-
OcebOfl ckejiet
Oceaoii cKe.neT co_cTaBJifleT ocHOBY Te.Tia 1KHBOTHOro H ero noJIOCTeH: - qe
penHoii, HOCOBOH, pOTOBOH, rpy)\HOH, 6p!OlIIHOH H Ta30BOH, r.n;e 3aKJIJOl{eHbl Ta- KHe )KH3HeHHO aamHble opraHhl, KHK rOJIOBHOH l'I Cill'IHHOH M031, op1 aHbl i&BCTB
H annapaThl, 06ecneqHBa10w.He o6MeH aew.ecTB If pa3MHO>KeHHe (nmn.eaap .TeJih HbIH:, .llblXaTeJibHhIH,' MoqenOJIOBOH). JIBJiflHCh CJI01KHOH C}fCTeMOH pb1qarOB anna-· parn .llBH1KeHHSI, oceaoif cKeJieT cJiy>KHT oornHpHolf nJIOlll.MhJO ,n;JIH npHKpem1e- HHSI CKeJleTHblX MhIIIIU., . .
CKEJI ET WEH, TYJIOBH ll.lA H XBOCTA
9.neMeHTapHOH CPCTaBHOH qacThlO CKeJieTa rneH, TYJIOBHW.a H XBOCTa CJiy1KHT KOCTHhIH cerMeHT (cM. pttc. 9-A), o6pa30BaHHblH n<J380HICOM - vertebra, na poii pe6ep - costae - H' yqacTKOM epyiJunbJ. - stemebra, KOTOpb1e o6paayIOT noAHb/.a Kocmnbl.a ceeM.enm. .CToJIHhIH KOCTHhlH cerMeHT npHcyw. nepsbIM 7-9
P M
PHc.
8.
TiocJie.l{c:iBaTeoibHhle
CTMHH
o6pa30B8HHll
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I - MHHorH; 11-V : ceJia:1ui; 1 -
nepe.l{HHH H 2 - 38.l{HHH .l{OpcaJibHble
.l{YrH D031lOHKa; 3 - MHOCenTa; 4 -
.l{OpcaJibHblH H 5 - BeHTp8JibHMH CDHHHOM03rOBble Hepsbl; 6 - xop.l{a; 7 --.BeHTp8JibHble .l{yrH D03BOHKa;
. 8 - pe6po; 9 -reMaJibHblH oTpOCTOK;
. -no e p o ,
ra D03BOHKa; 12 -OCTHCTblH OTpOCTOK;
13 -TeJIO D03BOHKa.
ctno1t6 - columna vertebralis, KO· TOpbIH IlOJlpil,3)1.e.IJSieTCH Ha rneH:-
HhIH, rpyJlHOH, n SIC ' KpecTII.OBhIH H XBOCTOBOH OT.!J.eJlhI.
CTeneHb pa3BHTHii° KOCTHb X cer- MeHTOB H CTpoeHHe ero 9JieMeHTOB
B pa3JIH.qHhIX OT)l.eJiax Il03BOHOqHoro CTOJI6a HMeIOT CBOlf xapaKTepHbie oco- 6eHHOCTH, o6ycJIOBJieHHpre pa3JIHqHSJMH BhIIlOJIHSieMbIX ¢yHKnHH:.
PaasHTee . CKeJieTa wen, Tynosuw.a u xsoCTa
3JieMeHTapHOH COCTaBHOH qacTblO OCeBOfO CKeTa y flH3lIIlfiX XOp,ll.OBbIX H Il03BOHOqHbIX CJIYLKHT CillfHHast CTpyHa, HJIH x9piJa -'chorda, KOTOpaSI Ha paH
HHX CTa)l.HHX pa3BHTHH HMeeT 9HTOMe30llepMaJibHOe npOHCXO:>K)leHHe' H pacnona- raeTC.H no.11: cnHHHPIM M03roM. Xop.11:a s KattecTBe nocTOSIHHOi'o opraHa ¢yHKneo HHpyeT y KpyrJIOpOThIX, neJibHOfOJ10BhlX, OCe'l'pOBh X · .H .UBY)l.h lliaIIJJ;f X pbr6.
y .11:pyrHx· n03BOHOqHbIX OHa'3aMeHSieTCSI TeJiaMH Il 03BOHKOB, pa3BHBaIOW:HXCSI lf3
COe)l.HHHTeJibHOH TKaHH o6oJioqKlf nepsHqHOH xophl (pee. 8-6'), H coxpam1eT CSI y· HHX HJIHB J;IH)l.e TSI:>Ka c qeTKO Bbipa:>KeHHhlMH nepexsaTaMH B MeCTaX pac
nOJIO>KeHHH Te.n: 003BOHKOB (y pl:>I6) •, H.UH B BH/1.e tte60JiblIIHX yqacTKOB B ueHTpe TeJI Il03BOHKOB (3eMHOBO)l.Hbie), HJilf Mem)l.y 0038.0HKaMH B Blf)l.e nyJihil03HOrO H)l.pa B Me:>Kd03BOHOqHbIX xpSIUI.aX (MJieKOilHTalOlll.lfe}.
