CJieea):

A -co6aKH" B -CBHH&H·

B -KOPOl!H (lKeJIYAOKI A

acxp111T); r -noIIIa.aH;

1 -nerKoe (Kay.11an&Ha11

12. lon11): /'.-Kay.11an1;>Ha11 qaCT& KpaHHaJlbHOil' AMH,,_· 1" -KpaHH3JlbH3ll qaCTb KpaHH8JlbHOi!: .llOnH; 2 - Kynon .11HacpparM1i1; 9 -, . ceneaeuKa; . 4 -neeaJi noq­ Ka; 5 -C3JlbHHK; 6 -

cep.aue; 7 -.aopcan&Hlii!:

MeIIIOK; 7' -BeHTP!lJlbHliii MeWOK py6ua: 8 -Cblqyr; 9 -CeTKa; 10 - Manasr 060.11oqH3ft KHIIIK3 (no­

IJJ8.llb); 11 -.11Hact>par­

MaJJ&Ha11 H3BHJIHH3 (.aopca.

Hoe nono.lKeuHe 060.itoquot HwicH 13' - Ta:w•&IA HsrMi·14

AOBell'rpaJlbHli A cnenoA . M OK; 1 -na6 IPHHT py6ua; 19' -py6UOBOCeTK Bal! CK . 3.llKa; 0 -n

uarn6 - flexura coli dextra), 06paayS1 npH TOM KopoTKOe nonepetf,HOe 100.neHO -

.colon transversum. floaa,Il;Ii JieBOH DOii KHIDKa aarH68eTCJI. Kay,llaJibJl8 (Jie­ Bhift usrn6 - flexura sinistra) u KaK HUCxWRU{ee, HJIH neaoe, KOMM OOOJlOII­ HOH: KHIDKH - colon descendens - JleT B Taaoeyio nonocTb, r.lle a uepeXOJlHT B IlPSIMYlO KHIDKy. ,Ha BCeM nyTH oOO,llOIIHaSI KHIDKa no.neemeHa Ha -KOpOTKOH

6pPJ?KeHKe. Y. ,npyrux ,llOMamHHX :>KHBOTHbIX BXOJlSIIIJ.ee 'KOJleHO oOO)l;Oqeoii

KHmKH paaBHTO 011eeb cHJlbHO. Oeo npeJKJle ecero <}x>pMupyeT NIHHHYIO neTJIIO, KOTOpaSI HJIH CKJl3JlblBaeTCSI B BH,lle DOJlKOBbI, KaK y JIOIDa.lla, HJlH cBepi:blBaeTCSI cnit:panbrio, KaK y 2KBatJHl>ix, · HJIH ·eiq>ywmeaeTCB B wronopoo6pasHhtii xonyc, KaK y CBHHbH.' Bo BCeX CJ1y11aS1X B03HHKaeT THnffqffbIH _JlJISI KaJK,llOro )KHBOTHOm

XOJl 000,llOqHoH KHIDKH. HHCXOJlSIIIJ.ee KOJieHO o6:WIHO KOpoTKOe H HiJ.eT npSIMO­ JIHHeHHO, K8K B upHMHIHe. JIHWb y on:oma;ir.H OHO JJ.OC 1HraeT OOJibllIOH J{JJHHbI H

o6paayeT neTJIH, eCJJeJlCTBHe 11ero H noJiy11aeT cneII.HaJI&Hoe HaasaaHe• .

Oco6eHHocmu. Y cBHHbH neTJISI eocxo.llmnero KOneHa oCio.D.OIIHoH: KifmKH-> CKpyqeBaHCb wronopoaopa3HO, o6pa3yeT KOHyc; upHKpeuJJeHHbIH OCHOBaHHeM K noS1cHe11Hoii MYCKYJ1arype H npaeoii· noqKe; BepilIHHa Koeyca JIHT CBOOOJlHO Ha 6plOWHOH CTeHKe B nynoIIHOH o6JiacTH, a y 6o.llee MOJIOAbIX (5-6 Mee) B 06JiacTH Me11eBH,llHOro XpSIIIJ.8. B UeJIOM KOHyc 38HHMaeT icpaHHaJibHEle 2/3 Jie­

BOH noJIOBHHhI 6p10wHoA: nonocTH (A. .U.. MaJIOB, 1964). OOO,i.011eaS1 KHWKa no

.-Ba

BhIXOJle H3 cJienoii nMeeT He6on.1>woii ,nuaMeTp_, JlBe TeHHH, PSI.Ila KapMaeos H OOpaayeT 3¹/₂ , l\f!HTpOCTpeMHTeJibHbIX (neHTplineTaJibHWX) BHTKa ...:_ gyn centripetales - no qacOBOH· CTp_eJIKe, ecJIH CMOTp_eTb Ha OCHOBaHHe KOHyc. Ha BepIDHHe KOHyca KHWKa cy)f<HBaeTCH, TepSICT TeHHH, KapMaHhl, H, oopaaoBaB neHTpaJibHhIH Haru6 - flexura centralis, nepexo.n.JIT s rJia,i.KocTeHHhle _H cpas­

HHTeJibHO TOHKHe ueliTp06e1KHble (neHTp_Hc}>yraJibHhle) BHTKH - gyri centri­

fugalis, pacnoJiaraJOIIUiecSI BHYTflH K'Oilyca. ·IlOCJie,llHliii BHTeK, o6pasosas JJ.H- CTaJibHYIO neTJIIO, - ansa distais coli (COOTBeTCTByeT nonepetl:HOMY KOJIHY 000.llOqHOH KHWKH), nOBOpal!HBaeT Kay,llaJI&HO H nepeXO,ZJ.Ht B DpSIM'yte KHIDKy.

