0KpacKa MbttHh; ho;ltBepm:eHa 3Ha•m1eJibHb m aapHaUhhm ot cBe1'JlbIx tohob
.n.o 6ypo-KpacHoro UBeTa, qTo HaXO.l{HTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HaCblll.l,eHHOCTH B Mf>l llJeqHoii TKaHH MHOrJJ06HHa. y MOJJO.zthIX R<HBOTHb X MblllJUbl HMeIOT OOJJee cBeIJiyro oKpacKy, qeM y ciapmnx 'soapacrna. B Mhimuax, BhIIlOJJHHIOlll.HX OoJJb- llIYIO HarpyaKy, OKpacKa TeMHaH (KpacHhle Mbillillhl), B TO BpeMH KaK MaJJo.neH
TeJJbHble MblllJUhl xapaKTepH3YIOTCH GBeT- 9. XHMH'lecKHH COCT8B MblW"' MJleKO-
JIOH OKpaCKOA (6eJib1e MbllliUbI), B _qeM DHT810ll\HX (no 11. 11. 11BaHoBy H
|
MOR<HO narJJHAHO y6e.ztHTbCH npH cpanHe- |
B. A. IOpbesy, |
1961) |
|
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HHH uaeTa MHMJfliecKHX MblllJU c R<eBaTeJJb- |
|
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Hb!MH HJJH rpy.nHoe Mhlllillbl KYPHIIhI a MblllJUaMH Ta30BOH KOHeqnoCTH. |
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CKeJJeTHhle
MblllJUbI
.n.oMallIHHX
R<HBOT-
HbIX
COCTOHT
noqTH
Ha 5
H3
BO.zthl,
OKOJJO
2-3 % KOTOpoii HaXO.l{HTCH B CBH3aHHOM.
COCTOHHHH (B COCTaBe MHUeJJJJ H MeR<MH-
Ue.TIJJHpHbIX npocTpaHCTB ' a OCTaJJbHaH - B CB060.n110M COCTOHHHH. OpranHqecKHe
coe.ztHHeHHH COCTaBJIHIOT OKOJJO 1/ MaCCbI
Mblllillbl, OOJJbllIYIO qacTb HX COCTaBJJHIOT ' t5eJJKOBble BeIUecTBa (.no 20 %). JlHIIH.l{bI B MblllJUe n e.ncTaBJJeHbI II eHM IIJ,ecTBeHHO
OpraHH'leCKHe semecma
B T. 'I.:
6e.TJKH
rJIHKoreH
¢oc<t>aTH.ztbl XOJiecrepHH
HoipocipaT KpeaTHHHH
AT<I>
20-26
16 5..._20 9
0,3-0,9
0,2-0,3
0,2
0,2-0,55
0,003-0,005
0,!2,5-0,4
¢occf>aTH.ztaMH (JJeUHTHHbl, Kecf>aJJHHbI, aue
KapHHTHH
0 '2- ' 5
·TaJJbcf>occf>aTH.zthl H.np.) B KOJJHqecTBe .no 1%
,0 0,0
H XOJiecTe HHOM . OKOJJO 0 2 % . CTOMHMO 6eJJKOB H R<HpOB, B COCTaB opraHHqecKHX
sew.ecTB MhlllIU BXOAHT rJJHKOren, 3KCTpaK THBHbie B ecTBa COJJH 0 raHHqec HX H
. HeopranifqecKHX KHCJJOT H HeK01'0pbie .npy rne XHMHqecKHe coe.nHHeHHH (Ta6JJ. 9).
no.naepR<eH aaaqHTe.rrbHbIM B03pacTHb M H B MeHbllieH CTeneHH BH,Z{OBbIM, IIOpO.ztHb M
aHcepHH •
n HHOBble OCHOBa- HHH
cso6o.ztHble 8MHHo- KHCJIOTbl
HH03HT
MOJIO'IH8H KHCJIOT8
HeopraHH'leCKHe coJIH
0,09-0,15
0,07-0,23
'o,l-0,7
,.
0,01 I
0,01-0,02
l,0-1,5
H IlOJIOBhiM OTJJHqHHM, qro npe>K.ne acero CBH3aHO c HeO,llHHaKOBblM co.nepR<a HHeM B HHX BO,llbl.
MbillieqHaH TKaHb ·HBJJHeTCH HaH6oJJee cy1IJ,ecTBeHHoii H ueHHOii qacTbIO
MHCa - npo.nyKTa, noJJyqaeMoro IIOCJJC y6oH >KHBOTHoro. CBe>Kee MHCO, KaK npanHJJO, cyxoe, >KCCTKoe, npH aapKe .naeT MYTHhiii H HenpHHTHh ii 6yJihOH. EcJJH
MSlCO BbI.nep>KaTb npH TeMnep aType 2-4° c B TeqeHHe 2-3 cyT, TO HaCTynaeT
119
,ero coapeBaHHe. lpH coapeBaHHH MHCa B MblllleqHOH TKamiIlO,l{ BJJHHHHeM <t>ep MeHTaTHBHblX npou.eccos npOHCXO){HT U.e.TibIH pH,n: <l>H3HKO-XHMHqecKHX H 6HOXH
MHqecKHX H3MeHeHHH, KOTOphle yJiyqlllaIOT BKYCOBble H IlHTaTeJibllhle KaqecTBa MHCa, KaK npo,n:yKTa. .
OCOBEH HOCTH HCTOPHllECKOro
H Hll;ll.HBH;ll.YAJibHOfO PA38HTH'1 CKfJIETH blX ,MblWU:
Mblll!Uhl Te.i:Ia Il03BOHO'IHhlX pa3BHBalOTCH· H3 MHOTOMOB, pacnQJiaralO!llHXCH MeTaMep HO B COOTBeTCTBHH c cerMeHTauHeli TeJia :lKHBOTHOro.