·113 coe,nHHHTeJibHOTKa1nihIX' ·o6oJioYeK, qicpy)l{a!OW:HX xop,ll.y H cnHHHOH M03r, H H3 COe,ll.HHHTeJibHOTKaHHhlX . neperopO)l.OK, pacnoJiaraIOUI.lf XCH MeLK,ll.y
' Mlf0TOM8MH npaBOH If JieBOH CTOpORhI (Me)l.Hal,IHaSI Jl.OpcaJibHaSI neperopo)l.Ka), y ,n:opc<l.llbHblMH H BeHTpaJiaHbIMH MlfOMepaMH (ropH30HTaJibH3SI geperopO,ZI;-
Ka) H Me:>KJlY BeHTpaJihHhIMlf MHOMepaMH H napHeTaJibHbJM JIHCTKOM cep03HOH
OOoJIOqKlf nepBHqHOH rpy.u.o6pIOlIIHOH IlOJIOCTH (ne.noM), npOHCXO)l.HT pa3BHTHe JieMeHTOB 6y,ayw.ux H03BOHKOB ('FeJIO, H03BOllO'Hlhle JJ:YFH, noneperrnhle, OCTHC-
Tbie H reMaJibHbie otpOCTKH) H pe6pa.
y .K p y r JI 0 p 0 T hi x (MlfHOra) no 6oKaM OT CilHHHOrO M03ra (pHc. 8-
-/) B COe)l.lfHHTeJihHOTKaHHOH o60JIOtIKe qmpMHpyeTCSI napHhIH pSI,ll. He60JiblIIHX xpHm:eBbIX BhICTynoB (3aqaTKH )l.OpcaJihHh X in;yr), KOTOpbre pacnonaraIOTCH Ha.
XOPJle (6). B CHJIY roro qro y MHHOrH .u.opcaJibHhie (4} H'J;leHTpaJibHbie (5) CIIHHHO
M03f0Bble HepB·bI OTXO)l.HT OT CillfHHOFO M03ra caMQCTOSITeJibHO H Ha HeKOTOpOM p,aCCTOSIHHH 0)1.HH OT .11:pyroto, TO H 3aq3'fKOB ,nopcaJibHJ?IX ){yr Ha KaR<,ll.hlH cer-
. MeHT 1_1PHXOJ{HTCH no )I.Be napbl, H3 KOTOphlx KpaHH3JlbHaH napa (1) OTXOJJ.HT PT
XOp,ll.bIIl038Jllf, KpaHHaJihHOro (BeHTpaJibHOro) KOpelllKa (4), a Kay,ll.aJihHa1I napa
36 - I
(2) JI.yr - C3aJJ.H' Kay.zi;anbHOro (Aopca bHOro) KOpeuIKa (5) Cill:fHHOM03fOBbIX HepaoB., CTpHMepHO TaKoe >Ke CTpOeHHe oceaoH: OT}lEJI n03BOHOqHoro CTO.n6a IIMe 'eT y HH3UIHX pbI6 (y ceJiaXHH), HO y HHX nepe,ll.HHH JJ.yra B OTJlllqlie OT 33.UHeii
'He JJ.OCTHraeT xop.uhI. y ceJiaXttH (pHC. 8_-//) HapH.llY c ,ll.OpcaJibHb MH .llYfi:l.MII
1IMe10rcSI a Ka>KJJ.OM cerMeHTe eru.e .use rraphI aeHTpaJibHhlX JJ.yr (7), ap1IKpenJieH-.