,ll.HcTaJI&HaSI neTJISI Jie)KHT pSl.ZJ.OM c JlBeHaJlWlTHnepcTHOH KHIDKOH, AOCTHraeT

)KeJIYJlKa H JieBOH JlOJ.IH ne11eHH. - .

y JKBal!HbIX neTJISI BbcXO,llSIIIJ.ero KOJieHa 000,llOqHOH KHIDKH 3aKpyqesaeTCSI

cnupaJil>HO B OllHOH DJiOCKOCTH, <lX>PMnpysr JlHCK, KOTOphlH B 'UeJIOM ·paaMema- eTcSI cnpasa OT pyt5ua s JlOpcaJI&Hoii noJios'HHe 6piomHoii noJiocTH. B ,ZJ.HcKe

o00.llo11HOH KHIDKH pa3JIHIIalOT: I) HaIIaJibHyio, HJIH npoKcilMaJibHyie, neTJIIO -

ansa proximalis coli; 2) cnupaJI&Hy10 IJeTJIIO - ansa spiralis coli - H

3aTeM Kpyro nosopa11 rnaeT .ztopcaJihflO H naaa.ll; Ha JiesoH: CTopoee CJJenoH: KHm-. KH JJ.enaeT nosopOT eeHTpaJI&Ho H cHosa HanpawrneTC.II · snepe,ll, npH oM oea

cyJKirnaeTC.SI II Ha ypOBHe 3-rO OOSICHHllHOro ;!BOHKa nepeX<},!{HT .B Jl20HpHHT

B noene,llHeM y KpynHbIX )KBaIIHblX HacllHThIBalOT P/2-2. a y MeJIKHX *8311- HbIX - 3 cnupaJI&HhIX ueeTpocTpeMHTeJI&HhlX eamt5a - girr centripetales ::­ no 11acosoii: cTpeJIKe, etJIH CMOTpeTh Ha ,itHc'K cnpaBa. B u.ewrpe ;u.HcKa KHWKa o6paayei ueeTp_aJI&Hhiii uamt5 - flexura centralis,_ ,lleJiaeT ·. cooTBeTCT8y10m.ee KOJIHIIecTBO UeHTp_OOe:lKHbIX o6opOTOB -giri centrifugales (npOTHB qacOBOH CTpe111rn), JlOCTHFaeTi1aqaJ1bHOii csoeH: HSBHll lllhl II 118 'YPHHe 1 rO HOHCHH4·

HOro D03BOHKa nepeXOJJ.HT B KOHueeyi<>, HJIH )UiCT8JlbHYIO, neTJIIO ansa dista­ Jis coli.IlOCJie,llHSISI Jie1imT My Hal!aJIOM 000,llOllHOH H KOHUOM ,llBeH8,l{IJ:3TH­ nepcTHOH KHWKH;' Olla CH8'1faJia HnpaBJrneTCt K8YJl8JlbH•, _aareM enepe,ll.H

cHoBa Kay.nan&eo H, HaKoHen, 6ea SICHOH · rpaHHUbl. npoA8JI*8eTcS1 B TIPSIMYIO

Q. . , c

' y JIOIDa,Z(H 000,llOIIHaSI KHIDK oqeHb CHJlbHO pa3BH'fa H paaAeJISleTCSI Ha OOJib­ wYIO H MaJIYIO 000,ZJ.Ol!Hble KHmKH;· nepBaSI CoOTBeTCTByeT BOCXO.l(SIIIJ.eMY KOJfeHY npHMHTHBHOA 000,Il.O'llHOH KHWKH, a BTOpaJI - ee HHCXOJJ)HIJ.eMY KOJieHy.

BM&IllaSI oOOJlOIIHaSI KHWKa - crassum - npe,ncTa:B.i.IBeT coOOA " l'l>OMM.: Hyio neTJIIO, cocromn.yio ea JlBYX nO.llyneTeJI&, · coe,nuHeHHHX ' MelKOCSo)loqaoii 6pbDKeiiKoH: - mes0colon.IleTJISI CJIO.>KeHa no,IJ.Koe006paaHo TaK, .qro }Jepi:ua

' · , ' .