Y JiaHUeTHHKa, KaK H y Apyrnx pHMHTHBHhlX noseoHO'IHhlX, BC.II MycKyJiaiypa TYJIO·
BH!lla npcTaBJieHa ABYMH npQ'AOJibHhlMH Mblll!UaMH, COCTOH!llHMH H3 OTAeJibHhlX MHOMepoB. KaQaH 6oKOBaH MhlIIIua pasAeJieHa ropH30HTaJibHoli.COe,!j:HHHTeJibHOTKaHHO neperpOA- ·
Mblll!Uhl CilHHhl, a H3 J;leHTpaJibHOH - Mhlll!Ubl 6oKOBb!X CTeHOK TYJIOBHma.
B CBH3H co CJIHHHHeM MHOMepoB H HC'le3HOBeHHeM Me:lKMhlIIIe'IHJ:>IX neperopOAOK npo HCXOAHT H3MeHeHHe HanpaBJieHHH MblIIIe'IHhlX ny'IKOB H IlOApa3AeJieHHe HX Ha noeepXHOCT- Hlile H JJIJOOKHe CJIOH, '!IQ oc66eHHO npoHBJIeTCH y BhlCIIIHX pb10.
y Ha3eMHb!X Il03BOH0'1Hb1X nep:B0Ha'!a.l!li11oe .1'10Apa3AeJieHHe MhlIIIU Ha AOpCaJibHhle
H BeHTpaJibHble OTAeJibl e Bb!pa:lK.eHbl (XBOCTaTble aMq>H6HH), HO c HC'le3HOBeHHeM ropH3.0H
TaJibHOil: COHHHTeJibHOTKaHHOH ne ero 0 KH aMHHOT r aHH hi Me HHMH HC'le3 T. CBH3H c pa3BHTHeM KoHe'IHOCTeli, AH<M>epeHUHaqHeli OTAe.iiOB ·Il03BOHoqHoro CTOJI6a
H·YTpaTOH AOpCaJibHOH MYCKyJiaTypoli Bymeii pOJIH B JIOKOMOTOpHoir ¢YHKUHH npOHCXO- • AHT 3Ha'IHTeJibHhle H3MeHeHHH B MhlIIIuax TyJioBH!lla. PesyJibTaTOM sToli nepecrpoil:KH HBH-
11o'c1. To: !!TO OT uep8011a1ia11&11oii ll@TaMepHH B CHllllHOii MycKyJiaType coxpalll!JIHeb JIH!llb
ee c.JieAhl I} BHAe MetaMepHoro pacnpeAeJieHHH KOpOTKHX Mhlll!U Me:lKAY OTAeJibHblMH KOCT HhlMH cerMeHTaMH.
B. Mhlmuax rpyAHOli H 6pIOIIIHoii CTeHoK yrpara MeraMepHoro crpoeHHH npHBeJia K o6pa3uBaHHIO mHpoKHX MhllliU, KOTOphle Il0Apa3AeJIHJIHCb Ha IlOBepXHOCTHhle; npoMe:lKy TO'IHhle H rJiy60KHe IlJiaCThl C pa3JIH'IHhlM HanpaBJieHHeM MblIIIe'!HhlX IlY'IKOB. flepBH'!HaH cerMeHTaltHH coxpaHHJiaCb J!Hlllb B Mel&pe6epHhlX MhlIIIUaX.
PasBHTHe pe6ep H HX pOJib B Ka'lecree phl'laroe npH ocymeCTBJieHHH J:[3MeHeHHii o6'be- Ma rpyAHOH IlOJIOCTH npH AhlXaHHH llPHBeJIH K 'AH<M>epeHuHaUHH MhllllU Ha HHCilHpaTOpb! (BAhlXaTeJIH) H SKCnHpaTOphl (BhlAblXaTeJIH). . .... '
B o6JiacTK roJIOBhl CKeJieTHhle MhlIIIUhl HaH6bJiee 'CJIO:lKHoro npo11cxoQeH11.11. BHcue pa111.aaH MYCKyJiaTypa BHCuepaJibHOFO aaaapaTa nepBO!la'laJib!IO HJle,!l;CTaBJU Jia CIIJIOHlllOH
. Mblllle'!Hhlii IlJiaCT, OXBaTblBalO!llHH nepeAHuii OTAeJI m meBapHTMbHOro TpaKTa, KOTOphlli saTeM Il0Apa3AeJIHJICH Ha noeepXHOCTHhle H rJiy6oKue CJIOH. fJiy6oKHe CJIOH Mblllle'IHhlX . ny'IKOB y KpyrJiopOTblX H ceJiaXKH BCTynalOT B CBH3b c }Ka6epHhlM annapaTOM H IlOABepra- IOTCH ;u;mpct>epeHUHB!lHH. .
