- •Кременчук 2003
- •Витяг з протоколу № 1
- •В/о зав. Кафедри о.В. Фадєєва
- •Рецензія
- •Рецензент доц. О.В. Фадєєва Тематичний план лекцій
- •Lection 1. The noun in the contrasted languages
- •Nouns ending in vowels other than -o/-e
- •Syntax of the noun the cases
- •The nominative case
- •The accusative case
- •The genitive case
- •The dative case
- •Impersonal constructions: -ся verbs:
- •The locative case
- •The instrumental case
- •The vocative case
- •Syntax of case: the preposition
- •Alphabetical list of Ukrainian prepositions
- •Case government of Ukrainian prepositions Prepositions governing the genitive
- •Prepositions governing the genitive in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the accusative
- •Prepositions governing the accusative in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the dative
- •Prepositions governing the locative
- •Prepositions governing the locative in addition to other cases
- •Spatial constructions
- •Temporal constructions
- •Prepositions governing the instrumental
- •Substantival word formation
- •Lecture 2. The adjective
- •2. Comparison
- •Regular comparatives
- •Irregular comparatives
- •The analytic or compound comparative
- •Usage and 'than'
- •3. Using adjectives
- •Adjectives constructed with cases and prepositional phrases
- •Adjectives constructed with prepositional phrases
- •Genitive
- •Accusative
- •Instrumental
- •Locative
- •Adjectives constructed with infinitives and adverbs
- •Lection 3-4. The verb in the contrasted languages
- •2. Aspect and tense
- •Verbs of motion determinate and indeterminate
- •Imperfective:
- •Sequence of actions
- •3. The passive
- •4. The imperatives and conditionals the imperative
- •Irregular verbs
- •Inclusive ('Let's') commands
- •The conditional
- •5. Participles, gerunds,infinitive
- •Passive participles
- •The use of the infinitive
- •Verbs requiring the use of an infinitive
- •6. Transitive / intransiive verbs
- •Intransitive vs. Transitive: -ся verbs
- •Intransitive verbs without -ся
- •Intransitive verbs with -ся
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •Interrogatives
- •Indefinites
- •Interrogatives of time
- •Statements of time
- •Indefinites
- •Quantitative adverbs (adverbs of degree)
- •Indefinites
- •Сидячи сидячи стоячи стоячи лежачи лежачи
- •Adverbial modal constructions
- •It is possible that it will rain (perhaps it will rain).
- •It is impossible to open the door (it’s stuck, locked,. . .).
- •Lection 6. The numeral and pronoun in the contrasted languages
- •Summary table of cardinal, collective, and ordinal numerals
- •Два/дві, три, чотири and обидва/обидві
- •П'ять and above
- •Selected paradigms
- •Collectives
- •Distribution
- •The ordinals
- •Time expressions
- •Hours (time of day)
- •Fractions
- •Indefinite quantifiers
- •2. The pronoun: general remarks
- •2. The groups of pronouns
- •Interrogative and relative pronouns
- •'Whose?'
- •'How much?' - 'how many?'
- •Indefinite, negative, and distributive pronouns
- •Indefinites and distributives
- •Lection 7. The conjunction in the contrasted languages
- •General characteristic
- •Using conjunction
- •1. General characteristic
- •2. Using conjunctions
- •Coordination with conjunctions
- •Contrast
- •Within the composite sentence
- •The indirect y/n question
- •Other indirect questions
- •Adverbial or oblique clauses
- •Paired and repeated conjunctions
The dative case
The concept inherent in the meaning of the dative case is that of motion/ direction (real or figurative) to or towards; the etymology of the case name expresses this notion, as it is derived from the verb 'to give (to)': in English (from the Latin dare-datum) as well as in Ukrainian (from the Ukrainian давати-давальний).