^· 1'

7 1 It' _{2 1}

/ -

PHc... 149. Tonorpacl>H BHYrpeHHHX opraHOB (BH

cnpaaa):

A co6aKH; 13 -CBHH&H·· KOpOBbl:; f -noll!a

a -

AH; 1-onerKoe {Kay.itan&

r -

Ha1l .llOJU!), cj>e)l.HH AOJU!; 1"-KpaHifan&Ha. AMH; 2 -qnoJI AH3r I

cpparMhl:; 4' -npaaajl noq

1ca; 5-- can&HHK; 6

cep.1tu.e; 7 -ABeH3.llU.8TH nepCTH3ll KHIIIKa; 8 -Cbl: qyr; 8' -nunopyc; 9'

KHHJKKa; 10 -npOKCH

Man&liaH neTJill 060.1toq uoA ··.KHillKH; 11 -.1tHa cpparMan&H"aH · H3BH. nrn

·-060.1toquoA KHIIIKH; 12 -

rpy.11HHH8H H3BHnHHa 060

.11oquoA KHIIIKH; 13 ;....,.. npa

aoe eeHTpanbHoe noJioJKe

'Hile 06o.1toqu6il: KHIIIKH; f -Tomaa KHIII cnenoA KHIIIK.H; 18 - eepYIIIK8

17 -Teno

ee ·(ueHTpaJibHblHIi3r:HO) 0K33bIBaeTCSI y Bxp.n:a B Ta3 H npHTOM c JieBOii c'ri>pOHbI (II03TOMY BepWHH<;l l:IeTJIH Ha3bIBaeTCH Tgoooli H3BHJIHHOH - flexura pelvina), a cepHa IIO,ltKOBOo6pa3HOfO H3fH6a Jie)KHT Il033JJ.H .ztHalj>paFMbI, <}lopMHpySI,

.nsa ;ltHaq>parMaJibHbIX KOJieHa - AopcaJihHoe H BeHTpaJibHOe. Yttac'i'kH. MelK.lcy

T330BbIM H3rHOOM H .n:Halj>parMaJll HbIMH KoJieHaM Ha3bIBaIOTCH · .n.opcaJibHbIM H BeHTP3JibHbIM JieBbIMH DOJIO:lKeHHHMH COOTBeTCTBYIOIUire yttaCTKH 'no.nKoBO·

• o6pa3Horo H3rn6a; H npaooii c:ropbHe - TaK*e. .nopcaJJbHbIM. H H'l:J>M11H'hlM npaBblMH IIOJIO)KeHHHMH. . . ' .

XQ,11, eiOJiblllOH oOO;AOttHOH KHIIIKH B neJIOM TaKOB. ()na uarnrnaeTCSI OT M;aJtOi

KpHBH3Hhl CJienoii KHIIIKH ,. 6JIH3 . ee rOJIOBl<H, HSDpSBJJ.HeTCH KpSHHaJib,HO . Ka

npasoe seHTpSJibHoe noJio:iKeHHe colon ventrale dextrum (pHc• . 149), 3aTe.\f noBoparurnae-r enpasa HaJieso KaK rpYJlHHHi>Iii , l't'3rH6 . flexm a ternalis.

no eBO ·CTOpOHe 6J1IOIIIHOH CTeHKH Omi CHOBa CJJe.n:yeT Kay.ztSJibHO ;KaK· JieBOe BeHTpaJibHQe DOJIO}KeHHe colon. ventrale sinistrum. npH BXO.zte B Ta3 o()o,

.ztolfH8SI KHWKa 38BOparnrnaeTCH eaiVta Ha l CSI B Ta30BOM H3fHt'5e flexura pelvins - H KaK .n:opcSJibHoe nesoe IIOJIO)KeHHe - colon clorssle · sini trum - HJJ.eT KpaHHSJibHO. BJIJJS JmacpparMhI OHS 06ps3ye:r ,nuscpparMSJibHblH H3rH6 -

Hexura d aphragmatica ..._ 11 no npatloH. cmpOJie caoes B03BpsrusereH Kay,naJib·

Ho aK npasoe ,AopcaJihHoe noJIO)KeHue .,.- colon dorsale dextrum. Bnepe.nlf OCH6BaHHSt CJienoii. KHIIIKH 06d4ot1RaH KHIIIKS nosopattHBae:r cnpaBi:t. HaJieBO KaK

colon tiansversum. u .Bnepe.n:n: JJ.BeHa.ztUSTHnepc:rHou KHIIIKH nepexo,nftt. s HH·

CXO,ltSllll.YIO olso,nottHYIO HJIH MaJiylO 000.llOllHylO, KHIIIKY. . . ';

BeHT{l8JibHaH noJiyneTJIJI 60Jib11Ioii 060.n:ottHOH KHIIIKH otteHb T<i>JICTSSI, He-

. ceT qe:rblpe · . · eRHH . temae. coh ..n:opCaJibHYIO . BeHtpaJihHy10, 1 JlBe ooKo- Bbie H lleTbipe ,I)HJJ.8 KapMaHOB - haustra coli. B o6JiaCTJI TS30BOfO HSrH.6a KHIII­ KS CHJibH0¹ cyfl<HBaeTCSI u. Tepsi:e'J' TeHHH. 'J1eooe .u.opcaJil>Hoe noJIO:lKeHHe JIHIIIb nOCTeneHHO pacffiHpHeTCH B Kp3HH8JlbHOM HaiipsBJieHHH, .llOCTHrasi: }lHaMe:rpa . BeHTp3JlbHOH noJiyIIeTJIH• .IlHacpparMaJibHOe KOJleHO TalOKe 'l'OJICTOe If CHa6:>KeHO

TeHHHMH H KapMaHaMH: npaBQe 1.llOpCSJlbHOe OJIO:lKeHHe DOCTei'ieHHO BeJIH• ·.