BTopaiI '!aCTb MhllllU tOJIOBhl pa3BHBaeTCH H3 sayIIIHb!X MHOTOMOB, y'laCTBYIO!llHX B o6pasoBaHHH H3ll:lKa6epHoii H nOA:>Ka6epHoli MycKyJiaTyphl, H H3 nepe,nHHX TYJIOBH!llHhlX
MHOTOMOB, KOTOphle pacnoJiaraJOTCH C33llH :>Ka6epHoro annapaTa H pacnpocrpaHHIOTCH B
. BHAe MblIIIe•rnoro UJiaCTa DOA BHCuepaJibHhlM annapaToM. CIOAa y B3pOCJihlX lKH50THhlX IlOA XOAHT Mhlll!e'!Hhlil nJiaCT, npeACTaBJIHIO!llHH co6oii KpaHHaJibHOe IlPOAOJI:lKeirne 6p!OlllHOH
MYcKyJiaTyphl TYJIOBH!lla, K01'opa.11 y pb16 Ha'IHHaeTCH OT nJie'leeoro no.11ca H saKaH'IHBaeTCH Ha JKa6epHb1X ,a;yrax.. Y seMHOBOAHblX . 011a 6epeT 11a'laJ10 OT HJie'l.eeoro HoHea 11 rp,y;11;1111bl,
3aKaH'IHBaeTCH Ha IlOA'blj:3hl'IHOH KOCTH, a OT Hee 3aTeM npOAOJI:lKaeTCH AO MeCTa COeAHHeHHH HH:lKHe'leJIIOCTHhlX KOCTeii MeQy co6oii. Or IlOCJieAHeii y Ha3eMHhlX Il03BOHO'IHb!X o6oco6JIH- eTCH co6CTBeHHaH MycKyJiaTypa H3b1Ka. "
. B OHTOretfe3e nonepe'IHOilOJIOCaTble, HJIH CKeJieTHble, MhllllUbl Ha'IHH310T AHcpcpepeH UHpoBaTbCll'H3 MHOTOMOB npH6JIH3HTe.tlbHO Ha IlHTOii HeJie sM6pHoreHesa. 3aKJI3llKH 6y
AY!llHX CKeJieTHhlX MhlllIU nepBOHa'laJibHO pacnOJiaralOTCH MeTaMepHo B COOTBeTCTBHH c
nepBH'IHOii cerMeHTaUHeii Tena pa3BHBaIOmerocH sapOAblma. Ka:lKJib!H MHoMep pacnoJI ara- eTCH MeQy ABYMll CKJiepOTOMaMH H OTAeJilleTCH OT COCeAHHX. MHOMepoB CC>e,AHHHTeJibHO-
TKaHHhlMll neperopOAKl!MH, HJIH MHQCenTaMH. •
B AopcailbHOH o6JiaCTH OTAeJibHble MHOMepbl o6'beAHHHIOTCll B MHorocerMeHTHble . Mm:-· me1111ble ICOMHJielCCbl (;B;JIIHIHeilm11e MbllHUbl CiIHilbl H meH, IIO;ll;B3;11;0lllHOpe6ep11hle). HepBH'I Hall cerMeHTaUHH coxpaH-lleTCll J!Hlllb y rny6oKHX 'MblµIU (Me:lKil03BOHO'IHb11'!).
B eeHTpaJibHOM.HanpaBJieHHH MHOMephl, pa3BHBaHCb H YAJIHHHHCb, o6'beAHHHJIHCb B
lllHpOKHe MhlIIIe'!Hhle· KOMnJieKchl H AaJIH. Ha'!aJio MhlIIIuaM rpy,nHoA H 6p10IIlHOli creHoK. MeTaMepHoe cTpoeHHe Ii sToii o6JiaCTH coxpaHHeTc.11 JIHIIIb If MellCpe6epHb1X MbllllU· .
MhlIIIUhl KOHe'IHOCTeii, KOTOphle y llH3IIIHX nosBoHO'IHb!X (KOCTHCTble pbi6b1) npcraB JIHf9T co6oii YAJIHHeHHH .nopcaJibHhlX H BeHTpaJibHhlX OTAeJIOB MHOTOMOB, y Bb!ClllHX ll03BO HO'IHhlX HBJilllOTCll pesyJibTaTOM pa3BHTHll H .n11¢<1>epeHuHauHH He TOJibKO MHOTOMOB; HO H Me3eHXHMHhlX 3aKJI3llOK .caMHX KOHe'IHOCTeii, '!TO H o6yCJIOBJIH.BaeT HepaBHOMepHOCTb HX
pa3BHTHH. B nepBylO O'!epb Ha KOHe'IHOOTHX pa3BHBaJOTCll Mblll!Ubl npCi>KCHMaJibHhlX OT·
.neJIOB, a 3aTeM - AHCTaJibHhlX.. . .
MhlIIIUbl rOJioehi ii qacTH'IHO IIleH ItMelOT CJIO:lKHOe Il{>OHcXoQeHHe, TaK KaK '18CTb
Mhlll!U pa3BHBaeTCH H3-MHOTOMOB, B TO BpeMll K aK ,Apyra.11, OOJiblllaH 'laCTb - H3.Me3eHXliMbl
120
llCa6epHb!X Ayr, c XplllUeBb!MH saKJIMKaMH KOTOpb!X coxpaHlllOT CBOIO CBll3b H B3aHMOOT· HomeHHll.
l1s MeseHXHMbl nepBoli l1Ca6epaoli ('leJIIOCTHOH) AYrH pa3BHBaIOTCll )l(eBaTeJibHhle MbllIIUbl, HanplltaTeJib 6apa6aHHOH nepenOHKH H MllrKoro ae6a (HHHepBHPYIOTCll v napoli).
Ms Me3eHXHMbl BTopoli llCa6epHoli (noA'bll3bl'IHOli) AYrH pa3BHBaIOTCll see MHMH'leCKHe MbllIIUbl, Mb11IIU8 CTpeMeHlf, IIIHJIOil'bll3bl'IHall H IlOAKO:lKHall MbllIIUa meH (HHHepBHPYIOTCll VII napoli). , '
. l13 Me3eHXHMbl TpeTbeH ;ll(a6epHOH AYrH pa3BHBalOTCiI Mb!IIIUbl, HMeioIUHe OTHOilleHHe
K rJIOTKe (HHHepBHJlYIOTCll I X napoli); H3 _MeseHXHMbl 'leTeepToli H nHTOH :>Ka6epHb1X Ayr pa3BHBalOTC Mb!IIIUbl, OTHOCllLUHeCll K rJIOTKe H roptaHH ·C IlQA'bll3bl'IHOH KOCTblO (HHHepBH·
py10TCll X riapoli), a TaKllCe MhllIIUbl, cMeCTHBIIIHeCll B o6JiaCTb meH (HHHepBHPYIOTCll VII H
X I mwaMH 'lepenHbtX HepeoB). . .
aH60Jib1IIHe
38TPYAHeHHll
B
rOMOJIOrH3aUHH
HMelOT
MbllIIUbl
rJiasa,
nOJiy'lalOIUHe
pa3-
Hoo6pasHyK>
HHHepBaUHIO.