Hble K xop)l.e c JiaTepoaeH'tpaJibHOH aoaepxHocm. B noc.Jie.l{y10ur.e¥ y HIIX 3aJ1. HHH nOJIOBIIHa K3.lK}lOro cerMeHTa-3aMern.aeTCSI XpSiur.esoH: TK3Hb!O II ripeapaw.aeT
CH B TeJIO xpHrn.esoro ll03BOHKa KOJihueBH.l{HOH cpopMbI (6').· .LJ.at!btteH:rnee YCIIJie-
XHH coxpaHSI!OTCSI B BII,ne caMOCTOSITeJibHhIX xpSIUI.eBbIX 0 pa30BaHHH, HJIII CT -
aoqHbIX aJiaCTIIHOK (interacalaria). · . . · ·
Y K o c T u c T bl x pbI6 II y 3eMitOBOJJ.'H x pyJJ.HMeHTapHbie 3aKJia.UKH" acrn-
"soqHbIX
XpHru.eli,
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Ha
paHHHX
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pa3BHTIISI,
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)1.HT pa3BHTHe HepBHOH JJ.Yrn (11) II OCTilCTOro otpOCTKa (12), a II3 HIILKHHX -
6oKOBhie,, HJUI aonepeqHbie (10) H reMaJibHbie (9) OTpOCTKH. K 6oKOBbIM OTpOCT- KaM npIIMb Ka!OT pe6pa (8), pa31;\HB3!0UI.IIecSI H3 coe.uHHIITeJibHOTKaHHbIX aepe ropOJJ.OK (MIIOCem); H3 HIIX B ropH30HTaJihHOH aeperopOJJ.Ke, OT,ll.eJI.H!OUI.eH 6pIOIII
0
Hble li CIUIHHble OTZ(eUbl6oKOBOH Mbllllllbl. pa3BHB3!0TCSl BepXHHe pe6pa, a B coe-
)l.IIHHTeJihHOTKaHHOH aeperopOJJ.Ke MeLK.llY 6pIOIIIHbIMII Mb llIU3MH H 6p101µHHOH HIILKH1Ie pet5pa. y KIICTenepbIX pb 6 IIMelOTCSI KaK HHJKHHe, TaK H sepXHIIe
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-
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pep.
feMaJihHhie oTpOcTKH ifMeIOT aeuxpa.llbHDe HanpaaJieHHe H c 6oKOB oxaaTb -
B3!0T cmrnHyIO aopTy. B XBOC.TOBOM OT}leJie reMaJibHbie OT'pocTKB CBOHMH HH>K HHMH KOHU3MH MOryT CMblKaTbCSI II o6pa30BbIB3Tb eeM.a/lbHYIO iJyey - arcus hemalis., a11yTp11 KOTopoif npoxo.n:sn xoocTOBhle aprep1rn u aetta · Bepu uaa r - MaJibHOH ;ZJ.yrn (oco6eHHO y CeJiaXIIH II oceTpOBbIX pbI6) apO,ll.OJI)KaeTCSI B H.U;JKH.UU QcmucmbJ.ii ompocmoK - proc. spinisus .hemalis. · . ·
y Ha3ebiX 003BOHOqnblX 38 C'IeT C00J(HH€HIHI BeI:ITpallhHbIX KOHJl.OB HIOK-
HIIX pe6ep 06pa3y10TcH aapHble{xpm.1,1,eable nJiaJ:!TIIHKH, KOTOpb1e, cpacraSich MJ1.Y coooH:, 06pa3y10r Te.TIO rpyJJ:HHbl'. - corpus sterni. · y a M ct> H 6 H i; 8 C8n3M c BTOfHltIHOH pe;l{yKuueH: Hff;)KHHX pe6ep rpy.o:uHa pa3BIIBaercSI He3aBHCIIMO -OT pe6ep H IIMeeT He!IOCpe.ucTBeHHOe OTHOUieHIIe K nJieqeaoMy aoSicy, T3K'K3K CJlY.>KIIT MeCTOM apHKpen.lieHHSI KOpaKOH,ll.HblX Koc;reli.
Y p e n r 11 JI 0 li r PYAHHa raK:me nrpaer onopuy10 poJib ,aJI5J KopaKOHll:HDIX
KOCTefi: H HeCKOJibKIIX nap (1-3) pe6ep. y 3MeH: B CBSI3H c pe,ll.yKUIIeH koHeqHOC Teii rpyJJ.IIHa OTCyTctsyeT IICB060)l.Hble KOHU.bl pe6'ep BblOOJIHSl!OT oaopHylO cpyHK-'
UIIIO npH aepe,!1.BH1KeH1111.
y a T H II, rpyJ1.HHa, SIBJISIIDUI.aSICSI MecTOM npHKpenJieHHSI MOIU.HOH BeHT
PHc. 9. CxeMa cerMeHToB H3 pa3JJH'IHhlX OT
,){eJIOB oceeoro cKeJJeTa TyJJoamua:· •
A
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KOCTHh!ii:
cerMeHT
·(no3BOHOK;
napa
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rpy){HHhl
;
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KOCTHble
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(no3BOHKH
c
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pe6paMH);
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Il03BOHOK
co
cpocUIHMHcH nonepe'IHb!M .J H pe6epHbIM OT pDCTKaMH; D, E - noHCHH'IHblH H ·KpecTuoeblH
Il03BOHKH c Bll,l{OH3MeHeHHblMH nonepe'IHblM}j OT pocTirnMH; D' - noHCHH'IHbIH no3eoHoK c o6oe
){HHeHHhlM cocueBH,l{HblM H cycTaBHblM OTpOCTKa MH; F, (]' H -XBOCTOBble ll03BOHKH c ra3JIH'l
HOU CTeneHblO !JblpalKffiiubCTH HX OCHOBHblX 3Jle- MeHTOB,
-+j- g ..