•maasi: CBOH .n:miMeTp. pMHpyeT SMi:tYJIY 0)],0lJHOH KHllKH - ampulla coli,. HO npH 3TOM TepSleT TeHHH: nepeJJ. nepeXO,ltOM B .IIOllepettHOe . KOJieiro OHO CHOBa

6blCTp0 H CHJibHO cy:amBSeTCSI. . . . . ttHCXOJJ.HIUaH 000,ltOllHaH KHIIIK8 - colon descendJp.s, HJIH MaJiaH o6o-

.ll0!IH3H 'KlHIIKa. - colon teriue BHCHT Ha ,ltJUfHHOH t$pbl)KeHKe, BbIXO.U.Simeii,H3

Kay.n:aJibHoro KopHH 6phl1Ke:HKH •. 0Ha' HN!eeT io.iibKO .nse TfHin r u nBa psns_'Kap- MaHOB,. 06pa3ysi: neTJlH, H IlOMeruaeTCH Me)KJ(y ·ripsBbIMH 11 JieBbIMH ·IlOJIQ)KeHH MH .

OOJlbIIIOH 000.llOqHOH ·KHIIIKH B UeHTpe 6p10llIHOH IIOJIOCTH, HO 'Mo:>KeT 33XQJlHTb.

1

·H B Tasosy10 noJfocTb. · . · . . ·

DpSIMU IQIWKa - rectum - OTlIOCHTeJibHO KOpOTKHH KOHli.eBOH OTJleJI TOJICTOM . KHWKH; OHS SIBJIHeTcsi:. npo.ziOJI:iKeHHeM HHcxo.n:si:ru.ero KJieHs 060,no11- HOil: KHIIIKH, nollBeIIIeHa ,B T30BOH no.noCTH BeHTp'3JlbHO .OT KpeCTU.OBOK KOCTH H DOJJ. nepBb MH XBOCTO bIMH Il03BOHK8MH 38K3HllHBaeTCSI 33.llHHM npoxo.n:oM

(auycoM). · , . , · . · . . . .

OpHMaB KHIIIKa Bnepe.n:u saycs . sepeTeHOOopaaHo pacmupS1eTCS1 B aMn!JA!J

npaM.oii KUIUKU - smpulls . recti, KOTOpaJt .CJia6o pa3BHTa JIHIIIb y )KHBOtHblX,

Bbl.lleJIHIOI.WfX nOJIY*HJlH;He KaJIOBDie l\.f8CW (y KpynHblx' . *BatllibIX). Cepo3HaSi · OOOJJOYKa UOKpb BaeT TO llbKO nepe;i.u ROJIOBHIIY ·npHMOH KHHJKH npn6.nn-

SHTeJibAO' IJ.O ypOBiIH IIOCJie;i.Hero KpecTU0Bbro II03BOHKa (y pa3HbIX }KHBOTHblX HeoHaKoso, no3a,nu nOCJie.ztHero y]{{,e HSttHiiae:rcsi: au.eeHTHUSI. · '°1H3HcT.aSI co6paHa BO. MHOJKOCTBtl JIE!rt<O pacnpaBJiSleMblx CKJJa;ztoK. . ' . .

npSIMaJ!: KHllIK8 H aHyc IIpHKpeQJISllOTCH MblWUSMlj H CBH3KSMH K I1epBbIM

10. BOCTOBbIM Il03BOHKaM H K TS3y. . • . ' . . '· . •..

flp!lM01'UutettHOX80CmOB{ffl .M.blutf¥l -rn. rectococcygeus - oopa3oeaHa npO.llOJlbHOH MycKyJisTypoii.IIpSIMOH KHWKH, KOTOpSH 'C ee BeHTP3JibHblX 0, 60 .

KOBblX CTeHOK HanpaBJISleTCH enpass H CJJ nopcoKa'YJJ.8JlHO k epB \ : CTOBbIM . IlQ3BOHK3M. facTb 3TIDi nyttIWB OCTaeTCH Ha np.SIMOH oKHWKe; cl><>PJOWY

){OpCSJlbHYIO npHMOKHillettHylO Mi,JwettHyIO neTJIIO. Mb111IU:a TSIHeT iIJHIM}'.IO••tGmJ.. KY ,(e ·SHY) ·ua3alJ. ripll eeneHHH KaJla. · · · · ·,:· ' ·

9-a/1. · 257

3

. . . Puc 150 Dpp:Maa .KHmKa B aHyc: -

A - o<faactb npllMoii/KHWKH co6aKH; s·- n poAOJibHblii pa3pes aHyca co6aKH; 1 - cana· lis urogenltalis et ni•. retractor penis; 2 -m. ischiocavernosus; 8 - m. sphincter ani e­

terni; 4 - m. levator ani; 5'-. m. coccygeus; 6 - m. sacrqcaudalis ventralis lateralis:

7 rectum; J ...._ tunlca mucosa; 9 gl. an,ates; !() · sinus anales, 11 linea rntanea;

' . " . . 12 -zona columnaris ani; J[f - qnea .anorectalis.

lloiJHUMll11ieAb anyca - m. levator . ani - HanrnaeTcSI OT ce,naJIHlll.HOH OCTH'. .iuteT Has' a,u, 'COOKy OT npSIMOiiKHWKH H OKaequsaeTCSI B Mblwuax aeyca.