C'IHTaeTCll,
_'ITO
OHH
pa3BHJIHCb
H3
HecerMeHTHpOBaHHb!X
OCTaT
K
B CT
aJibHblX
ne
BH'IHblX
cerMeHTOB,
pacnOJiaral!llIIHXCll
nepBoHa'!aJibHO
nepeA
CJIYXO·
.
BblM
nysblpeM.
ECTb
MHeHHe,
'ITO
OHH
pa3BHBalOTCll
H3
Mese
H
HeAOCTaTO'IHO apryMeHTHpoBaHo H Bbl3b!BaeT cepbe3Hble BOpa:lKeHHll.
BHYTPEHH
jlJI.
CTPYKTYPA
CKEJIETHbl
K
MblWL{
H
HX KJIACCH«l>HKAUHn
CKe.neTHble MblIIIUbl B aasucHMOCTH OT BhIIlOJIHSieMofl ij)yHKUHH oTJrnqalOTCSI
,n:pyr OT 11,pyra no BHyTpeHHeMy cTpoeHHJO, qro Bb pIDKaeTcSI npe:>K,n:e scero f!o' B3aHMOO'faomeHHSIX MblUieqHblX nyqKoS H cyxo:>KHJIHH MbllllUbl H B CTeneHH Bbl· pa41<eHHOCTH BHYTPHMhlllleqHhlX coe,n:HHHTeJihHOTKaHHh X o6paaosaHHif.
CHJia ·MJ;.IIIIU 3aBHCHT OT KOJIHqecTBa MblllleqHbIX BOJIOKOH, BXO){SIIIJ.HX B HX
, qff H3HOJior qecKoro none eqHHKa. CooT- HOUJeHHe tj:>H3HOJIOrecKoro nonepeqHHKa- c aHaTOMHqecKHM, T. e. c HaH OJib·
-
llleli nJI01uap:hi0 nonepeqHoro ceqeHHSI MblllleqHoro 6pIOlllKa (pHc. 64), ,n:aeT soa
Mm1mocrb cyJlJiTh 0 creneIJH CWT'flYHOCTH Mb lll11:hl, KOTOpaSI HaXO.D:HTCSI B npSIMOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Bblpa:>KeHHOCTH B MbilllUaX BHytpHMbillle'IHblX coe,n:HHHTe.JlbHO·
TKaHH'bIX OOp83oBaHHH. .
' . JI. H II a M H 'Ie c K H e, MbIWlU>I xapaKTep»ayIOTCSI CJia6o Bbipa:>KeHHb M
3H.D:OMH HeM H ,nJIHHHblMH Mh II!.eqHb!MH , ny.qKaMH, pacnoJiaraIOIUHMHCSI B,ll;OJlb npo,noJibHoli ocH Mblllle'IHoro 6p10IllKa. TaKue MhillIUhl 6bleTpo .YTOMJISIIOTCSI.
;lJ;MijaMOCT8TH' ee1rne Mblll!UDI HMelOT OJ{IIO·, ,11;ayx- lf MHOrooepHCTOe CTpoe- HHe H xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI KOpOTKHMH MblllleqHb MH nyqKaMH, pacnoJiaraIOIUHMHCSI
B O.D:HH HJIH HecKOJlbKO nJiaCTOB Me:>K,ny cyxo:>KHJlbHblMH aepKaJiaMH, ){aIOJUHMH HaqaJIO ;1l;IfCIMbHOMY H npmceHM&Jlb!IOMy cyxm1rn:JIIHIM (1)
B OTJJ.eJihHhlX MQillIUaX o,n:ao H3 cyxo:>KHJIHH Mo:>KeT npoHHKaTb BHYTPI:. Mbl· rneqaoro 6p!Oll1Ka H CJIY:>KHTb MeCTOM npHKpenJieHHSI MblllleqHblX ny'IKOB (,n:sy
nepHCTble MhlWUhl). B M1>m1nax 6oJiee CJIO)!{Horo crpoemrn aHaJionr!IIIDie npoH»K· HOBeltHSI MOryT 6b1Tb HecKOJlbKHMH .
COe,l{HHHTeJihHOTKaHHblMH npoCJIOH·
JIHBOCTb .•
. MbillIUhl, no,n:seprlllHecSI my o KOH nepecTpoiiKe H noqTH noJIHOCThlO YTP aTHBllIHe.Mblllle'IHhle 3JIeMeHThl, a B OT.D:MhHb X CJiyqa x npespaTHB· lllHeCSI B MbllllUbl CBSI3KH ,(Me:>KKOCT HaSI ' TpeTbSI MbllIIUa y KOnhlTHbIX),
_ cnoco6Hhl JIHlllh K c a T H q e c
K 0 H <i>YHKUHH.