fJ ff
37
PHc. 10.. CKeJieTbl .l{OMaIIIHHX MJieKonHTa10w.Hx:
I - co6aKH; If - CBHHl>H; Ill '- KopOBbl; IV - OBUhl; v·- K031;>1; VI - JIO·
ma.l{H; 1 - CKeJJeT roJIO!'lbl; 2 ,.-- rneii:Hble Il03BOHKH; 3 ·;_ rpy.l{Hble Il03BOHKH; 4 - IlOllCHHqHl.ie Il03BOHKH; 5 - KpeCTUOBble Il03BOHKH (KpecTeu); 6 - XBOCTOBble Il03· BOHKH; 7 - JJOilaTKa; 8 - nJieiieeall KOCTh; 9 - KOC1H npe.l{nJieqbll (JiyqeBall H 9' -JIOKTeBall KOCTH); JO -KOCTH 3ailllCTbll; 11 -KOCTH IlllCTH; 12 - KOCTH
naJibUeB; 13 - pe6pa; 14 - rpy.l{HHa; 15 - Ta30Ball KOCTb (15' - MaKJIOK, 15" -Ce,l{aJIHW.Hbll!: 6yrop); 16 -'- 6e.l{peHHall KOCTb; 17 - KOCTH rOJieHH (6oJJblll3ll H MaJiall ePUOBble KOCTH); 18 - KOCTH .3al1JIIOCHbI (CK3K3TeJibHbIH cycTaB); 19 -
KOCTH IlJIIOCHhl,
38
C y c T a s bl: a - nJieqesoii:; b - JIOKTesoii:; c - 3anHCTHhlii; d - nyio-
t -
. BhlH; e - BeHe•IHblii; KOilblTHblH; h -Taao6e.l!.peHHblH; i - KoJieHHblH;
k - sanJIIOCHeBhlH.
39
paJihHOH rpynnhl MhlIIIU nJieqeBoro nmrca if BhlilOJIH.mow;aH QCHOBHYJO <}>yHK-· U.IJOHaJihffYIO ,Jiarpy3KY npH noere, noJiyqaer HaH6oJiee Cl\JlhHOe pa3BHTHe.
y M JI e K.0 n H T a IO Ill; if x rpy.turna }.(Hcj>$epeHUHP!)BaHa H.a p y K 9 H T
K y -manubrmm, r.lle ·npHKpeiIJIHIOTCH KJIIOqHUhI (eCJIH TaKOBhle HMeIOTCH)
. H nepBaH napa pe6ep, Te/lO -corpus, COCTOHlll;ee H3 HeCKOJihKHX cerMeHTOB,.
}{a CThle KOTOphlx npOHCXO,llUT npHKpen.neHHe COOTBeTCTByIOU(ei'J: napbI pe- 6epHhlX xpHrue.ii:, H M:etteeuaHbttl .oTpoctoK -xiphosternum, HMeIOIUHH raKoe
:m:e. npoHCXO>K,lleHHe, qro H TeJio, HO yrpaTHBIIIHH CBH3h c e6 aMH.
. oaqHhle
B
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HhJX OH pacnoJiaraeTcH Bnepe.llH PY.KOHTKH H CJiy>KHT MecTOM npHKperrJieHHH KopaKOH;llHblX KOCTeH: (M. 11. llIMaJihray3eH, 1947). .
TaKHM o6pa30M, BOJifOUHH cKeJiera TYJIOBHIUa nrnrnoHoqHhlx IIIJia no
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0
HhIMH OTpOCTKaMH B . OT,lleJiax, KOTOpbie nonyYtrnli 6oJihWYIO no,a,mrnmocTb (pHC. ,9). I . .
Pa3BHTHe rpy.D.Hhlx KQHeqHocTeii: H npHKperIJieHHe Hx K 6oKOBhIM cTeH
1
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KJieTKH. Pa3BHTHe Ta30BhIX KOHeqHocteii H rrpoqHoe. Hx ,npHKpenJiem1e K rro-
1 3BOHOqHoMy 'CfTOJil'.)y corrpoB02KJJ;aJIHCb rr1foqHhIM cpacTaHIJ,eM OTJJ;eJihHbIX TI03BOHKOB MC>KllY cu6oii: u o6pa30BaHHeM Kpec:rua. . . .
XBOCTOBOii OT,lleJI y Ha3eMHhIX n03BOHOqHbIX B orrpe.D.eJieHHOH cTenemi: yrpaqHBaeT . CBoe nepB(:>HaqaJihHOe 3Haqemi:e KaK OCHOBHOH 'JIOKOMOTOpHhIH opraH, ll03TOMY OH 3HaYliTeJihHO . yKopo· en H·JIH pe;llyuHpoMH. . .