<l>yRKnHH -- niee1. aayc Bnepe.n noce BbI;!{elleHHSI KaJia.

. ·. floiJBet:uUBaJOUl/lJl. C6H.8Ka aHlJCa -lig. SUspensarium ani - IiOCTpoeHa H3 rJia)l;K()H MyCKyJI8TYPhl; OTXOJJ.HT OT 2ro XBOCTOBoro Il03BOHKa H OXBaTbIBaeT

neTJleoopasHo aHyc c .ero eeeTpaJJbHon nosepxuoem. Y eaMuoB ona nepexoJ,J:u:T

B m. retractor penis, a y caMOK oKaliqueaeTCSI B noJIOBbIX ryoax. BMecTe c np'S1- MOKHUie1moA JJ.OpC8JlbH00: Mb WeqHOH neTJieH ' noMoraeT Cc}>HHKTepaM aHyca.

• AHa.AbHblu Ka.Hall canalis amilis. nf>e,nc taBJrner co6oii ·Konen: npSIMOH KHWKH, npHcnocoOJleHHbIH. JJ.JJSI sa,nep)KaHHSI KaJICBbIX Mace. 08 o6pas6BaH

KOJlbUeBBJJ.HblM KO)KHO-MblWetfHhIM BaJIHKOM c sa}l.HenpOXO}l.HbIM, HJlH aHaJibHhll\f, OTBepCTHeM (pHc. 150). Ko)Ka aHyca, TOHKaH Oe3BOJJOCaSI, ooraia nOTOBblMH H caJibHbIMH *eJiesaMH Oea saoopaqHBaeTCSI Ha· suyTpeeeioio nosepxHOCTb aey­

.ca, 06pasyS1 RO*HYIO souy - zona cutanea, .H.aJiee nepexo.H.HT .s CJIH3HCTYIO o6o- JloqKy npoMTOqHOH 30Hbl zona mtermedta, BbICTJiaHHyro IIJIOCKHM MHOro­ CJIOHHbIM anHTCJIHeM,· JIHWeHHYIO )i{eJie3 H OTJJ.eJieHHYIO OT KO HOH 30Hbl aea]Jb­

HOKQ)KHOH JIHHHeii - linea anocutanea, a OT CJIH3HCTOH o6oJioqKH npSIMOii: KHW- KH ' aHopeKTalllhHOH JIHHHeii,. hnea anorectahs. Ha npoMe*Yroqeott soee BbI.1J.eJIS1eTcS1 B BH;:i;e n9S1cKa croJI6HKOBaS1 soea - z6na columnaris ani - c

npOJlOJlbHbIMH CKJia;:i;KaMH, pa3)J.eJieHHbIMH cueycaMH.

• B aHyce ·;:i;aa cc}>HHKTepa: seyTpeHHHii cc}>HHKTep m. ,sphincter ani in- ternus .,.- H3 rJia){KOH MYCKyJiarypbI H HapyJKHhlfi cc}>HHKTep aHyc - m. sp­ hincter ani externus - us nonepeqHonoJiocaroii: MycKynaryphi, B KoTOpl>lx oKaH'- qHBalOTCSI IlOJJ.IHMaTeJib aHyca H .aHaJibHaSI nO}l.BeWHBaiow.aSI CBSlsKa•

. 11 H H e-p B a u H SI - n. pudendus. nn. pelvid. · , .

C a c y 11 bl - a• . mesenterica caudalis, a. rectalis, a.. pudenda interna.

Oco6enHOCmu. Y cot5aKH B KO:lKHOH soee aliyca OTKJ>hIBa10TCS1 MHoroqucnee­ Hble MeJIKHe. OTBepcTHSI aHaJihHblX . )KeJies - gll. anales. . B oitOJIOaHaJibHOM ₁ HJIH saD.HenpoxoJJ.HOM, cHHyce - sinus paranalis (JJ.HaMeTpoM JJ.O 2 cM) - co­

;:i;epJKaTcsi napaeaJibHhle JKeJiesbI --:- gll. .sirius paranalis, BhIJi.eJIS110IUHe TeMHO- cepyio, HenpH51THOf0 sanaxa Ma*Ylll.YIOC5{ )KH){KOCTb. .

' . "' y CBHf:IbH aeyc HaXOJJ.HTC.SI no;:i; -M XBOCTOBNM Il03BOHKOM.

_ y, JKBaqehJx npS1MaS1 k1nnKa hMeeT HecKOJibKO J<OJibufBHJJ.HbIX nepeTS1»<eK..1 CT0.!16HKosaS1 soea OTCYTCTByeT. ·

' y· JIOWaJJ.H aeyc BblnSlqHBaeTCSI BTyJIKoo6pasHO B KayJJ.aJlbHOM HanpaBJie-i HHH JJ.O 3-4 c•. Zona columnaris .ani oTCyrcTByeT.

258

Afl flAPAT JlblXA H H.SI - APPA RATUS RESP IRATORI US

1

AnnapaT JlbIXaHH.H o6ecnernrnaeT o6MeR rasos Me:>KJJ.Y aeenIHeii cpe.zioii H KpOBblO: KHCJIOpOJJ. (02) H3 BJJ.l'>IXaeMOrO B03JJ.YXa nocTynaeT B KpOBb, a H3·no..