PHc. 64. THnhl cTpoeHHll nepHCTblX Mhlmu:
1
-
A : OAHonepHCTaH; E - ABynepHCTall H B -MHoronepHcTall MbllIIUhl; 1 - CYXO:lKH· JIHe MbllIIUhl; 2 - ny'IKH MbllIIe'IHblX BOJIO· KOH; 3 - aHaTOMH'leCKHH nonepe'IHHJC ' MhflII· Uhl; ·4 --;- cjJH3HOJIOrH'leCKHH nonepe'IHHK,
. MbllIIUhl·
121
TaKHM o6pa30M, npH paBHbIX OO'beMaX . MhlllletfHOro opIOIIIKa B ·IlPOCTblX (HenepHCTbIX) MhlllIU.aX nyqKH BOJIOKOH ,n:JIHHHhle H HX KOJIHtfecTBO HeBeJIHKO, TOr.na KaK c yse.J):Hti:eHHeM nepHcTOCTH H yKopoti:eHHeM MhIIIIeti:HhlX nyti:KOB yseJIH tfHBaeTcH .ux KOJIHtfecTBo H ycHJIHBaeTcH cTeneHb BhlpIDKeHHOCTH BHYTPHMhIWetf HhIX coe.nHHHTeJibHOTKaHHblX o6pa30BaHHH.
· HapH,ny c no,npiis.ueJiemi:eM CKeJieTF blx MhlllIII. Ha JJ.HHaMHti:ecKHe, CTaTHtfec KHe H nepexO.UHhie THI!bl OT -.UHHaMHtfeCKHX K CTaTHtfecKHM llX KJiaccmpHIJ.Hpy lOT Ha HeCKO llbKO rpynn.
no npOHCXOJKJJ,eHHIO - Ha COMaTHCiecKHe H BHCU.epaJibHble. nepBble pa3- BHBaIOTC51 H3 COMHTOB, a BTOpble 51BJI51IOTC51 npoH3BO.ll:Hb!MH MhllllU. :>1rn6epHoro
. no TOnorpacJ>uu - MblllIUbl fOJIOBbI, TYJIOBHlIJ.a, rpy.IUIOH H opIOlllHOH cre-
_HOK, rpy.UHhIX H Ta30BhIX KOHeciHocTefi. - · ·
·no •opMe sepeTeooo6pa3Hble, · rn. fusiformis, nJiocKHe m. pla-
nus, Kpyroable m. orbicularis, a no KOJIHJiecTBy roJIOBOK MoryT ObITb o.n:Ho-,
.nsyx-, TPex- H cieTb1pexrnaBb!MH.
no BHyTpeuHeMy crpoenHRJ M@IIIeciaoro Op!OUIKa HX no.npa3,neJIHIOT Ha
o.nHonepHcible - m. unipennatus; .usynepf!cTb1e - m. bipennatus H MHoro-
-
nepitCTbre - m. multipenilatus (pHc. 64). ·
Ho OTHOWeHHR> K cycrasaM Ha KOHeCIHOCT51X HX .ll:M51T Ha o,n:Ho-, .usyx- H MHorocycrnBHbie (puc. 65). ·
. no <l>YHKH MbIIIIU.a Mo:>KeT ObITb crnoaJOru.eli- m. flexor, pasrn6a10meH:-
m. extensm, uIBu.l(HIIJ,eii m. abductor, npuso,n:Hru.eli m. adductor, sparu.a-
10ru.eii: - m. rotator, B TOM ciHcJie spa- _
maJOru.eli
Hapy:>Ky
- m.
sti i
nator H sparu.a10ru.eH BHY'fpb
- m. pronator,
pacnrnpH10ru.eii:
- m.
dilatator, lianpH
. raroru.eli - m. tensor, o,n:HHMaIO eii: -
m. evator, onycKaroru.eii: - m. depres sor, OTTHfHBa10ru.eii: - m. retractor,
a no,n:THrHBaJOru.eli
-m.
rotractor
c
Ma10ru.eii:
-'m.
sphincter.
JlelJbtC
zpyt11tb/C
f(Oltel/'-
Hocmu
12 m. glufoeus J1elJ&1e superticinlls ma3odb1e
'I'm. semi
t us
tendinos
13
Pronatio
r
nu/JepxHocmu
P11c. 65. lleiicre11e MhlIIIII Ha cycraehl:
A - pacnoJJolKeHHe O'AHO-, 'AByx- H MHorocycra1rnhlX Mhllllu Ha rpy'AHOH KOHe•rnocrn JJo IIIa'AH; E -'AelicTBHe MhlIIIU npH cr116aa1111 JIQKTeeoro cycraea; B -'AeHCTBHe Mhllllll npH pa3rn6aHHH JIOKTeBoro cycTaea; r -'AeHCTBHe Mhllllu IIpH BpaLUeHHH KOHe 11HQCTH BHYTPb (npoaaurn); JJ. -'AeHCTBHe Mhllllll ripH BpaLUeHHH KOHeqHQCTH Hapy>Ky (cyuHHaUHll); 1 -
·o'AHocycTaBHasi; 2 -'ABycycraenall H 3 -MHorocycraeHall Mhllllu&; 4 - cr116aTeJib H 5 ....:. pa3rn6aTeJib n0KTeeoro· cycraea; 6 - 10naTKa; 7 - 11neqo; 8 - 11pe:Anneqbe; 9 - OCb BpameHHll B -JIOKTeBoM cycTaBE'; a-IJ - pb!qar CHJihl; a-c - pblqar COIIpoTliBJieHHll;
, · o-e - pwrnr cu,1bl; o-f - pb11rnr conporn:BJle Ha. .