THE INDIRECT OBJECT The indirect object is the recipient of the direct object (= Ukrainian accusative); in English this recipient is accompanied by the preposition 'to': 'Give the book to me! The preposition can also be implied in English: 'Give (to) him the book!' In Ukrainian it is the dative case that is used to express the indirect object:
відправляти посилку дідусеві to send a package to Grandfather
дарувати Іванкові книжку to give a book to Ivanko (as a present) передати мамі сіль to pass the salt to Mum
йому віддають солдати шану The soldiers glorify (render honour
як героєві. to) him as a hero (as to a hero).
These dative forms can be replaced by the construction до + genitive (see 'Prepositions'), without change in meaning. The dative will also be used to express English 'for (someone)', as in the following examples:
купувати Миколі краватку to buy a tie for Mykola
дістати синові квиток to obtain a ticket for (one's) son
This use of the dative can be replaced by the prepositional construction для + genitive (see section); it is felt that the use of the latter renders a statement more personal or individual. Finally, a direct object need not be present if a given verb requires the use of the dative (for example, Він не телефонував батькові 'Не did not phone/ring father', 'did not make a phone call to father'). As this is a function of the verb, however, such constructions are examined in the context of the use of the verb.
FIGURATIVE 'TO' The dative of a noun can express 'to', 'for (the purpose of)' in the presence of another noun, without a verb:
пам'ятник Франкові monument to (Ivan) Franko
слава народу! glory/praise to the people!
Слава Богу / Богові! Thank God! (lit. 'glory to God')
Спасибі батькові за ... Thanks to father for ...
(or the verb дякую 'I thank' + dative)
приклад іншим хлопцям (as an) example to other boys
Що хлопцеві робити? What can the boy do? (What is there for the boy to do?)
Note particularly that nouns can require the use of the dative case if they are deverbal, i.e. formed from verbs that require the dative.
EXPRESSION OF AGE One's age is expressed using the dative; in other words 'to him is/are X years':
Іванкові (буде/було) шість років. Ivanko is (will be/was) six years old.
Дитині (буде/було) два роки. The child is (will be/was) two years old.
Анні (буде/був) один рік. Anna is (will be/was) one year old.
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS Extremely common in the Slavonic languages, including Ukrainian, is the impersonal construction. In general these might be described as conditions (physical, mental, emotional) that are seen as imposed on one (hence the person is in the dative case) from the outside: implicit in this is the idea of one's lack of control over the situation.
Physical:
Синові холодно. (My) son is cold.
Сестрі тепло, жарко. (My) sister is warm, hot.
Ользі добре/недобре/погано. Ol'ha is fine, unwell, feeling badly.
Батькові незручно. Father is (feeling) uncomfortable (this can be physical or mental).
Mental, Emotional:
Борисові байдуже,... It's all the same to Borys . . .
шкода, що ... Borys is sorry that. . .
приємно, що ... Borys (finds it) pleasant that. . .
неприємно, що ... Borys (finds it) unpleasant that. . .
сумно, що ... Borys is sad that. ..
тяжко Borys is very unhappy (= It weighs
heavily on . . .)
досить Borys (has had) enough.
було страшно Borys was afraid.
Notice that most of the words in question are derived from adjectives, but they appear in the neutral form, as adverbs: 'It is hot tolfor someone'. Were one to say Він жаркий 'He is hot', it would be taken to refer to his temperament rather than his perception of temperature.
Modals - permission, possibility, necessity:
Батькові варто ... (+ verb) It is worth (it) for father to . . . (+ verb)
можливо ... It is possible (physically) for father . . .
можна ... It is possible/permissible for father . . .
не можна ... Father is not allowed . . .
заборонено ... It is forbidden (for father . . .)
неможливо ... It is not possible (physically) for father . . .
слід ... Father ought to/should . . .
треба ... Father must/has to ...
It is clear from these three sets of examples alone how vital impersonal constructions are to Ukrainian, whether in writing or in speaking. Note that the person (and therefore the dative) need not be indicated, if one is making a general statement, 'Here it is cold, one may not . . .', and so on. These constructions are close in status to adverbs.