CJieJJ.Heii BbIJJ.eJIHeTCH. yrJieKHCJiblH ra3 (C02), KOTOpblH yJJ.aJI.HeTCH H3 oprallH3Ma C BbIJJ.bIXaeMbIM B03JJ.yXOM. 'Dpouecc fa3006MeHa npOHCXOJJ.HT' B JieriillX llpH yqa­ CTHM. pecnnpaTOpno MOropnoro annapara, e ero uoMuIUhIO ocyruecTBJrne'l'Csi:: BeHTHJIHUH.H JierKHX, T. e. yJJ.aJieHHe H3 ,JieI'KHX B03JJ,yxa, HaCbllUeHHOro yrJie­ KHCJibIM rasoM (BbIJJ.OX), H 3aMeHa era CBe:>KeH iIOpUHeH . BHenrnero B03JJ.YX8

.l(blXaTeJibHaH CHCTeMa, KpOMe. Jl.bl:X,aTMbHOH c}>yHKUHH, o6ecneIIHBaeT y.n.a­ JieHHe H:ll opraHH3Ma BO)J.bI (B BHJJ.e napoe),,.HeRQTOpblX rasoB, HaKanJIHBalOIUHX­ CSI B opraHH3Me, H3jJHm:KoB T..:m1a. KpuMe"T<>r6, opraHbl JJ.b XaHHH BbIUOJIHHIOT c}>yHKUHIO scx;_npHHTHH sanaxoe (oprali o6oHsi:irnsi:), socnpoHsBe,nemrn seyKoB

(rop'raHb}. · , • . ·. , . Mop<tJoJIOrHlleCKOe H cpyHRUHoHaJibHOe COCTO.HUHe JlbIXaTeJibHOH CHCTeMbl

OK33hlBaeT OOJibIIIOe MH.ffHHe Ha :>KH3HeJJ.eHTeJibHOCTb Bcex ea1KHeiiilllt'x CHCTeM. opraHH3Ma, l!TO yqHTbIBaeTCH KaK npH npoBeJJ.eHHH npoc}>MJiaKTHqecKHX Me o-

v • :>K)J.e HIO sa OJieBaHHH :lKHBOTHbIX,' T8K ·u npH OK83aHHH

HM Heo6XO)J.HMOH JieIIe6HOH IlOMOIUH. •

PA3BHTHE OPf AHOB ,nbIXAHHSI

B npouecce HcropaIIecKoro · pasBHTHH H npeo6pas0Bae1rn opraHEI ,llbIXa-

HHH HaXO)J.HJIHCb B TecHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH cyruecBOB8HHH H THila

. JlbIXaHHH. y >KHBOTHbIX, o6HTalOIUHX B ycJIOBHHX BOJJ.HOH cpeJU,I, B03MO)KHQ

iJU</X/Jy3HOe (OJJ.HOKJieTOIIHble H -HHsUIHe MHoroK.neroYHhie . opra1rn:nw), a B ye JIOBHHX B03JJ.YWHOH cpe,nbl - mprixeuHoe (y 6ecno3BOHOIIHJ?IX) H .lle20tfJtoe (y Il03BOHOl!Hb1X) JJ.b XaHHe. 113 pa3HOBHJJ.HOCTeH MO:>KeT 6h1Tb K.OitcHblU THil )J.b Xa­ HHH (IlOIIBeHHBie mi.MepTHHbl, HeMaTO)J.bl, JIJ'HUUIKH MHOrRX HSCeKOMblX, Oe3

JierOIIHble caJiaMaHJJ.pbI) H 1CUUl£ttHblU (y HeKOTOpbIX BHJJ.OB KpyrJiblX IIepBeH H KaK JJ.OilOJTHeHHe K :>Ka6epHOMy THny )J.bIX!!'HHH .Y HeKOTOpbIX BHJJ.OB pbI6).

Y xopliciBbix napan.ne.nhHO c pa3BUTueM opraHOB poror.noTKH npouexoiur

pasBHTHe H opraeos annaparn JJ.b XaHHH. ·Ilpu aroM ea6JI10JJ.a10T pasJJ.eJieHHe nepBHqHOH pOTOBOH IlOJlTH Ha HOCOBYIO 'u co6c:TBeHHO poroBylO (CM. pHc. 118)'

o6ocot5.JieHee r.noTKH oT noJiocTU p'fa u paasnTHe »<aoepnoro annapara·c Maa- .

teJibHblM nysh1peM. Bee 3TH opraHbl sareM: HJIH npeo6pasy10Tc.H (BHCllepaJibHhle 'AYrH B opraHbl pOTOBOH IlOJIOCTH, cpe)J.Qero yxa H flO)J.'bH3billHbIH annapaT), HJIH pen.y1rnpy10TcSI · .

B OHTOreHese opraHbl JlbIXSHHH pa3BHBalOTCH B KOHUe 4-ii He)J.eJIH B pe- 3YJibT8'J:e BblnHqHBaH.H.ff BeHTp(IJibHOH. CTeHKH.3H'fOJJ.EipMaJibHOH Tpy6KH, BOKpyr KOroporo e3 Meao.neP.Mhl B03HHKa10T aee oeTaJJbHbie • Hx eocraBHhI!2 3JieMettihl.