122
·YCJIOBH·SI YJI YllUIAIOll\HE PAl>OTY Mbl WL\
KIDK.n.aH MLn:uua BbIDOJIHSieT onpe.n.eJieHHYIO p a6oTy. 06'beM pa6oTbl H3MepSI eTC5t aaTpaqeHHoH: Ha Hee cH:Jioii, yMHo:>KeHHOH Ha npo.n.eJiaHHhIH nyTh. CHJia MbHilUbl npSIMO nponopuHOHaJihHa KOJIHqecTBY Mh llleqHbIX nyqKoB, a nyTh npSIMO nponopuHOHaJieH ,nJIHHe MbillleqHbIX nyqKoB (npH COKparn.eHHH MblllleqHble BO
JIOKHa cnoco6Hbl yKopaqHsaThcSI 6oJihllle qeM s.n.soe). B aasHCHMOCTH OT CTpoe
HHSI o.n.Ha H3 MhlllIU npH o,nHHaKOBOM o6'beMe 6y,n:eT BblHfpbIBaTb B paccTOSIHHH H npour hIBaTb B <:;HJie (.n.uHaMHqecKHe Mh IIIUhl), a ,n:pyraSI, Hao6opciT, 6y.n.eT Bhmr-
pbIBaTb
B
CHJie
H
npourpbIBaTh
B
paccTOHHHH
CTaTO,Z{HHaMHqecKHe
MblillU
MO:>KHO
su.n.eTb
H3
Ta6JIHUbl
10.
-
Do3ToMy pacnpe.n.eJieHHe Mh lllu pa3JI.HqHoro CTpoeHHSI Ha CKeJieTe Heo.n.HHa
Koao. TaM, rT(e Tpe6yeTcSI 6oJiblllaSI cHJia (HanpHMep, paarn6aHHe JIC>KTesoro eye- Tasa), pa6oTy BhIDOJIHSIIOT MHoronepHcTble MhIIIIUbl, a ,n:JISI Bh1Hoca KoHeqHocTH Bnepe.n: npH 6ere OT MbllllUbl Tpe6yeTCSI He· CTOJlbKO CHJia, CKOJibKO pa3MaX ,Z{BH
JKeHJUI, 1uo liCIIOJlHSieTCSI UHHaMHqecKHMH Mh IIJUaMH o.n.Ho- H .n.synepHCTOfO CTpO-
eHHSI.
3MnHpHqecKH ycrnHo:a.JieHO, qTO CHJia Mb IIIUhl KOJie6JieTCSI B npe,n:eJiax
5 13,7 KrlcM2 Ha 1 cM2 qm:nronornyecKOrq nonepe11HHKa (<PD), B cpe.n.HeM oHa pasHa 10 Kr. TaKoe OOJihillOe KOJie6aHHe 8 CHJie MhIIIlU 3aBHCHT OT MHornx cpaKTO
pos H npe:>KJJ,e scero OT BHyTpeHHeli apxHTeKTOHHKH MhlllleqHoro 6pIOrnKa H , C'fpoemrn ee OT}{eJibHbIX BOJIOKOH, KOTOpble OTUHqaJOTCSI apyr OT 11pyra TOJIIUH- HOH, KOJIHqecTBOM capKODJia3Mbl , MHOcpH6pHJIJI H uBeTOM (nocJie.T(HHH 3aBHCHT OT
KOJIHqecTBa B HHX MHoreMaTHHa). Ha CHJIY H BblHOCJIHBOCTb MblillU BJIHSIIOT TaK
JKe Blf'A mMBOTHoro, ycJIOBllH ero cym.ecTBOBaHMSI, cjlyHKI{Hoiia.rrhHoe cocmHHHe
-HepBHOH H cocy,n:HCTOH CHCTeM, opraHOB .D:B XaHHSI H caMOH Mb IIleqHoii TKam1. HHTeHCHBHOCTb pa60Tbl MblillU OTpam:aeTCSI Ha CTpOeHHH HX CaMHX H .n.pyrHX
CHCieM ) UfBOrtlOro, B peayJibTaTe,•wro MblllIUa MO);KeT r li II e p T p a cp H p o-
B a T b c SI, T. e. yBeJIHqHsaThCSI B o6'beMe H3·3a YTOJIIll..HHSI MbIIIleqHblX BOJIO
KOH. DpH He.n.ocrnroqHoH pa6oTe, Hao6opoT, MblillUa MO:>KeT a T p 0 cp H p O B a T h c st, T. e. yMeHsrilarbcst s o6neMe, ·a eeJin 3TOT npouecc si1J 1:u1eTcsi pesy [u.- TaTOM oco6eHHOCTeH HCTOpuqeckoro pa3BHTHSI, TO rosopSIT 0 ee p e .n. y K u H H,
qTo conpoBO:>K,naeTCSI He TOJlbKO yMeHhllleHHeM MaCCbl, HO H .n.IDKe DOJIHh M Hc;qea- HOBeHHeM KaK opraRa sMecre c cocy.n.aM.11 M ttepsaMH, KOl'Ophle }{JIH Hee npeHaa HaqaJIHcb.
PHc. 66. neii:.CTBHe CHJJ Ha phl'lar: . HanpaaJJeHHlI )l.eiicTBYIOinHX CHJJ: oe -no)!. nplIMblM yrJJoM;
ae -no)!. TYnhlM yrJJoM; a6 - pb1'!ar nepaoro poAa; oa -
. nJJe'IO )l.eiiCTBYIOineii CHJJbl; 06 - nJJeqo conpOTHBJJeHHlI; o - TO'IKa onophl; a-e' - npoeKUHlI; n-o - nepneH)l.H KYJJlip K npoeKUHH; e-n' - nepneH)l.HKYJJlip K HanpaB JJeHHIO a-e.