Ilepsoeaqa.nbHO • ot5pasyeTc.SI anHTeJIHaJI&Hhlii 6yropoK sa cIIeT .·BblnHIIHBaHH.H BeHTp8JlbHOH CTeHKH nepBHHOH KHWKH B6JIH3H c nocJie)J.Heii 1K8QepHOH .no­ JlOCKOM (Ha rpaeuue IVIO'fltH c KHIHeifHOH rpy6KOH). 9w1 6y'ropOK yBeJrn:qusa- eresi: B pasMepax H yJJ.JIHHHeTcH B K?YJJ.aJibHOM HanpaBJieHHH, JJ.aBaH ·Haqano ropTaHHO•TpaxeaJibHOH saKJia,ztKe. IloCJieJJ.HHH nocrenemrn pas)J.BaHBaeTcH, o:r­

AeJIHeTCSI OT HHIUeBotta npoitoJJbHDIM )KeJIOOOM H CBOHM eaqaJibHbIM yqacTKOM cMeruaTCH Ha ypoBeHb IV *6epeo·tt .n;yrH. .l(HtTSJibHhlif napHbIH Koeeu,.pac··.

WHpHsiCb, )J.aeT HaIIaJIO JierM, 6pOHXHilJibHOMY .n;epesy; a Hep83JleJIH8III8HCSI HatiaJibHaH qacTb - Tpaxee H ropTaHH. .

PBHTHe Iioca H HOCOBOH DOJIOCTH. y BO,ll;HblX )KHBOTHbIX HOCOBSH., nOJIOCTb

npe,ncTaBJieHa JIHWb o6oHHTeJibHhlMH, HKaMH (pHc. 118-A, 2), pacnoJiara10- lllHMHCH Ha.zt. BXOJJ.OM B porosy10 noJIOcTb ·B cneuHaJibHblX o6oHHTeJibHhlX. ICan­ cyJiax H coo6ma10ruHxcH c OKPY*a10meii cpe.noii BXOJJ.HbIM H BhlXOJJ.Hhi:M· OT­ BepcTHHMH (1, J'). TaKoe pacnoJio:>KeHHe irocosoro KaHaJJa He nosOOJISIJIO · aK-

^9• 259

3'.;.....-11epn9'lilfiA xpmn; 4 :_ KOJI&nesu.11u A xp»in; 5 - TpaxeaJibHh!e . xp»inu; B -

:aca6epEile 'ftll•B HX npOB3BO)l h!e; 1 "'.'""" 'l IOCTHa }J.yra;,J' - MOJl9'fO'leK; 2 ·hOA'bH3biti­ H8H JJ.Y:ra;, 2'-.. CTpeMetiKo; 3, ii, 5, 6, 7 -1- lKa6epHh!e AYrH; 8 -.IlOA'bH3bl'lH8H KOC'i'b; 9 -.

. < . . J • . . ID,HTOBB;l(BblR xpum.; a . .HB:lKHHH qeJIIOCTb.

Kpa}t . JJJ,lHOI'Q OTBepCTHSI B pOTOBYIO nOJIOCTb paCWHJ?HJIO ero BOMO.>KHOCTH

.lJ.JUI:,«BT1frHBaHHR» BO.ll.bl BHYTPJ> H t5oee HHTeHCHBHoro pa3)1.paemrn o6oHSI·

TehbHoro' SilHTeJIHfl, 3MO.>KeHHOro· B OOdHSITeJibHQIX SIMOll.KliX. nOCJie11Hee . IfOJiyqaeT OC06eHHO Bli»rnoe 3HaqeHHe B'ycJIOBHflX B03.ll.YWHOH cpe.ll.hl, T. e. y H8MHbl-'t 1KHBOTHhIX, ,!l.bIW8lll,HX .JiefKHMH. y HHX HOCOBaSI nOJIOCTb )J.eJIHTCSI

Ha oOOH'.slTeJibHYIO (BepXHflst) H ,iwxaTeJibHYIO (HIDKHsrn) qacTH: TaKoe DO)J.- pas.n.eJieHee npHBeJIO K ..lJ.8JihffeiimeMY yc.iio.>KHeHHIO HX ·cTpQeHH.st. · Bb1pa3eJiocb 3TO B pacmHpeHHH 060HSITMbHOH qafaH 38 . cqeT CKJI8)1.0K. C-!!H3HCTOH o60JioqKH,

pa3BHTHSI B HHx yBJia>KHHIOU\HX lf«>.rres H cocy)VfcTbIX cn.nexea'idi .zvrn c

, rJ)eeaHHSI B,!1.bIXaeMorp B03)1.yxa. CKJia)J.KH cJIHSHcroif oC)oJioqKH 3aTe¥ ope- :

06pa3y10n;a B o6oHSITeJibHbl JiaOOpHHT H HOCOBhie paKOBHHbl. Pa306meHHe HO­

COBOJ'% flOJIDCW 'OT pOTOBOH B pesyJihTaTe paaBl-l'THSI 'TBepro H MSlrKOf(i) He6a npHee.no K pa3BHTHIO sropuqub!X, xoau u pa3)1.eJieHHIO il:ocoeoli noJiocTH Ha .ll.Be CHMMeTpHqHble nOJIOBHHbl. . . .

B nepHeit 11'1CTH pOTOBOH HQJIOCTH HMeeTCSI CCOOllI,eHHe c HOCOBOH no

JIOCTblO 38 cqeT coxpaHHBIUHXCSI nepBHqHbIX 1W aH B BH)J.e HOCO·He6uoro K8H8JI8 H o6oco6JieHHH OT o6oHSITeJibHOro OT,!\eJia COWHHKOBO-HOCOBOro opraHa - or­

ganon: VOinefOD8Sale. IloCJieJUHlff XOpOWO pa3BflT y SlmeJ>HU H 3Meff, B .TO BpeMSI KS!f; y BblCWHX ,penTHJIHH (qepenaxH, KpOKO)J.HJibI) H nTHIJ. OH pe.ztyU..HpOB8H. y MHOfHX MJieKOTIHT810lll,HX COWHHKOBO·HOCOBOH opraH pa3BHT xopowo .B BH)J.e na'p1ioii ;llJIH1llOH Tp.y6oiucM, Ol{pyltreHHOH xp11r.nesoii KaneyJiou H CHaWKaeMOH oco6oif BeTBhIO o6oHSITeJihHOro uepsa. ' • . : ,

XpSiw.eooif ocros ropTalie pa3BHJICSI us eaMeHeHHblx ocTaTKOB IV, V Jt VI

s11e11;epa.1IbltblX: .zcyr (pue. 151). Heps1:>1e napn1:>1e ooKOBE>Ie xpsnnu qirtilagines lateralis - noSIBHJIHCb y ,aM<tm6uu. B .lJ.8JihHeliweM oHa CJJHJIHcb B HenapHbi::H

1 K.OJ1bt¥,eui}Hblt1 pRUf -:--.cartilago cricoidea, KOTOPl>li'i y 'pemHJIH H y MJieKO­ nHTaIOW,Hx CH6.>KeH .ll.OPC8JibHOH nJTaCTijHKOH, cqx>pMHpoea'eweifcll H3 0CT8TKOB

IV H ·V BHcuepaJihHbIX .ll.yr. Or 6oKOBbJX xpSiw.eif OT;zI.eJIHJI»Ch ttepnaAoeuiJH.blff

xpRwµ -,c;attilago arytenoidea, noKpb!Thle cJIH3HCTOH o6oJioqKoif, BhmoJIHHK>­ lUHe cfJYHKU.AIO KJlanaHOB npH BXOAe .B ropT8Hb H HSOJIH;py10w.He ee BO BpeMH nporJiaThlBaHHSI nHlII.H. Kay.ztaJlbuo QT KOJihUeBH.lJ.IJOro xpSiw.a BO$HHKJIH xpSI­ meilhle ITJiactHHKH, H3 HHX c<IJopMHpOBaJIHCb xp'SIW.H .TpaxeH . H 6pOHXOB.

·Y MJieKonRTa10m.Hx K qepnaJioBHAHhlM e KOJI'buesHP.HOMY xpSiw.aM .lJ.06a&o

260

JIS110TcS1 t4umoeuanbtu xpRUf - car-

. tilago thyroidea, 06pa3y10m.Hii:cS1 H3 ocTaTKOB IV H V slicuepaJihHhIX )lyr,.

H naiJeopmanHblu XPRUf - cartilago epiglottidis, pa3BHBWHHCSI B none- .

pe4Hoii: CKJl3,l{Ke CJIH3HCTOH OOOJIOqKH

srrepe BXO)lS B ·roptaHh. Dot.nek HHH BMecte c qepnaJIOBH.l{HhlMH xpSI-

. e HBaeT Ha.l{e)J{HOCTh- pa- 306m.eHHSI .ITOJIOCTH ropTaHH OT rJIOT• .

KH npH rrporJiaThIBaHHH nmu;H.

bIWUhl ropTaHH PMliPYJOTCSI

• H Me3eHXHMhIIV H V BHcUepaJihHhlx

)lyr H IT03TOMY HHHepBH y10'fcg BeT- BSIMH JIYiK)laWm.ero H ·)lo6asoqHoro HepBOB.

JierKHe, KaK OCHOBHruf . opraH

ra3006MeHa, B qmJioreHeae pa3BHB!;J.­ IOTCSI H3 crreuna.Jiffi3HposaHnoro oap­

. 6HH; B - Hlll;epHUhl; r, l1. - 11epenaxH;

1-:-.auHHyc; 2 -.aoJibKa; 3 -.aopcaJib·

_{Horo rrJiaBaTeJihHQro rry3hlpSI, KO} . Hhle .D:OJibKH; 4 -BeHTpaJJbHb!I! .D:OJibKH.

pb!H y .l{By)lhlIUall{HX pb16 Bb!IIOJIH$1- .

eT fH)lpOCTarnqecKyJO cpyHKUHIO \ H SIBJISleTCSI .pe3epsyapoM .l{JISI CKOnJieHHsi B03P,yxa HCIT0Jlb3yeMoro B KaqecTBe HCTOYHJ.J.Ka. ,A.llSI µ.0110 l'IHHT@JlhHQf'O HOC.

TynJieHHSI . KHCJIOpo)la B KpOBb. c nepeXO.l{OM K B03JlYWHOMY )lb!XaHHIO OH CTa­

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