\
. 123
7
PHc. 67. BcnoMoraTeJibHhle . opraHbl
Mb!WU:
A
-cxet.ta
I I I
napHeTaJfbHoro B BHCUepaJJbHb!H . JIHC TOK CHHOBHaJibHOro BJiaraJJHW:a cyxo- '
B JKHJJH.11 MbllllUbl; /4 - CHHOBHaJibHa.11
HMOCi b, ,'5 - 6pbl:lKeitKa C.YXO:lKHJib-
. HSI
onTHMa.JihHbIX
ycJloBHH
B
pa6oTe
MbIIII
U
He06xo,n:HMo,
'I
T06bl
OHH
npHKpenJISIJIHC·b
K
KOCTSIM
IlO.ll.
npSIMb
M
yrJIOM.
EcJIH
npHKpenJieHHe
MbtIIJUbI
-
OTKJIOHSieTCSI B CTOpoHy OCTporo HJIH. Tynoro yrna, TO OHO npHIO.ll.HT K Hep;;iuuo HaJibHOH 3aTpaTe CH.Jlbl Ha C:>KaTHe KOC.TH HJIH, HanpOTHB, Ha ee paCTSILKeHHe
(pHC. 66). nocJie,l{Hee ocooeHHO xapaKTepHO .ll.JlSI Ml:JIIllU KOHe11HOCTeH, r,n:e OOJih
lllHHCTBO MblIIIU pacnoJiaraeTcSI napan:JieJihHO KOCTSIM. YcTpaffeHHe 3TOro He6Jia ronpHHTHoro MOMeHTa .ll.OCTHraeTCSI yToJimeHHeM 3nH¢Haos KOCTeH, yrJIOBbIMH, C011eTaHHSIMH 3BefiheB KOHetIHOCTH, HX ,l{JIHHOH, HaJIH'IHeM MbIIIJU-CHUeprHCTOB,
HX TOHycoM, CTeneHhlO BblpIDKeHHOCTH KOCTHbIX BbICTYIIOB, wep9xoBaTOCTeH H .
124
yrny6JJeHHH, yMeHhUia!OW.HX yroJJ npHKpenJieHHH Mb IIIU K KOCTHM, a TaK:>Ke pa3- BHTHeM BCllOMOraTeJJbHbIX opraHOB MbIIlIU. .
8 C fr 0 M 0 r a T e JI b H bl e 0 p r a H bl M bl W U - 3TO cpaCUHH, CBSI3-
KH, 6ypcbl, CHHOBHaJibHble BJJaraJrnma, I 6JIOKH H cecaMOBH,l(Hbie KOCTB (pHC. 67). . . I . ' \
<l>acu.uu - fascia - 3TO. TOHKHe coe,l(HHHTeJlbHOTKall:Hble paCTfDKeHHH,
KOTbpbie rtoCTpOeHhl H3 ny'IKOB KOJIJiareHOBbIX BOJIOKOH, HMelOUJ.HX pa3mi'IHble HanpaBJieHHSI. <t>acuHaJihHble cpyTJISipbI BOKpyr Mb!IlIU: H MbIIIIe'IHb!X rpynrr , IIpH- .
KpemISH Cb Ha KOCT!JX, COCT8B.llSIIOT lIJISI m x CBoeo6pa3HblH qm6po3HbIH CKeJieT. OrropHoe 3Ha'IeHHe'cpacueii e HX npou3BOJJ.HhIX CBOJJ.HTCSI K ToMy, 'ITO, npeKpen
-
ISISich Ha KOCTSIX, OH CIIOCOOCTBYIOT TSire MbIIIIUhl, a OTJJ.eJI.Srn OJJ.HH MblilIUbl OT
;:i:pyrnx c0,11;eil:cTBY10T ux uaonHpoBaHHOMy coKpameHHIO. KpoMe Toro. cpac- UHH 06J1erqa10T KpOBO- H JIHMcpoo6pameHHe, a aa: C'le'r 3H8'IHTeJJHoro KOJIH'IeCT
Ba B HHX HepBHbIX peuenropo,B o6ecne'IHBalOT IlOJIHOTY BOCIIpHSITHSI MbIUieqHo eyeTaBHOFO 'IYBCTBa. Y11e1rn:e H 11 riuporOBa o q>y;r nSJpHDM. crpoe1rnH cj;>acuHli 06J1erqaeT IIOHHMaHHe nyTeH pacnpocTpaHeHHSI rHOHHbIX 38TOKOB, CKOIIJieHHSI
KpOBH npe Kp0BOH3JIHSIHHSIX, 'ITO II03BOJISieT Bblpa6oTaTb xepypreqecKylO TaKTH
KY npH ·onepaTHBHLIX BMeIIJaTeJibcTBax (nyiIKU:HH, paapesbl, aHecwauif) ·
<t>acu1rn ObIBalOT nosepXHOCTHble, r.1Iy6oKHe H co6cTBel:IHhie.
floeepxnocrn,nbie, HJIH nooKOJ/Cftbf,e, <jJacquu - fascia superficialis, s. subcu- tanea COe;ll:MHHTeJlbHO'fK81Hi ble OOpaaoBaHHSI, OT,ll;eJUllOllJ.He KO)l{Y OT llO,ll;Jie-
:>Kaw.ex MbIIIIU:. Ha KOHe'IHocrnx no,n:Ko:>KHaH cpacu'RSI MO:>KeT HMeTh npHKpeIIJ1e HHe Ha KO:>Ke H Ha KOCTHbIX Bb CTynax, 'ITO CIIOCOOcTByeT ocyw.ecTBJieHHIO COTpSI ce1rnii KOJKHuro IIOKpOB8 C HOMOmhto HO)J;ICOJ!{IlblX MblllIU HpH CTpHXHBamlH Hace- '
. KOMbIX, npHcTaBIIIero Mycopa H T. II. . . .
I'.1ty60Kue </JOCl.fUU - fascia ptofunda - IIOKpbIBaIOT rpyIIIIbl MblIIIU-CHHep rHCTOB HJIH OT,l(eJlbHble MbIIDUbl M npMKpeHJH!IOT HX K KOC'fHOfl OCllOBe, npemn CTBYSI TeM CaMbIM HX CMemeHHIO BO BpeMSI COKpaw.eHHH. B OTJJ.eJibHbIX
yqacTKaX TeJia, r,l(e 'ipe6yIOTCSI 60J1ee :neqxpepeHuHpOBaHHhJe JJ.BH:>KeHHSI, OT rny OOKOH cpacuHH oTXOJlHT Mt:R<Mhlllle4Hble neperopo;zi:KM, 06pa3y10mHe 06oeo6JieHnhIC cpyTJ15ipb1 ,n:JJSI 6T,neJihHhIX MhJUIIJ.. TaM, r,.n:e Tpe6yeTCSI ycHJJeHHe rpynnoBoro
soa,n:eiicTBHSI MhIUIU,. neperopoJJ.KH oTcyTcTBYIOT :a rJJy6oKaSI cpacum1 npHoopeTa
eT oco6eHHO MOUIHOe CTpoemie H HMeeT 'IeTKO BblpaJKeHHbie. ISiiKM, K8K, HanpM· Mep, Ha Kay.11.aJJhHoli rroBepxHOCTH npe,nrrJJe'IhSI y KOiihITHhIX (A. B. Mapb1Uies). 3a cqeT MecTHoro yToJJmeHHSI rnyooKoii ¢acu:1rn B 06J1acTH cycTasos 06paay10TcH nonepe'IHble HJIH KOJihUeBHJJ.Hhle cBSI3KH (cyxo?JICUJlbRUJl iJyza at cus tendineus). Komphle MoryT npHoopernTh YJJ.JIHHeHHYIO cpopMy (cpH6po3Hble BJJaraJIHW.a cyxo-.
:lKHJIHSI .
<l>u
poaHoe
BJ1arannme
cyxmKHJIHB
-,
vagina 1
rosa n
1
ayeTCSI aa c'IeT yToJJmeHHSI r.iiy6oKoii cpacuHH B ooJJaCTH cycrnsos, r.ne OHH npeJJ.
OTBpamaIOT cMemeHHe cyxo:>KHJIHSI npH coKpameHH5!X MhIUIUhI. Me:>K.ny cpH6poa-
. Hb!M BJiaraJJHmeM H cyXOJKHJIHeM pacnoJJaraeTCSI CUHOBUaAbHOe 8.ilazll:llUU{e
vagina synovialis tendinis, KOTopoe, o.nesaSI cyxo:>KHJIHe B BH,ne cpyrnSipa, cno
co6cTsyeT ycTpaHeHHIO TpeHHSI cyxo:>KHJIHSI o KOCTHYIO ocHosy (B). qacTh,CHHO" sHaJJhHoH: 060J1o'IKH, npHJ1era1QmaSI -Henocpe.ncTBemo K cyxo:lKliJIHJO, cpacTa Sich c HHM, o6paayeT BHcuepaJ1bltb1H:, a sropaSI qacTh, cpacTaIOmaSicSI c cpH6p.o3- HhIM BJJaraJJHllleM. - napHeTaJibHhIH JIHCTOK. MecTo nepexo,n:a BHcuepaJJhHoi'o JIHCTKa B rr apHeTaJihHbl H HOCHT' Ha3BaHHe 6pbteii.Ku cyxoJICUllUR., H.'!H M.esomen OUHUR. -mesotendineum, no KoTopoMy K cyxo:lKHJIHJ(}II poxo.ZJ..HT cocy,nhIH HepBb!.
. CHHOBHaJlhHaH CyMKa - bursa synovi alis - IIOCTpOeH KaK H CHHOBH- aJJhHoe BJiaramime, Ho MeHhUiero pasMepa H J>acnoJJaraeTcSI H,enocpe.ncTBeHHO IIO)l. KO:>KeH, cpacuHeH:, MbiUIUeH, cyxo:>KHJIHeM HJIH' no.n CBSI3KOH. 0TcIO,na H HX
Haasamrn: bursae synoviales .subcutanea, submuscularis, subf ascialis, sub- tendinea et subligamentosa. '
l\'lblUJe'IHblH 6JIOK trochlea muscularis · opaayeTcSI TaM, r.ne T_pe6yeT
cSI H3MeHHTh HanpasJJeHHe MhIUI.e'IHoro ycHJJHSI. )lJISI ycTpaHeHHSI peHHSI OJIO KH IIOKpbITbl rnaJIHHOBblM XpSIUJ.OM H HMeIOT 3.D.ecb CHHOBliaJibHble cyMKH HJIH CH HOBHaJibHbie BJiaraJJHUJ.a.
125
CecaMOBH.l{Hble KOCTH - ossa sesamoidea - MoryT 6b1Tb KaK BHYTJ>H cyxmKHJIHH, TaK H BHyTpH creHKH · KancyJihl cycrnsa. OHH scer.na pacnoJiara IOTCH HJIH Ha Bepnnrne cycrasa, HJIH Ha. BblCTynaIOW.HX KpaHX CO'IJieHHIOW.HXCH KOcTeH:, HJIH TaM, r.ne Tpe6yercS1 co3,naTh .nonoJIHHTeJihHhlH pb1IIar onophl. Ca MblMH KpynHhIMH cecaMOBH,nHhlMH KOCTHMH B opraHH3Me MJieKOnHTaIOW.HX CJlymaT KOJieHHaH qalllKa, .no6aBO'IHaH KOCTb 3anSICTbH H cecaMOBH.nHbie KOCTH IlSICTHO- H IlJIIOCHonyTOBhlX cy!lTaBOB.